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Push-Pull Integrated Pest and Soil Fertility Management [肯尼亚]

technologies_958 - 肯尼亚

完整性: 76%

1. 一般信息

1.2 参与该技术评估和文件编制的资源人员和机构的联系方式

关键资源人

SLM专业人员:

Khan Zeyaur

zkhan@mbita.mimcom.net

International Centre of Insect Physiology & Ecology (ICIPE)

肯尼亚

SLM专业人员:

Pittchar Jimmy

jpittchar@icipe.org

International Centre of Insect Physiology & Ecology (ICIPE)

肯尼亚

SLM专业人员:

Wartmann Flurina

f.wartmann@biovision.ch

Biovision Foundation for ecological development

瑞士

有助于对技术进行记录/评估的机构名称(如相关)
Biovision Foundation (Biovision Foundation) - 瑞士
有助于对技术进行记录/评估的机构名称(如相关)
International Centre of Insect Physiology & Ecology (ICIPE) - 肯尼亚

1.3 关于使用通过WOCAT记录的数据的条件

编制者和关键资源人员接受有关使用通过WOCAT记录数据的条件。:

2. SLM技术的说明

2.1 技术简介

技术定义:

“Push-Pull” is a technology to efficiently control pests and progressively improves soil fertility.

2.2 技术的详细说明

说明:

In the Lake Victoria region - like in many other parts of sub-Saharan Africa – stemborer pests, striga weeds and poor soil fertility are the main constraints to efficient production of cereals. In combination they often lead to complete crop failure. The “Push-Pull” technology efficiently controls the pests and progressively improves soil fertility. It involves intercropping maize with a repellent plant, such as desmodium (“push”); an attractant trap plant, such as napier grass (Pennisetum purpureum) is planted as a border crop around this intercrop (“pull”). The stemborer moths are attracted to volatile compounds emitted by the napier grass which at the same time serves as a haven for the borers' natural enemies. When moths lay eggs on napier grass a sticky substance secreted by the grass physically traps the moths’ larvae. Napier is also an important carbohydrate-rich fodder grass. Desmodium, a perennial cover crop, produces repellent volatile chemicals that push away the moths, and the plant effectively suppresses striga weeds through its root exudates. Furthermore, desmodium fixes nitrogen, conserves soil moisture, enhances arthropod abundance and diversity and improves soil organic matter, thereby making cereal cropping systems more resilient and adaptable to climate change. Being a low-growing plant it does not interfere with the crops' growth. Push-pull simultaneously improves cereal productivity; enables production of year-round quality fodder - thereby allowing for integration with livestock husbandry; diversifies income streams and enables smallholders to enter into the cash economy. It also improves soil fertility; protects fragile soils from erosion and enables a minimum tillage system. The technology is appropriate to resource-poor smallholder farmers as it is based on locally available plants, affordable external inputs, and fits well with traditional mixed cropping systems practiced in SSA.

2.3 技术照片

2.5 已应用该技术的、本评估所涵盖的国家/地区/地点

国家:

肯尼亚

区域/州/省:

Lake Victoria region

2.6 实施日期

如果不知道确切的年份,请说明大概的日期:
  • 10-50年前

2.7 技术介绍

详细说明该技术是如何引入的:
  • 在实验/研究期间

3. SLM技术的分类

3.1 该技术的主要目的

  • 适应气候变化/极端天气及其影响
  • 创造有益的经济影响

3.2 应用该技术的当前土地利用类型

农田

农田

  • 一年一作
  • 多年一作(非木材)
主要农作物(经济作物及粮食作物):

Main cash crop (CA): Maiz

Others (CP): Desmodium (fodder)

注释:

Major land use problems (land users’ perception): Cereal pests and diseases, decline of soil organic matter and fertility

3.3 有关土地利用的更多信息

该技术所应用土地的供水:
  • 雨养

3.4 该技术所属的SLM组

  • 土壤肥力综合管理
  • 改良植物品种/动物品种

3.5 技术传播

注释:

Total area covered by the SLM Technology is 76000 m2.

3.6 包含该技术的可持续土地管理措施

农艺措施

农艺措施

  • A1:植被和土壤覆盖层
植物措施

植物措施

  • V2:草和多年生草本植物
注释:

Main measures: vegetative measures

Type of agronomic measures: mixed cropping / intercropping, contour planting / strip cropping, retaining more vegetation cover

Type of vegetative measures: aligned: -along boundary, aligned: -linear

3.7 该技术强调的主要土地退化类型

化学性土壤退化

化学性土壤退化

  • Cn:肥力下降和有机质含量下降(非侵蚀所致)
生物性退化

生物性退化

  • Bh:栖息地丧失
  • Bp:害虫/疾病增加,捕食者减少
注释:

