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Daily and seasonal rotation on grassland [塔吉克斯坦]

  • 创建:
  • 更新:
  • 编制者:
  • 编辑者:
  • 审查者:

Dajmardei Kaspi (professional herder)

technologies_1407 - 塔吉克斯坦

完整性: 76%

1. 一般信息

1.2 参与该技术评估和文件编制的资源人员和机构的联系方式

关键资源人

SLM专业人员:
有助于对技术进行记录/评估的机构名称(如相关)
CDE Centre for Development and Environment (CDE Centre for Development and Environment) - 瑞士
有助于对技术进行记录/评估的机构名称(如相关)
NCCR North-South (NCCR North-South) - 吉尔吉斯斯坦

1.3 关于使用通过WOCAT记录的数据的条件

(现场)数据是什么时候汇编的?:

15/08/2008

编制者和关键资源人员接受有关使用通过WOCAT记录数据的条件。:

1.5 请参阅有关SLM方法的问卷

Seminomadic individual herding
approaches

Seminomadic individual herding [塔吉克斯坦]

Pasture management by a single herder, assisted either by an employee or by his own grandchildren, in collaboration with the habitants of the nearby village Karsang.

  • 编制者: Christian Wirz

2. SLM技术的说明

2.1 技术简介

技术定义:

Extensive grazing of sheep and goats by the means of a precise rotational scheme

2.2 技术的详细说明

说明:

Half-year herding with 500 sheep, goats and cows (very few), with 7-8 different locations of the herder's tent. The herder visits each place twice to thrice per grazing season and stays in one place for one week to maximally one month (during the Ramadan period, due to limited forces). The area is grazed from the higher zone (around 2000m) to the lower zone (around 1600m) twice per season, in a sort of circle. Every day the herder starts in another direction from his tent and leads the animals to the pastures, once in the morning and once in the evening. He passes a stream once (autumn) to twice (summer) a day.

Purpose of the Technology: The grass should not get dusty and dirty, explaining why the herder daily changes the pastures, only revisiting the same places every two to three days.

Establishment / maintenance activities and inputs: After accompanying his father as a child and a kind of an apprenticeship (of one year) later on, M. is considered by the villagers as a good herder and they give him their animals for herding. But M. applies for land on the forest department only after working as a guardian and as a tractor driver for 20 years. For the herding profession observing the animals precisely is necessary, in order not to lose any of them. And the maintenance of the pastures is guaranteed by the strict rotational scheme.

Natural / human environment: The pasture-area is in a generally well-conserved state. Moderate to high values of fractional vegetation cover can be observed and only few signs of recent erosion processes (through water) are visible. The area is characterised by steep slopes where still signs of past tree-planting during the USSR period are visible by some trees, many little platforms made for tree-planting and a few terraced areas. Eventhough, many trees have been grazed and do not stand anymore. Besides steep areas there are small, quite flat areas (where the herder installs his tents), that used to be cultivated (wheat) till 1966. These areas generally have low cover-values and signs of rill-erosion, which the herder attributes to the past tilling activity. However, it might also be the trampling and sitting of the animals (staying near the herder's tent at noon-time and during the night) causing this erosion. Nutrient management is provided for by the dung of the animals which is not collected, contrarily to the pastures near the villages.

2.3 技术照片

2.5 已应用该技术的、本评估所涵盖的国家/地区/地点

国家:

塔吉克斯坦

区域/州/省:

Region of Republican Subordination

有关地点的进一步说明:

Faizabad

2.6 实施日期

如果不知道确切的年份,请说明大概的日期:
  • 50多年前(传统)

2.7 技术介绍

详细说明该技术是如何引入的:
  • 作为传统系统的一部分(> 50 年)
注释(项目类型等):

There are traditional herding peoples like Kuagwates, Kaleks, Lakais, Duramanes, Kurtshaliks), not Tajiks. These often move around with their whole families.

