1.2 参与该技术评估和文件编制的资源人员和机构的联系方式

有助于对技术进行记录/评估的机构名称（如相关）

University of Botswana (University of Botswana) - 博茨瓦纳

1.3 关于使用通过WOCAT记录的数据的条件

（现场）数据是什么时候汇编的？:

18/02/2009

编制者和关键资源人员接受有关使用通过WOCAT记录数据的条件。:

是

2.1 技术简介

技术定义:

Harnessing solar energy through solar cookers

2.2 技术的详细说明

说明:

The basic principle of all solar cookers is to concentrate sunlight using a mirror or some type of reflective metal. It is used to concentrate light and heat from the sun into a small cooking area making the energy more concentrated and therefore more potent. Parabolic shaped solar cookers - when a three dimensional parabolic is aimed at the sun, all the light that falls upon its mirrored surface is reflected to a point known as the focus.

The technology is supplied by the Rural Industries Innovation Centre (RIIC) in Botswana. The solar cooker is maintained by cleaning the reflector mirrors with soft cloth soaked in soap and rinse with clean water. Turn reflector anti-clockwise until it hits the stand leg to lock it in place when it not in use. The solar cooker requires frequent adjustment and supervision for safe operation.

The solar cooker is best used in an open atmosphere with direct sunlight. A solar cooker needs an outdoor spot that is sunny for several hours and protected from strong winds and where food will be safe. Solar cookers do not work at night or on cloudy days

2.3 技术照片

2.5 已应用该技术的、本评估所涵盖的国家/地区/地点

2.7 技术介绍

详细说明该技术是如何引入的:

• 通过项目/外部干预

3.1 该技术的主要目的

• 减少、预防、恢复土地退化
• 保护生态系统

3.2 应用该技术的当前土地利用类型

注释:

Major land use problems (compiler’s opinion): Overgrazing the commons, droughts, saline water and overharvesting of fuelwood for heating and cooking purposes leading to deforestation and land degradation

Major land use problems (land users’ perception): Same as above

Grazingland comments: Technology not applied in Boteti at the moment

Future (final) land use (after implementation of SLM Technology): Forests / woodlands: Fn: Natural

Type of cropping system and major crops comments: Mixed cropping is the traditional practice but government extension advice promotes monocropping which majority find expensive and risky.

Constraints of settlement / urban: No constraint

3.3 有关土地利用的更多信息

该技术所应用土地的供水:

• 雨养

每年的生长季节数:

• 1

具体说明:

Longest growing period from month to month: Oct - Mar

牲畜密度（如相关）:

1-10 LU /km2

3.4 该技术所属的SLM组

• 节能技术

3.5 技术传播

具体说明该技术的分布:

• 均匀地分布在一个区域

如果该技术均匀地分布在一个区域上，请注明覆盖的大致区域。:

• < 0.1 平方千米（10 公顷）

注释:

SLM is point specific

3.6 包含该技术的可持续土地管理措施

3.7 该技术强调的主要土地退化类型

注释:

Main type of degradation addressed: Bc: reduction of vegetation cover, Bs: quality and species composition /diversity decline

Secondary types of degradation addressed: Wt: loss of topsoil / surface erosion, Et: loss of topsoil

Main causes of degradation: deforestation / removal of natural vegetation (incl. forest fires) (Most rural households use fuelwood for cooking, heating and lighting and sometimes cut live trees)

Secondary causes of degradation: over-exploitation of vegetation for domestic use (The study area is prone to drought), droughts, land tenure (The study area is communal grazing land), poverty / wealth (There are few employment opportunities in the study area and poor agric production hence most residents do not have adequate income to buy alternative sources of energy.)

3.8 防止、减少或恢复土地退化

具体数量名该技术与土地退化有关的目标:

• 防止土地退化

注释:

Secondary goals: mitigation / reduction of land degradation, rehabilitation / reclamation of denuded land

4.2 技术规范/技术图纸说明

Technical knowledge required for field staff / advisors: high

Technical knowledge required for land users: moderate

Main technical functions: control of raindrop splash, improvement of ground cover

Secondary technical functions: increase in organic matter, increase in nutrient availability (supply, recycling,…), increase of infiltration, increase / maintain water stored in soil, increase of groundwater level / recharge of groundwater, reduction in wind speed, increase of biomass (quantity), control of fires

Construction material (other): Metal + reflective mirrors or shiny alluminium sheets

4.3 有关投入和成本计算的一般信息

其它/国家货币（具体说明）:

Pula

注明美元与当地货币的汇率(如相关):1美元=:

6.6

4.5 技术建立所需要的费用和投入

注释:

Duration of establishment phase: 0.3 month(s)

