1.2 参与该技术评估和文件编制的资源人员和机构的联系方式

有助于对技术进行记录/评估的项目名称（如相关）

Preventing and Remediating degradation of soils in Europe through Land Care (EU-RECARE )

有助于对技术进行记录/评估的机构名称（如相关）

University of Padova (UNIPD) - 意大利

1.3 关于使用通过WOCAT记录的数据的条件

（现场）数据是什么时候汇编的？:

20/10/2014

编制者和关键资源人员接受有关使用通过WOCAT记录数据的条件。:

是

1.5 请参阅有关SLM方法的问卷

2.1 技术简介

技术定义:

Buffer vegetation of agricultural land bordering to prevent nonpoint surface water pollution and soil erosion

2.2 技术的详细说明

说明:

Vegetated buffer strips are agricultural areas with permanent vegetation designed to prevent surface water pollution and minimize soil erosion. In the Veneto region they are generally used along streams, canals and roads and can be composed of grass, hedges, trees or their combination. Buffer strips were a major component of agricultural landscape that has been replaced by intensive monoculture practices by increasing tillable areas. In recent years, the re-introduction of buffer zones in the Venetian plain (and generally in the whole territory of the region) has been supported as an agri-environmental measure for a sustainable land management.

Purpose of the Technology: Vegetated buffer strips, recently promoted by the regional government, are an efficient and economical way to improve surface water quality by agricultural nonpoint source pollution. Farmers take advantage of using buffer strips to help control soil erosion and sediment loss, stabilize riverbanks and reduce flood damage to crops. The continuous soil cover and diversification of habitats improve agroecosystem biodiversity and diversification of farmers income.

Establishment / maintenance activities and inputs: Vegetated buffer strips are generally composed of a shrub or tree belt of 1 m combined with an herbaceous band of 5 m, usually placed on the sides of cultivated fields in order to maximise their depuration efficacy as well as ensure crop production. Their function to reduce water pollution is optimal if arranged along a water course in order to intercept suspended solids and sediment-bound nutrients.

Natural / human environment: Adopting vegetated buffer strips achieves several environmental benefits with a low initial economic investment. The agroecosystem biodiversity is improved by the creation of continuous buffers that provide food, nesting cover, shaded environment and connecting corridors from one habitat to another to wildlife species, while the continuous soil cover with herbaceous and woody plants enhances soil protection and below-ground biodiversity. Water resources benefit from reduced nutrient supply and sediments that cause excessive growth of algae and diminish oxygen level of the water. Vegetated buffer strips, thanks to the maintenance and differentiation of species in the territory, enhance the quality of life through the improvement of agricultural landscape.

2.3 技术照片

2.5 已应用该技术的、本评估所涵盖的国家/地区/地点

2.6 实施日期

如果不知道确切的年份，请说明大概的日期:

• 10-50年前

2.7 技术介绍

详细说明该技术是如何引入的:

• 在实验/研究期间

3.1 该技术的主要目的

• 减少、预防、恢复土地退化

3.2 应用该技术的当前土地利用类型

注释:

Major land use problems (compiler’s opinion): Soils in the low Venetian plain of the Veneto region generally suffer from a loss of soil organic matter (SOM) that is strongly affected by their natural texture and climatic conditions. Moreover, in the last 50 years intensive tillage practices contributed to a further SOM decrease, estimated at 0.02-0.58 t/ha/y of carbon. The introduction of monoculture worsened the agro-ecosystem habitats and reduced soil biodiversity.

Major land use problems (land users’ perception): Decrease of productivity and the need of higher inputs of fertiliser.