3. SLM技术的分类

3.2 应用该技术的当前土地利用类型

牧场

牧场

粗放式放牧场:
  • 半游牧/游牧
主要动物种类及产品:

sheep* / goats* / cows

* if wildlife is major part of the grazing system

注释:

Major land use problems (compiler’s opinion): The trampling of the animals near the tent, the feeding on young trees and the daily passage of the herd of a limited number of streams (eutrophication).

Major land use problems (land users’ perception): No major land use problems due to good management. Only the first rain that cannot be absorbed by the dry soils is a problem.

Semi-nomadism / pastoralism: sheep* / goats* / cows

Future (final) land use (after implementation of SLM Technology): Grazing land: Ge: Extensive grazing land

如果由于技术的实施而导致土地用途发生变化,则在技术实施前说明土地利的用途。:

Forests / woodlands: Fp: Plantations, afforestations

3.3 有关土地利用的更多信息

该技术所应用土地的供水:
  • 雨养
每年的生长季节数:
  • 1
具体说明:

Longest growing period in days: 270Longest growing period from month to month: Oct - Jun

牲畜密度(如相关):

< 1 LU/km2

3.4 该技术所属的SLM组

  • 畜牧业和牧场管理

3.5 技术传播

注释:

Total area covered by the SLM Technology is 3 km2.

The half of the herded area is rented by another person from the village, who gives his animals to the herder. Apart from the interviewed herder there are varying numbers of other semi-nomadic herders with similar management practices, some of them from other regions.

3.6 包含该技术的可持续土地管理措施

管理措施

管理措施

  • M1:改变土地使用类型
  • M4:活动时间安排的重大变化
注释:

Main measures: management measures

3.7 该技术强调的主要土地退化类型

化学性土壤退化

化学性土壤退化

  • Cn:肥力下降和有机质含量下降(非侵蚀所致)
生物性退化

生物性退化

  • Bs:质量和物种组成/多样性的下降
注释:

Secondary types of degradation addressed: Cn: fertility decline and reduced organic matter content, Bs: quality and species composition /diversity decline

Main causes of degradation: overgrazing (Causing Pc, Bc, Wt), droughts (Causing Pk, Pc, Ha), degradation of near-village pastures (The pressure on more distant areas increases)

Secondary causes of degradation: soil management (passed tilling with impact on Wt), floods (Intensive rains causing Wt), land tenure (Little interest in tree-planting if land can only be rented annually)

3.8 防止、减少或恢复土地退化

具体数量名该技术与土地退化有关的目标:
  • 防止土地退化
注释:

Main goals: prevention of land degradation

4. 技术规范、实施活动、投入和成本

4.1 该技术的技术图纸

作者:

Christian Wirz, Switzerland

4.2 技术规范/技术图纸说明

Daily and seasonal rotation.

Location: Above Karsang. Faizabad / Tajikistan

Date: 05.08.09

Technical knowledge required for field staff / advisors: low (Obeying to what the herder says)

Technical knowledge required for land users: moderate (It is necessary to know how to lead animals, more than in the case of the common pasture-area)

Main technical functions: control of dispersed runoff: retain / trap, increase of biomass (quantity)

Secondary technical functions: improvement of ground cover, control of fires, palatable fodder

Change of land use type: From afforestation and limited use as cropland to extensive grazing

Major change in timing of activities: Introduction of a strict rotational grazing scheme

4.3 有关投入和成本计算的一般信息

具体说明成本计算所用货币:
  • 美元
注明雇用劳工的每日平均工资成本:

6.10

4.4 技术建立活动

活动 措施类型 时间
1. Buying a herd 管理 constantly investing

4.5 技术建立所需要的费用和投入

对投入进行具体说明 单位 数量 单位成本 每项投入的总成本 土地使用者承担的成本%
其它 Buying a herd animals 50.0 87.7 4385.0 100.0
技术建立所需总成本 4385.0
注释:

Duration of establishment phase: 12 month(s)

