1.2 参与该技术评估和文件编制的资源人员和机构的联系方式

有助于对技术进行记录/评估的机构名称（如相关）

Biovision Foundation (Biovision Foundation) - 瑞士

有助于对技术进行记录/评估的机构名称（如相关）

International Centre of Insect Physiology & Ecology (ICIPE) - 肯尼亚

1.3 关于使用通过WOCAT记录的数据的条件

编制者和关键资源人员接受有关使用通过WOCAT记录数据的条件。:

是

2.1 技术简介

技术定义:

“Push-Pull” is a technology to efficiently control pests and progressively improves soil fertility.

2.2 技术的详细说明

说明:

In the Lake Victoria region - like in many other parts of sub-Saharan Africa – stemborer pests, striga weeds and poor soil fertility are the main constraints to efficient production of cereals. In combination they often lead to complete crop failure. The “Push-Pull” technology efficiently controls the pests and progressively improves soil fertility. It involves intercropping maize with a repellent plant, such as desmodium (“push”); an attractant trap plant, such as napier grass (Pennisetum purpureum) is planted as a border crop around this intercrop (“pull”). The stemborer moths are attracted to volatile compounds emitted by the napier grass which at the same time serves as a haven for the borers' natural enemies. When moths lay eggs on napier grass a sticky substance secreted by the grass physically traps the moths’ larvae. Napier is also an important carbohydrate-rich fodder grass. Desmodium, a perennial cover crop, produces repellent volatile chemicals that push away the moths, and the plant effectively suppresses striga weeds through its root exudates. Furthermore, desmodium fixes nitrogen, conserves soil moisture, enhances arthropod abundance and diversity and improves soil organic matter, thereby making cereal cropping systems more resilient and adaptable to climate change. Being a low-growing plant it does not interfere with the crops' growth. Push-pull simultaneously improves cereal productivity; enables production of year-round quality fodder - thereby allowing for integration with livestock husbandry; diversifies income streams and enables smallholders to enter into the cash economy. It also improves soil fertility; protects fragile soils from erosion and enables a minimum tillage system. The technology is appropriate to resource-poor smallholder farmers as it is based on locally available plants, affordable external inputs, and fits well with traditional mixed cropping systems practiced in SSA.

2.3 技术照片

2.5 已应用该技术的、本评估所涵盖的国家/地区/地点

2.6 实施日期

如果不知道确切的年份，请说明大概的日期:

• 10-50年前

2.7 技术介绍

详细说明该技术是如何引入的:

• 在实验/研究期间

3.1 该技术的主要目的

• 适应气候变化/极端天气及其影响
• 创造有益的经济影响

3.2 应用该技术的当前土地利用类型

注释:

Major land use problems (land users’ perception): Cereal pests and diseases, decline of soil organic matter and fertility

3.3 有关土地利用的更多信息

该技术所应用土地的供水:

• 雨养

3.4 该技术所属的SLM组

• 土壤肥力综合管理
• 改良植物品种/动物品种

3.5 技术传播

注释:

Total area covered by the SLM Technology is 76000 m2.

3.6 包含该技术的可持续土地管理措施

注释:

Main measures: vegetative measures

Type of agronomic measures: mixed cropping / intercropping, contour planting / strip cropping, retaining more vegetation cover

Type of vegetative measures: aligned: -along boundary, aligned: -linear

3.7 该技术强调的主要土地退化类型

注释:

Main type of degradation addressed: Cn: fertility decline and reduced organic matter content, Bh: loss of habitats, Bp: increase of pests / diseases, loss of predators

3.8 防止、减少或恢复土地退化

具体数量名该技术与土地退化有关的目标:

• 防止土地退化
• 减少土地退化

4.1 该技术的技术图纸

4.2 技术规范/技术图纸说明

Layout of push-pull plot with1 m spacing between napier border and maize field

Technical knowledge required for field staff / advisors: moderate

Technical knowledge required for land users: low

Main technical functions: increase in organic matter, increase in nutrient availability (supply, recycling,…), promotion of vegetation species and varieties (quality, eg palatable fodder), pest control

Mixed cropping / intercropping
Material/ species: Desmodium as a perennial intercrop
Remarks: Desmodium is drilled in between maize rows at 75 cm row to row distance

Contour planting / strip cropping
Material/ species: napier grass (Pennisetum purpureum)
Remarks: Spacing of napier plants should be 75 cm between rows and 50 cm between plants within a row

Aligned: -along boundary
Vegetative material: G : grass
Spacing between rows / strips / blocks (m): 75.00
Vertical interval within rows / strips / blocks (m): 50.00

Aligned: -linear
Vegetative material: C : perennial crops
Spacing between rows / strips / blocks (m): 75.00

Perennial crops species: Desmodium

Grass species: Napier grass (Pennisetum purpureum)

4.3 有关投入和成本计算的一般信息

具体说明成本计算所用货币:

• 美元

4.4 技术建立活动

	活动	措施类型	时间
1.	Plant 3 consecutive rows of napier grass (Bana variety) around the plot: make planting holes, apply fertilizer (or manure), place 3-node canes or root splits, cover with soil (before rains)	植物性的
2.	Land preparation for desmodium: plough and harrow the land (to get fine soil), make furrows between the rows where the maize will be planted (using strong pointed stick; before rains)	植物性的
3.	Mix desmodium seed with super phosphate fertilizer (ratio 1:2), or alternatively with fine soil. Sow into the furrows and cover with soil (onset of rains)	植物性的
4.	Plant maize./ Weeding of maize, desmodium and Napier grass	植物性的	3 and 5-6 weeks after planting maize
5.	Manage napier grass: 1st harvest after 3 months (plants are 1-1,5 m high), leave stem height of 10 cm for quick regrow, start with inner row	植物性的	1st harvest after 3 months