3.3 有关土地利用的更多信息

该技术所应用土地的供水:

• 混合雨水灌溉

注释:

Water supply: rainfed, full irrigation

每年的生长季节数:

• 1

具体说明:

Longest growing period in days: 210 Longest growing period from month to month: March to OctoberSecond longest growing period in days: 180

3.4 该技术所属的SLM组

• 横坡措施

3.5 技术传播

具体说明该技术的分布:

• 均匀地分布在一个区域

如果该技术均匀地分布在一个区域上，请注明覆盖的大致区域。:

• 100-1,000 平方千米

3.6 包含该技术的可持续土地管理措施

注释:

Main measures: vegetative measures

Type of vegetative measures: aligned: -linear

3.7 该技术强调的主要土地退化类型

注释:

Main type of degradation addressed: Wr: riverbank erosion, Bh: loss of habitats, Hp: decline of surface water quality

Secondary types of degradation addressed: Wt: loss of topsoil / surface erosion

Main causes of degradation: soil management (lack of organic input with fertilizations), population pressure (High demand for agricultural products and competition for land in densely populated area)

Secondary causes of degradation: crop management (annual, perennial, tree/shrub) (crop monoculture instead of crop rotation), deforestation / removal of natural vegetation (incl. forest fires) (mechanisation)

3.8 防止、减少或恢复土地退化

具体数量名该技术与土地退化有关的目标:

• 防止土地退化
• 减少土地退化

注释:

Main goals: prevention of land degradation

Secondary goals: mitigation / reduction of land degradation

4.1 该技术的技术图纸

4.2 技术规范/技术图纸说明

An interposed area between the cropland and a water course is designed to intercept runoff and reduce surface water pollution (suspended solids, nutrients etc.).

Location: Veneto region

Technical knowledge required for field staff / advisors: moderate

Technical knowledge required for land users: moderate

Main technical functions: control of dispersed runoff: retain / trap, control of dispersed runoff: impede / retard, stabilisation of soil (eg by tree roots against land slides), improvement of water quality, buffering / filtering water, sediment retention / trapping, sediment harvesting, spatial arrangement and diversification of land use

Secondary technical functions: control of concentrated runoff: retain / trap, control of concentrated runoff: impede / retard, improvement of ground cover, increase of surface roughness, increase in organic matter, increase in nutrient availability (supply, recycling,…)

Aligned: -linear
Vegetative material: T : trees / shrubs
Spacing between rows / strips / blocks (m): 3-5
Vertical interval within rows / strips / blocks (m): 1-3

Trees/ shrubs species: oak, maple, hornbeam, willow, etc.

Grass species: mixed species

4.3 有关投入和成本计算的一般信息

其它/国家货币（具体说明）:

Euro €

注明美元与当地货币的汇率(如相关):1美元=:

0.8

4.4 技术建立活动

	活动	措施类型	时间
1.	Planning, mulching, soli preparation, fertilisation	植物性的
2.	Purchase of seedlings and planting	植物性的
3.	Grass strip establishment	植物性的
4.	Machinery for mowing, pruning	植物性的

4.5 技术建立所需要的费用和投入

	对投入进行具体说明	单位	数量	单位成本	每项投入的总成本	土地使用者承担的成本%
劳动力	Planning, mulching, soli preparation, fertilisation	ha	1.0	306.0	306.0
劳动力	Planting	ha	1.0	2.5	2.5
劳动力	Grass strip establishment	ha	1.0	152.0	152.0
设备	Machinery for mowing, pruning	ha	1.0	4000.0	4000.0
植物材料	Seedlings	ha	1.0	119.0	119.0
肥料和杀菌剂	Fertilizer	ha	1.0	14.0	14.0
技术建立所需总成本					4593.5

4.6 维护/经常性活动

	活动	措施类型	时间/频率
1.	Pruning, replanting, additional irrigation	植物性的
2.	Grass strip maintenance	植物性的

4.7 维护/经常性活动所需要的费用和投入（每年）

	对投入进行具体说明	单位	数量	单位成本	每项投入的总成本	土地使用者承担的成本%
劳动力	Pruning, replanting, additional irrigation	ha	1.0	127.0	127.0
劳动力	Grass strip maintenance	ha	1.0	127.0	127.0
技术维护所需总成本					254.0

4.8 影响成本的最重要因素

描述影响成本的最决定性因素:

Establishment costs (purchase of seedlings and planting) are the most important. After the establishment of buffer strip, costs are less relevant due to little work required for maintenance.