4.6 维护/经常性活动

活动 措施类型 时间/频率
1. Rent fee for land of forest department 管理 once per year
2. Salary of an assistant herder (normally, but not in 2008) 管理 at the end of the season
3. compensation for dead animals 管理 at the end of the season
4. Animal medecine 管理 if necessary
5. Salt 管理 daily

4.7 维护/经常性活动所需要的费用和投入(每年)

对投入进行具体说明 单位 数量 单位成本 每项投入的总成本 土地使用者承担的成本%
劳动力 Salary of an assistant herder Days 120.0 6.1 732.0 100.0
其它 Rent fee for land of forest department 300ha/d 180.0 0.4888888 88.0 100.0
其它 Compensation for dead animals animals 2.0 44.0 88.0 100.0
其它 Animal medecine per year 1.0 88.0 88.0 100.0
其它 Salt kg 1000.0 0.08 80.0 100.0
技术维护所需总成本 1076.0
注释:

The costs are valid for a herd of 250 animals kept by the herder alone for six months and additional 250 animals kept during summer holidays with the help of additional workforce. The salary indicated was not valid for 2008 (the grandsons helped the herder), but for years when M. hires external workforce. For all costs, including 50 own animal, prices in 2008 are taken.

4.8 影响成本的最重要因素

描述影响成本的最决定性因素:

Buying an own herd and looking for the animals are the most expensive factors, expecially if there are sick or dead animals.

5. 自然和人文环境

5.1 气候

年降雨量
  • < 250毫米
  • 251-500毫米
  • 501-750毫米
  • 751-1,000毫米
  • 1,001-1,500毫米
  • 1,501-2,000毫米
  • 2,001-3,000毫米
  • 3,001-4,000毫米
  • > 4,000毫米
有关降雨的规范/注释:

Mainly in spring and also in autumn, with a trend to decrease

农业气候带
  • 半干旱

Thermal climate class: temperate

5.2 地形

平均坡度:
  • 水平(0-2%)
  • 缓降(3-5%)
  • 平缓(6-10%)
  • 滚坡(11-15%)
  • 崎岖(16-30%)
  • 陡峭(31-60%)
  • 非常陡峭(>60%)
地形:
  • 高原/平原
  • 山脊
  • 山坡
  • 山地斜坡
  • 麓坡
  • 谷底
垂直分布带:
  • 0-100 m a.s.l.
  • 101-500 m a.s.l.
  • 501-1,000 m a.s.l.
  • 1,001-1,500 m a.s.l.
  • 1,501-2,000 m a.s.l.
  • 2,001-2,500 m a.s.l.
  • 2,501-3,000 m a.s.l.
  • 3,001-4,000 m a.s.l.
  • > 4,000 m a.s.l.
关于地形的注释和进一步规范:

Altitudinal zone: Pasture area around 1600 to 2000 m

Landforms ridges: Small, not so steep areas where the tent of the herder is installed

Landforms mountain slopes: The pasture area is generally very steep

Slopes on average steep (31-60%): The areas mostly frequented are steep

Slopes on average very steep (>60%): The areas dominating spatially are very steep

Slopes on average hilly (16-30%): Ridge areas

5.3 土壤

平均土层深度:
  • 非常浅(0-20厘米)
  • 浅(21-50厘米)
  • 中等深度(51-80厘米)
  • 深(81-120厘米)
  • 非常深(> 120厘米)
土壤质地(表土):
  • 中粒(壤土、粉土)
表土有机质:
  • 低(<1%)
如有可能,附上完整的土壤描述或具体说明可用的信息,例如土壤类型、土壤酸碱度、阳离子交换能力、氮、盐度等。:

Soil depth on average shallow: Most grassy areas

Soil fertility is low: on the surface of 300 ha the summed up dung of 500 sheep and goats cannot compensate for the loss of topsoil by wind and water

Soil drainage / infiltration is good: Generally high infiltration capacity enhanced by high vegetation cover values

