1.2 参与该技术评估和文件编制的资源人员和机构的联系方式

有助于对技术进行记录/评估的机构名称（如相关）

International Center for Agricultural Research in the Dry Areas (ICARDA) - 黎巴嫩

有助于对技术进行记录/评估的机构名称（如相关）

Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA) - 法国

有助于对技术进行记录/评估的机构名称（如相关）

Australian Revegetation Corporation Ltd - 澳大利亚

1.3 关于使用通过WOCAT记录的数据的条件

（现场）数据是什么时候汇编的？:

26/08/1999

编制者和关键资源人员接受有关使用通过WOCAT记录数据的条件。:

是

1.5 请参阅有关SLM方法的问卷

2.2 技术的详细说明

说明:

This technique is used to restore degraded rangelands (steppe areas) in the 150-200 mm rainfall zone in Syria. The technique is based on the pitting technique developed in Australia using the 'Camel Pitter' implement. The implement an be towed by an ordinary 2-wheel-drive pickup. Small ahallow 'pits' are scooped out by the action of inclined metal disks (similar to the disks of a disk plough). A seed hopper mounted on the top of the implement releases small quantities of range-plant seeds into the pits and an attached light harrow coveres the seeds with a thin layer of loose topsoil. The implement can also be used without the seeding device. The pits are usually made at the beginning ot just before the rainy season. In the soops made by the implement, rainwater collects and increases the soil moisture storage in and around the pits. On extremely shallow soils, pitting is not recommended because it removes the very top layer of soil and organic surface material and may expose the infertile subsoil. Seeds which emerge in the pits find favourable conditions for emergence and growth. During the early growth stages, the young plants are also sheltered by the pits from wind. The pitting machine should be pulled along the contour to optimize the capture of rainfall. Experience has shown that treating just 10-20 % of the area is sufficient to reestablish a 'starter vegetation' on completely denuded rangeland. In Syria, ARTEMISIA and SALSOLA species have been used successfully for rangeland reseeding. If used without the seeder, the pits will assist the reestablishment of the natural vegetation by providing sheltered and moist sites for seed emergence. To assure optimum reestablishment of vegetation, grazing should be controlled during the initial establishment phase.

2.3 技术照片

2.5 已应用该技术的、本评估所涵盖的国家/地区/地点

2.6 实施日期

如果不知道确切的年份，请说明大概的日期:

• 不到10年前（最近）

2.7 技术介绍

详细说明该技术是如何引入的:

• 通过项目/外部干预

注释（项目类型等）:

Western Australia

3.1 该技术的主要目的

• 减少、预防、恢复土地退化

3.2 应用该技术的当前土地利用类型

注释:

Major land use problems (compiler’s opinion): Overgrazing and cutting of woody shrubs for firewood. Large-scale cultivation of fodder barley (for grazing) completely removes the natural vegetation.

Major land use problems (land users’ perception): The land tenure system. Rangeland is 'public land' and control over its use is difficult to implement.

3.3 有关土地利用的更多信息

每年的生长季节数:

• 1

具体说明:

Longest growing period in days: 75 Longest growing period from month to month: Nov - Apr

3.4 该技术所属的SLM组

• 改良的地面/植被覆盖

3.5 技术传播

注释:

Total area covered by the SLM Technology is 110 m2.

The main collaborator was the Ministry of Agriculture (Steppe Directorate)

3.6 包含该技术的可持续土地管理措施

3.7 该技术强调的主要土地退化类型

注释:

Main type of degradation addressed: Et: loss of topsoil, Ha: aridification

Main causes of degradation: overgrazing (Too many animals. Grazing pressure is too high), Over-exploitation of vegetation (Too many animals. Grazing pressure is too high), Land subdivision (Land parcels for communities are limited in size)

3.8 防止、减少或恢复土地退化

具体数量名该技术与土地退化有关的目标:

• 防止土地退化
• 修复/恢复严重退化的土地

4.1 该技术的技术图纸

4.2 技术规范/技术图纸说明

Technical knowledge required for field staff / advisors: high

Technical knowledge required for land users: low

Main technical functions: improvement of ground cover, increase / maintain water stored in soil, water harvesting