4.7 维护/经常性活动所需要的费用和投入（每年）

注释:

Material + Labour -these are current date costs

4.8 影响成本的最重要因素

描述影响成本的最决定性因素:

Material followed by labour

5.1 气候

5.2 地形

关于地形的注释和进一步规范:

Altitudinal zone: 501-1000 m a.s.l. (part of the Makgadikgadi Basin)

5.4 水资源可用性和质量

关于水质和水量的注释和进一步规范:

Ground water table; >50m (ranked 1, for boreholes) and 5-50 m (ranked 2, wells in Boteti River bed)
Availabilty of surface: Poor/none (unreliable river flows and rainfalls)
Water quality (untreated): poor drinking water (treatment required, unusable, sometimes too salty even for animal/livestock consumption) and poor drinking water (treatement required, salty waters in most areas ) Both ranked 1.

5.5 生物多样性

关于生物多样性的注释和进一步规范:

Biodiversity: Low (ranked 1, a grazing zone with some arable agriculture.However, the area is sandwiched between Central Kalahari and Makgadikgadi game reserves) and high (ranked 2, several national parks/game reserves nearby)

5.6 应用该技术的土地使用者的特征

说明土地使用者的其他有关特征:

Land users applying the Technology are mainly common / average land users

Difference in the involvement of women and men: N/A

Population density: < 10 persons/km2

Annual population growth: 2% - 3%

(Rich cattle barons (0.1 and 0.5%)).
(Most inhabitants (0.6 and 0.3%)).
(Subsistence farmers (0.3 and 0.2%)).

Off-farm income specification: Save labour time to fetch firewood and helps consrve forests.Limited off-farm income opportunities for everyone,including non-adopters of the technology.

Market orientation of production system: subsistence (self-supply), subsistence (self-supply), commercial/ market

5.7 应用该技术的土地使用者拥有或租用的平均土地面积

5.8 土地所有权、土地使用权和水使用权

土地所有权:

• 社区/村庄
• 个人，有命名

土地使用权:

• 自由进入（无组织）
• 个人

用水权:

• 社区（有组织）
• 个人

注释:

The SLM technology can be used by anybody, it is not group specific.

5.9 进入服务和基础设施的通道

6.1 该技术的现场影响

社会经济效应

生产

收入和成本

社会文化影响

生态影响

水循环/径流

土壤

生物多样性:植被、动物

减少气候和灾害风险

6.2 该技术的场外影响已经显现

6.3 技术对渐变气候以及与气候相关的极端情况/灾害的暴露和敏感性（土地使用者认为的极端情况/灾害）

渐变气候

渐变气候

	季节	气候变化/极端天气的类型	该技术是如何应对的？
年温度		增加	好

气候有关的极端情况（灾害）

气象灾害

	该技术是如何应对的？
局地风暴	不好

气候灾害

	该技术是如何应对的？
干旱	好

其他气候相关的后果

其他气候相关的后果

	该技术是如何应对的？
Cloudy weather	不好

注释:

N/A

6.4 成本效益分析

技术收益与技术建立成本相比如何（从土地使用者的角度看）？

技术收益与技术维护成本/经常性成本相比如何（从土地使用者的角度看）？

6.5 技术采用

注释:

1% of land user families have adopted the Technology with external material support

There is a little trend towards spontaneous adoption of the Technology

6.7 该技术的优点/长处/机会

土地使用者眼中的长处/优势/机会
Helps conserve trees,otherwise cut for fuelwood-saves 1 ton of wood per year How can they be sustained / enhanced? Disseminate the technology to rural household
Reduces labour time for gathering fuelwood How can they be sustained / enhanced? Improve incomes of rural household so that they could afford the technology

编制者或其他关键资源人员认为的长处/优势/机会
1) Helps conserve trees,otherwise cut for fuelwood-saves 1 ton of wood per year How can they be sustained / enhanced? Disseminate the technology to rural household
2Reduces labour time for gathering fuelwood How can they be sustained / enhanced? Improve income of rural households so that they could afford the technology
Solar energy is renewable and entirely non-polluting
Smoke free cooking
Solar energy is free

6.8 技术的弱点/缺点/风险及其克服方法

土地使用者认为的弱点/缺点/风险	如何克服它们？
Strong winds can upset cookers and pots on them if not sheltered	Build unroofed shelter around cooking area
Open cooking exposes food to dust

编制者或其他关键资源人员认为的弱点/缺点/风险	如何克服它们？
1)Only cook when it is sunny	Safe storage facility
2)Parabolic cookers need frequent adjustment	Build unroofed shelter around cooking area
Need to stole cooker during rainy season
Strong winds can upset cookers and pots on them if not sheltered
Open cooking exposes food to dust