1.2 参与该技术评估和文件编制的资源人员和机构的联系方式

有助于对技术进行记录/评估的项目名称（如相关）

Sustainable Soil Management Programme, Nepal (SSMP)

有助于对技术进行记录/评估的机构名称（如相关）

Department of Agriculture, Soil Management Directorate, Hariharbhawan Lalitpur (doasoil) - 尼泊尔

有助于对技术进行记录/评估的机构名称（如相关）

HELVETAS (Swiss Intercooperation)

1.3 关于使用通过WOCAT记录的数据的条件

（现场）数据是什么时候汇编的？:

06/11/2008

编制者和关键资源人员接受有关使用通过WOCAT记录数据的条件。:

是

1.5 请参阅有关SLM方法的问卷

2.1 技术简介

技术定义:

Promotion of botanical pesticides for organic pest management and liquid manure

2.2 技术的详细说明

说明:

Production of fresh vegetable is often hampered by pests which may reduce production and badly affect farmers’ income. Chemical pesticides are available and are used, sometimes excessively, to combat these pests in parts of Nepal’s midhills. Botanical pesticides prepared from a variety of plant ingredients soaked and fermented in cattle urine provide a suitable alternative to chemical pesticides, at least for subsistence and semi-commercial vegetable producers. These pesticides are based on farmer’s traditional knowledge and are emerging as alternatives to the
application of chemical pesticides.
All the ingredients for these pesticides are available locally; in some cases the plants are considered as weeds. Crofton weed (banmara) grows in abundance along roads and paths, and on forest floors and suppresses the growth of other more valuable species. It is believed to have pesticidal effects and is often used in botanical pesticides. The Nepali names of other plants commonly used in the tonics are asuro (malabara tree), titepati (mugwort), bakaino (Persian lilac), timur (Nepali pepper), patina (field mint), tulsi (sweet basil), neem, sisnu (stinging nettle), ketuke
(century plant), and khirro (tallow tree). In general it is said that herbs and plants that are bitter, pungent, or ‘hot’ or that produce a strong odour are most effective in botanical pesticides.
The botanical pesticide is diluted with water before applying to vegetable crops. The dilution ratio depends on the age and type of the plant being treated with a higher dilution for seedlings in nurseries than for mature plants. While botanical pesticides do not kill all pests, they do combat soft-bodied insects such as aphids and act as a repellent against larger insects like cutworms, various larvae, and red ants. They are not usually effective against plant diseases.
In some places innovative farmers have started to produce and sell botanical pesticides for pest management and as a liquid manure for foliar application.

2.3 技术照片

2.5 已应用该技术的、本评估所涵盖的国家/地区/地点

3.1 该技术的主要目的

• Cheaper pest management

3.2 应用该技术的当前土地利用类型

注释:

Major land use problems (compiler’s opinion): Intensifying cultivation practices and the increasing demand for fresh and off-season vegetables have increased the
incidence of pests. These pests are controlled mainly by chemical pesticides where available, and where they are not
available entire crops can be destroyed and farmers’ livelihoods endangered.

3.4 该技术所属的SLM组

• 病虫害综合管理（包括有机农业）

3.5 技术传播

具体说明该技术的分布:

• 均匀地分布在一个区域

3.6 包含该技术的可持续土地管理措施

3.7 该技术强调的主要土地退化类型

3.8 防止、减少或恢复土地退化

具体数量名该技术与土地退化有关的目标:

• 减少土地退化

4.2 技术规范/技术图纸说明

Technical knowledge required for field staff / advisors: low

Technical knowledge required for land users: low

Main technical functions: reduction in application of chemical pesticides, reduction in application of chemicalfertilisers

Secondary technical functions: supplementary irrigation

4.3 有关投入和成本计算的一般信息

具体说明成本和投入是如何计算的:

• 每个技术区域

具体说明成本计算所用货币:

• 美元

4.4 技术建立活动

	活动	措施类型	时间
1.	Different plants with pesticidal properties are collected and chopped into small pieces. Only tenderparts should be used to facilitate decomposition.	管理
2.	Other materials like ginger powder, green chilli, ash, and mustard cake are mixed with the chopped plant material	管理
3.	The material is placed in a plastic drum or earthen pot and soaked in cattle urine at the rate of about one kilogramme of solid material per 2 litres of cattle urine.	管理
4.	The drum is close as air-tight as possible and put in a shady place.	管理