Vegetative measure: pitting: scooping out very shallow pits
Vegetative material: O : other, O : other

Vegetative measure: Vegetative material: O : other, O : other

Vegetative measure: Vegetative material: O : other, O : other

Vegetative measure: Vegetative material: O : other, O : other

Other species: locally adapted rareseedinspecies, e.g., Atriplex halimus, Salsola vermiculata, Artemisia herba-alba

Gradient along the rows / strips: 0.00%

4.3 有关投入和成本计算的一般信息

其它/国家货币（具体说明）:

Syrian Pound

注明美元与当地货币的汇率(如相关):1美元=:

50.0

4.4 技术建立活动

	活动	措施类型	时间
1.	pitting	植物性的	beginning of the rainy season

4.5 技术建立所需要的费用和投入

	对投入进行具体说明	单位	数量	单位成本	每项投入的总成本	土地使用者承担的成本%
劳动力	Labour	ha	1.0	120.0	120.0	100.0
设备	Machine use	ha	1.0	960.0	960.0	10.0
植物材料	Seeds	ha	1.0	270.0	270.0
施工材料	Sand	ha	1.0	1.0	1.0
技术建立所需总成本					1351.0

注释:

Duration of establishment phase: 12 month(s)

4.6 维护/经常性活动

	活动	措施类型	时间/频率
1.	pitting	植物性的	beginning of the rainy season /annually where plants have not come up

4.7 维护/经常性活动所需要的费用和投入（每年）

	对投入进行具体说明	单位	数量	单位成本	每项投入的总成本	土地使用者承担的成本%
劳动力	Labour	ha	1.0	12.0	12.0	100.0
设备	Machine use	ha	1.0	96.0	96.0	10.0
植物材料	Seeds	ha	1.0	9.0	9.0	3.0
技术维护所需总成本					117.0

注释:

per ha of treated area

4.8 影响成本的最重要因素

描述影响成本的最决定性因素:

labour, slope, soil depth

5.1 气候

5.2 地形

关于地形的注释和进一步规范:

Slopes on average: Flat (flat areas prone to wind erosion)

5.3 土壤

5.6 应用该技术的土地使用者的特征

说明土地使用者的其他有关特征:

Population density: < 10 persons/km2

Annual population growth: 2% - 3%

100% of the land users are poor.

Off-farm income specification: migrant work

5.7 应用该技术的土地使用者拥有或租用的平均土地面积

5.8 土地所有权、土地使用权和水使用权

土地所有权:

• 州

土地使用权:

• 社区（有组织）

6.1 该技术的现场影响

社会经济效应

生产

收入和成本

社会文化影响

生态影响

水循环/径流

土壤

生物多样性:植被、动物

减少气候和灾害风险

6.2 该技术的场外影响已经显现

6.4 成本效益分析

技术收益与技术建立成本相比如何（从土地使用者的角度看）？

技术收益与技术维护成本/经常性成本相比如何（从土地使用者的角度看）？

6.5 技术采用

注释:

100% of land user families have adopted the Technology with external material support

50 land user families have adopted the Technology with external material support

Comments on acceptance with external material support: survey results

Comments on spontaneous adoption: survey results

There is no trend towards spontaneous adoption of the Technology

Comments on adoption trend: The land belongs to the state and not to the land users

6.7 该技术的优点/长处/机会

土地使用者眼中的长处/优势/机会
Better vegetation growth How can they be sustained / enhanced? More involvement of the local community. Pay attention to land-use rights and land ownership
Better feed resource How can they be sustained / enhanced? More involvement of the local community. Pay attention to land-use rights and land ownership

编制者或其他关键资源人员认为的长处/优势/机会
cost-effective way to revegetate denuded rangeland How can they be sustained / enhanced? Protection from grazing for the first 3 years
Increased range productivity How can they be sustained / enhanced? Better regulated grazing of the vegetation. Preventing overgrazing

6.8 技术的弱点/缺点/风险及其克服方法

编制者或其他关键资源人员认为的弱点/缺点/风险	如何克服它们？
The pitting machine removes the top 5 cm of soil and the vegetation over the area of the pit	Method should not be used on extremely shallow soils