4.5 技术建立所需要的费用和投入

	对投入进行具体说明	单位	数量	单位成本	每项投入的总成本	土地使用者承担的成本%
劳动力	Plant 3 consecutive rows of napier grass	Persons/day	8.0	1.25	10.0
植物材料	Napier	pieces	1200.0	0.1666666	200.0
植物材料	Desmodium seeds	kg	0.5	18.9	9.45
肥料和杀菌剂	Fertilizer	kg	47.0	0.6808	32.0
技术建立所需总成本					251.45

4.6 维护/经常性活动

	活动	措施类型	时间/频率
1.	Land preparation for maize: carefully dig/plough between desmodium lines not to disturb / uproot the desmodium (it is a perennial crop!)	植物性的
2.	Plant maize	植物性的
3.	Trim the desmodium so that it does not overgrow in between the maize plants	植物性的	after 3 and 6 weeks
4.	Repeat activities 5.-7. listed under establishment	植物性的

4.7 维护/经常性活动所需要的费用和投入（每年）

	对投入进行具体说明	单位	数量	单位成本	每项投入的总成本	土地使用者承担的成本%
劳动力	Land preparation for maize	Persons/day	6.0	1.166666	7.0	100.0
肥料和杀菌剂	Fertilizer for maiz	kg	47.0	0.6808	32.0	100.0
技术维护所需总成本					39.0

注释:

Machinery/ tools: planting stick / hoe

Size of push-pull plot for the cost calculations above = 0.25 ha.

4.8 影响成本的最重要因素

描述影响成本的最决定性因素:

Input prices (in US$):
1 Person-day = 1.2 US$.
1 napier root split / cane = 0.14 US$.;
1 kg desmodium seeds = 18.9 US$.;
1 kg superphosphate fertilizer = 0.68US$

5.1 气候

5.2 地形

关于地形的注释和进一步规范:

Slopes on average: Also flat (0-2%)

Landforms: Also plateau / plains

Altitudinal zone: 1200-1250 m.a.s.l.

5.3 土壤

如有可能，附上完整的土壤描述或具体说明可用的信息，例如土壤类型、土壤酸碱度、阳离子交换能力、氮、盐度等。:

Soil texture: Also coasre/light but texture is mostly loamy clay, partly sandy

Soil fertility is low

Soil drainage / infiltration is medium

5.6 应用该技术的土地使用者的特征

说明土地使用者的其他有关特征:

Land users applying the Technology are mainly disadvantaged land users

Difference in the involvement of women and men: some organized in informal groups

Population density: > 500 persons/km2

Market orientation of production system: commercialization is just starting

5.7 应用该技术的土地使用者拥有或租用的平均土地面积

5.8 土地所有权、土地使用权和水使用权

注释:

Land ownership: state, communal / village, individual, not titled, individual, titled

6.1 该技术的现场影响

社会经济效应

生产

收入和成本

社会文化影响

生态影响

土壤

减少气候和灾害风险

6.3 技术对渐变气候以及与气候相关的极端情况/灾害的暴露和敏感性（土地使用者认为的极端情况/灾害）

注释:

Technology is tolerant to climatic extremes.

6.4 成本效益分析

技术收益与技术建立成本相比如何（从土地使用者的角度看）？

技术收益与技术维护成本/经常性成本相比如何（从土地使用者的角度看）？

6.5 技术采用

在所有采用这项技术的人当中，有多少人是自发地采用该技术，即未获得任何物质奖励/付款？:

• 0-10%

注释:

100% of land user families have adopted the Technology without any external material support

There is a strong trend towards spontaneous adoption of the Technology

Comments on adoption trend: To date it has been adopted by over 29,000 smallholder farmers in East Africa, mostly without incentives. Where the technology is being introduced for the first time, farmers only need demonstration and technology information

6.7 该技术的优点/长处/机会

编制者或其他关键资源人员认为的长处/优势/机会
Improves cereal productivity
Enables production of year-round quality fodder - thereby allowing for integration with livestock husbandry
Diversifies income streams and enables smallholders to enter into the cash economy
Improves soil fertility; protects fragile soils from erosion and enables a minimum tillage system
The technology is appropriate to resource-poor smallholder farmers as it is based on locally available plants, affordable external inputs, and fits well with traditional mixed cropping systems practiced in SSA.

6.8 技术的弱点/缺点/风险及其克服方法

土地使用者认为的弱点/缺点/风险	如何克服它们？
Napier grass is an aggressive plant that spreads through rhizomes under the ground	regular control and weeding.
The older napier stems and leaves are less palatable for livestock	regularly cut young, tender leaves and stems.
Minor adjustment of the smallholder farming system to introduce desmodium in traditional maize-bean intercrops	desmodium (fodder crop) and beans (food crop, important protein source) can both be intercropped with maize. In areas where striga weed is not a problem, farmers can plant desmodium after every 3 or 5 rows of maize, and use the other rows for beans. Stemborers will still be repelled

7.2 参考可用出版物

标题、作者、年份、ISBN:

Prof. Zeyaur R. Khan (Principal Scientist and Programme Leader) and Jimmy Pittchar, Push-pull Programme, International Centre of Insect Physiology & Ecology (ICIPE), Mbita Point, Kenya; zkhan@mbita.mimcom.net; jpittchar@mbita.mimcom.net; jpittchar@icipe.org