4.5 技术建立所需要的费用和投入

	对投入进行具体说明	单位	数量	单位成本	每项投入的总成本	土地使用者承担的成本%
劳动力	Labour	Persons/day	2.0	2.0	4.0	100.0
设备	Drum	pieces	1.0	6.0	6.0	100.0
技术建立所需总成本					10.0

4.6 维护/经常性活动

	活动	措施类型	时间/频率
1.	The botanical pesticide needs to be stirred with a wooden stick about every 15 days.	管理
2.	The prepared pesticide is normally ready for field application after about 35-40 days of fermentation/preservation.	管理
3.	The pesticide is diluted with water 1:4 (1 part pesticide solution: 4 parts water) for mature plants and 1:8 for nurseries and applied with a jug, sprayer, or broom.	管理

4.7 维护/经常性活动所需要的费用和投入（每年）

注释:

Cost as in January 2007

5.1 气候

5.2 地形

关于地形的注释和进一步规范:

Slopes on average: Also moderate (6-10%), rolling (11-15%) and hilly (16-30%)

Landforms: Also footslopes

Altitudinal zone: Also 1000-1500 m a.s.l., 1500-2000 m a.s.l. and 2000-2500 m a.s.l.

5.6 应用该技术的土地使用者的特征

说明土地使用者的其他有关特征:

Off-farm income specification: In most farm households off-farm income plays at least a minor and increasingly a major role. Occasional opportunities for off-farm income present themselves in the form of daily labour wages. Some households’ members receive regular salaries whilst an increasing number of Nepalis are working in India, the Middle East, Malaysia and elsewhere and sending remittance incomes home.

5.7 应用该技术的土地使用者拥有或租用的平均土地面积

5.8 土地所有权、土地使用权和水使用权

土地所有权:

• 个人，未命名
• 个人，有命名

土地使用权:

• 租赁
• 个人

注释:

Sharecropping between owner and tenant

6.1 该技术的现场影响

社会经济效应

收入和成本

其它社会经济效应

社会文化影响

生态影响

其它生态影响

6.2 该技术的场外影响已经显现

6.4 成本效益分析

技术收益与技术建立成本相比如何（从土地使用者的角度看）？

技术收益与技术维护成本/经常性成本相比如何（从土地使用者的角度看）？

6.5 技术采用

注释:

Comments on spontaneous adoption: It is adopted by small to medium scale, 50% of SSMP trained/organised groups and 10% of local farmers from outside the SSMP groups were using the technology.

6.7 该技术的优点/长处/机会

编制者或其他关键资源人员认为的长处/优势/机会
Organic pest management using botanical pesticides reduce the expense of pest control How can they be sustained / enhanced? Further promote the benefits of organic pest management
Organic pest management reduces the negative impact of chemical pesticides How can they be sustained / enhanced? Further promote the benefits of organic pest management

6.8 技术的弱点/缺点/风险及其克服方法

编制者或其他关键资源人员认为的弱点/缺点/风险	如何克服它们？
Labour intensive preparation often at inconvenient times as the botanical pesticide has to be prepared fresh for each crop and can only be stored for a limited amount of time	Develop methods that reduce labour requirements and highlight possibilities for bulk production and adequate storage without losing effectiveness
The reagents that are effective in the botanical pesticides have not been identified	Carry out applied research into the different reagents and their effect on different pests
The botanical pesticides are not effective against all pests	Carry out applied research into and document the effects of different botanical pesticides on different pests

7.2 参考可用出版物

标题、作者、年份、ISBN:

Neupane, F.P. (2056 BS - 1999/2000) Insect Control by Herbs. Kathmandu: Sajha Publications

可以从哪里获得?成本如何?

SSMP

标题、作者、年份、ISBN:

Several pamphlets on different tonal tonic compositions are available in Nepali from SSMP

可以从哪里获得?成本如何?

SSMP