Soil water storage capacity medium (dominatig the area): Loamy soils and high cover values, but generally little trees and dried vegetation in August

Soil water storage capacity can also be good: Near the streams higher water retention, according to herder

5.4 水资源可用性和质量

地表水的可用性:

匮乏/没有

水质(未处理):

仅供农业使用(灌溉)

关于水质和水量的注释和进一步规范:

Water quality (untreated): Locals drink the water, but are affected by diarrhoea

5.5 生物多样性

物种多样性:
关于生物多样性的注释和进一步规范:

Diversity higher than near the villages, but not comparable with biodiversity hot-spots

5.6 应用该技术的土地使用者的特征

定栖或游牧:
  • 半游牧的
非农收入:
  • 低于全部收入的10%
相对财富水平:
  • 丰富
个人或集体:
  • 个人/家庭
性别:
  • 男人
说明土地使用者的其他有关特征:

Land users applying the Technology are mainly common / average land users

Difference in the involvement of women and men: Herding is considered as a male profession, inherited from father to son. In nomadic peoples the whole families are mobile and women are responsible for domestic work.

Population density: < 10 persons/km2

Annual population growth: 1% - 2%

100% of the land users are rich (100).

Off-farm income specification: The herder claims to nourish himself and his wife with the income from herding. But, once he willl not be able to work as a herder anymore, he might depend on off-farm income from his children (remittances)

5.7 应用该技术的土地使用者拥有或租用的平均土地面积

  • < 0.5 公顷
  • 0.5-1 公顷
  • 1-2 公顷
  • 2-5公顷
  • 5-15公顷
  • 15-50公顷
  • 50-100公顷
  • 100-500公顷
  • 500-1,000公顷
  • 1,000-10,000公顷
  • > 10,000公顷
这被认为是小规模、中规模还是大规模的(参照当地实际情况)?:
  • 小规模的
注释:

3 households can afford to pay the services of the professional herder (clearly a minority of village population)

5.8 土地所有权、土地使用权和水使用权

土地所有权:
土地使用权:
  • 租赁
用水权:
  • 社区(有组织)

5.9 进入服务和基础设施的通道

健康:
  • 贫瘠
  • 适度的
教育:
  • 贫瘠
  • 适度的
技术援助:
  • 贫瘠
  • 适度的
就业(例如非农):
  • 贫瘠
  • 适度的
市场:
  • 贫瘠
  • 适度的
能源:
  • 贫瘠
  • 适度的
道路和交通:
  • 贫瘠
  • 适度的
饮用水和卫生设施:
  • 贫瘠
  • 适度的
金融服务:
  • 贫瘠
  • 适度的

6. 影响和结论性说明

6.1 该技术的现场影响

社会经济效应

生产

饲料生产

降低
增加
注释/具体说明:

Higher vegetation cover and biomass values than for village-pastures

饲料质量

降低
增加
注释/具体说明:

Much less impalatable species' frequency

畜牧生产

降低
增加
注释/具体说明:

The animals get much fatter and are sold for around 50% higher price than animals from common pastures

木材生产

降低
增加
注释/具体说明:

The herder says that tree density has decreased, due to livestock but also to chopping. Additionally chopping of living trees is generally forbidden (since the 1960s, when the forest department was created as a new land use type), not making possible the

生产区域

降低
增加
注释/具体说明:

The use of the land for fruit production is not possible with animals grazing, but this was also the case before, as to the herder's opinion

水资源可用性和质量

灌溉用水的质量

降低
增加
注释/具体说明:

Due to reduced stocking rates in comparison with village-pastures (and the soviet times), better water quality

社会文化影响

食品安全/自给自足

减少
改良

健康状况

恶化
改良

娱乐机会

减少
改良

Livelihoods and human well-being

reduced
improved

生态影响

水循环/径流

地表径流

增加
降低
注释/具体说明:

Better control of runoff, but steeper land

多余水的排放

减少
改良
土壤

土壤覆盖层

减少
改良
SLM之前的数量:

40%

SLM之后的数量:

80%

注释/具体说明:

Higher cover than on village-pastures

生物多样性:植被、动物

植物多样性

降低
增加
SLM之前的数量:

36 species

SLM之后的数量:

47 species

注释/具体说明:

More plant systematical diversity

减少气候和灾害风险

火灾风险

增加
降低
注释/具体说明:

According to forest department the area above Karsang, due to ist trees, is more prone to fires than other areas

6.3 技术对渐变气候以及与气候相关的极端情况/灾害的暴露和敏感性(土地使用者认为的极端情况/灾害)

气候有关的极端情况(灾害)

气候灾害
该技术是如何应对的?
干旱 不好

其他气候相关的后果

其他气候相关的后果
该技术是如何应对的?
缩短生长期
注释:

A possible adaption to dryer conditions would be smaller herds.

6.4 成本效益分析

技术收益与技术建立成本相比如何(从土地使用者的角度看)?
短期回报:

中性/平衡

长期回报:

非常积极

技术收益与技术维护成本/经常性成本相比如何(从土地使用者的角度看)?
短期回报:

稍微积极

长期回报:

积极

注释:

4 Years ago a herd of 400 animals had to be sold due to disease. Since then M was able to rebuild a herd of 500 animals. On a short term investing into animals is expensive but pays quickly. The maintenance costs are finally decisive, but quite constant.

6.5 技术采用

  • 单例/实验
如若可行,进行量化(住户数量和/或覆盖面积):

1 Household

在所有采用这项技术的人当中,有多少人是自发地采用该技术,即未获得任何物质奖励/付款?:
  • 0-10%
注释:

100% of land user families have adopted the Technology with external material support

1 land user families have adopted the Technology with external material support

Comments on acceptance with external material support: The herder gets paid by the villagers for taking care of their animals

There is no trend towards spontaneous adoption of the Technology

Comments on adoption trend: According to the herder, young people do not (want to) bear the very physical work.

6.7 该技术的优点/长处/机会

土地使用者眼中的长处/优势/机会
Grazing stabilises the soils and is thus a prevention against gully erosion in areas with low cover (former cropland). Animals have the same effect as the terraces built years ago.

How can they be sustained / enhanced? Grazing activity should continue, once M. is too old for working.
The animals provide for soil fertility by their dung, instead of the fertilisers used in Soviet times. This positively influences the share of palatable plants and cover in general and, by this, soil moisture.
The area on the forest department is a good alternative to the much too small pasture-area near the village
编制者或其他关键资源人员认为的长处/优势/机会
Form of land use making it possible to take some pressure from the common pastures without great damages.

How can they be sustained / enhanced? It needs to be assured that also poorer families, who depend even more on livestock breeding than richer ones, can give their animals to M. or other professional herders. This could be realised by engaging herder assistants from poor families
The rotational scheme is much more elaborated than in the case of the villages' pastures, which can be explained by more land available

How can they be sustained / enhanced? Land users like M. should be addressed by forest administration to elaborate legal forms of herding with little damages on natural resources on this land. This will probably require land reforms.

6.8 技术的弱点/缺点/风险及其克服方法

土地使用者认为的弱点/缺点/风险 如何克服它们?
Tree planting is not possible as long as the area is used for grazing. By giving people land for longer periods (than one year) and with more freedoms in its use, people would gain interest in diversifying use: They would split up "their" land into haymaking, orchard and pasture areas.
编制者或其他关键资源人员认为的弱点/缺点/风险 如何克服它们?
The main problem of this form of grazing is that it doesn't allow the regrowth of trees. Changing the areas use for grazing, respectively haymaking, every few years.
Cover is markedly reduced around the places where tents are installed. By changing the camping place (but: limited flat areas!) or not keeping the animals in the same place at noon time and during night time, these areas might recover.

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