5.1 气候

5.2 地形

5.3 土壤

如有可能，附上完整的土壤描述或具体说明可用的信息，例如土壤类型、土壤酸碱度、阳离子交换能力、氮、盐度等。:

Soil fertility is low-medium
Soil drainage/infiltration is medium
Soil water storage capacity is medium

5.4 水资源可用性和质量

关于水质和水量的注释和进一步规范:

Ground water table: <5m a.s.l. (The area surrounding the Venice lagoon (1240 km2) is even below the sea level (down to -2 m) and currently cultivated due to land reclamation. As a result water table is kept artificially low)
Water quality (untreted): Good drinking water (groundwater) and for agricultural use only (surface water can be used for agricultural purposes but not as drinking water)

5.5 生物多样性

关于生物多样性的注释和进一步规范:

High population density, infrastructures and intensive agriculture practices affect the state of biodiversity.

5.6 应用该技术的土地使用者的特征

说明土地使用者的其他有关特征:

Land users applying the Technology are mainly common / average land users

Difference in the involvement of women and men: Farmers in the Veneto region are traditionally males due to historical and cultural reasons.

Population density: 200-500 persons/km2

Annual population growth: 0.5% - 1%

5.7 应用该技术的土地使用者拥有或租用的平均土地面积

5.8 土地所有权、土地使用权和水使用权

土地使用权:

• 个人

5.9 进入服务和基础设施的通道

6.1 该技术的现场影响

社会经济效应

生产

水资源可用性和质量

收入和成本

社会文化影响

生态影响

水循环/径流

土壤

生物多样性:植被、动物

6.2 该技术的场外影响已经显现

6.3 技术对渐变气候以及与气候相关的极端情况/灾害的暴露和敏感性（土地使用者认为的极端情况/灾害）

渐变气候

渐变气候

	季节	气候变化/极端天气的类型	该技术是如何应对的？
年温度		增加	好

气候有关的极端情况（灾害）

气象灾害

	该技术是如何应对的？
局地暴雨	好

气候灾害

	该技术是如何应对的？
干旱	不好

6.4 成本效益分析

技术收益与技术建立成本相比如何（从土地使用者的角度看）？

技术收益与技术维护成本/经常性成本相比如何（从土地使用者的角度看）？

6.5 技术采用

在所有采用这项技术的人当中，有多少人是自发地采用该技术，即未获得任何物质奖励/付款？:

• 50-90%

注释:

50% of land user families have adopted the Technology with external material support

Comments on acceptance with external material support: On average it was estimated that, among farmers adopting the technology, ca. half of them benefited of incentives.

50% of land user families have adopted the Technology without any external material support

Comments on spontaneous adoption: On average it was estimated that, among farmers adopting the technology, ca. half of them benefited of incentives.

6.7 该技术的优点/长处/机会

编制者或其他关键资源人员认为的长处/优势/机会
protects soil from water erosion How can they be sustained / enhanced? long-term maintenance of buffer zones and soil cover
protects surface water quality How can they be sustained / enhanced? combination with other sustainable technologies (e.g. reduction of pesticides). Spread over larger areas
enhances agro-ecosystem biodiversity How can they be sustained / enhanced? improvement of connecting corridors between habitats
diversifies farmer's production How can they be sustained / enhanced? improve farmers' education
little costs compared to environmenmtal benefits How can they be sustained / enhanced? support farmers on decision making

6.8 技术的弱点/缺点/风险及其克服方法

土地使用者认为的弱点/缺点/风险	如何克服它们？
sometimes difficult to adjust crop production requirements with buffer strip occupation of space	support farmers on decision making

编制者或其他关键资源人员认为的弱点/缺点/风险	如何克服它们？
time-dependent buffer performance	Monitoring saturation-effect conditions in the medium, long-term
low efficacy if the technology is maintained in the short-term	improve effectiveness of subsidies to keep the technology in the long-term; increase farmers awareness on soil and water benefits

7.2 参考可用出版物

标题、作者、年份、ISBN:

Programma di sviluppo rurale per il veneto 2007-2013, Regione Veneto, 2007. Dipartimento Agricoltura e Sviluppo Rurale.