Main type of degradation addressed: Cn: fertility decline and reduced organic matter content, Bh: loss of habitats, Bp: increase of pests / diseases, loss of predators

3.8 防止、减少或恢复土地退化

具体数量名该技术与土地退化有关的目标:
  • 防止土地退化
  • 减少土地退化

4. 技术规范、实施活动、投入和成本

4.1 该技术的技术图纸

作者:

ICIPE

4.2 技术规范/技术图纸说明

Layout of push-pull plot with1 m spacing between napier border and maize field

Technical knowledge required for field staff / advisors: moderate

Technical knowledge required for land users: low

Main technical functions: increase in organic matter, increase in nutrient availability (supply, recycling,…), promotion of vegetation species and varieties (quality, eg palatable fodder), pest control

Mixed cropping / intercropping
Material/ species: Desmodium as a perennial intercrop
Remarks: Desmodium is drilled in between maize rows at 75 cm row to row distance

Contour planting / strip cropping
Material/ species: napier grass (Pennisetum purpureum)
Remarks: Spacing of napier plants should be 75 cm between rows and 50 cm between plants within a row

Aligned: -along boundary
Vegetative material: G : grass
Spacing between rows / strips / blocks (m): 75.00
Vertical interval within rows / strips / blocks (m): 50.00

Aligned: -linear
Vegetative material: C : perennial crops
Spacing between rows / strips / blocks (m): 75.00

Perennial crops species: Desmodium

Grass species: Napier grass (Pennisetum purpureum)

4.3 有关投入和成本计算的一般信息

具体说明成本计算所用货币:
  • 美元
注明雇用劳工的每日平均工资成本:

1.2

4.4 技术建立活动

活动 措施类型 时间
1. Plant 3 consecutive rows of napier grass (Bana variety) around the plot: make planting holes, apply fertilizer (or manure), place 3-node canes or root splits, cover with soil (before rains) 植物性的
2. Land preparation for desmodium: plough and harrow the land (to get fine soil), make furrows between the rows where the maize will be planted (using strong pointed stick; before rains) 植物性的
3. Mix desmodium seed with super phosphate fertilizer (ratio 1:2), or alternatively with fine soil. Sow into the furrows and cover with soil (onset of rains) 植物性的
4. Plant maize./ Weeding of maize, desmodium and Napier grass 植物性的 3 and 5-6 weeks after planting maize
5. Manage napier grass: 1st harvest after 3 months (plants are 1-1,5 m high), leave stem height of 10 cm for quick regrow, start with inner row 植物性的 1st harvest after 3 months

4.5 技术建立所需要的费用和投入

对投入进行具体说明 单位 数量 单位成本 每项投入的总成本 土地使用者承担的成本%
劳动力 Plant 3 consecutive rows of napier grass Persons/day 8.0 1.25 10.0
植物材料 Napier pieces 1200.0 0.1666666 200.0
植物材料 Desmodium seeds kg 0.5 18.9 9.45
肥料和杀菌剂 Fertilizer kg 47.0 0.6808 32.0
技术建立所需总成本 251.45

4.6 维护/经常性活动

活动 措施类型 时间/频率
1. Land preparation for maize: carefully dig/plough between desmodium lines not to disturb / uproot the desmodium (it is a perennial crop!) 植物性的
2. Plant maize 植物性的
3. Trim the desmodium so that it does not overgrow in between the maize plants 植物性的 after 3 and 6 weeks
4. Repeat activities 5.-7. listed under establishment 植物性的

4.7 维护/经常性活动所需要的费用和投入(每年)

对投入进行具体说明 单位 数量 单位成本 每项投入的总成本 土地使用者承担的成本%
劳动力 Land preparation for maize Persons/day 6.0 1.166666 7.0 100.0
肥料和杀菌剂 Fertilizer for maiz kg 47.0 0.6808 32.0 100.0
技术维护所需总成本 39.0
注释:

Machinery/ tools: planting stick / hoe

Size of push-pull plot for the cost calculations above = 0.25 ha.

4.8 影响成本的最重要因素

描述影响成本的最决定性因素:

Input prices (in US$):
1 Person-day = 1.2 US$.
1 napier root split / cane = 0.14 US$.;
1 kg desmodium seeds = 18.9 US$.;
1 kg superphosphate fertilizer = 0.68US$

5. 自然和人文环境

5.1 气候

年降雨量
  • < 250毫米
  • 251-500毫米
  • 501-750毫米
  • 751-1,000毫米
  • 1,001-1,500毫米
  • 1,501-2,000毫米
  • 2,001-3,000毫米
  • 3,001-4,000毫米
  • > 4,000毫米
农业气候带
  • 半湿润

Thermal climate class: tropics

Mainly sub-humid; bi-modal rainfall pattern, with main rainy season March-May; short rainy season Oct.-Nov.

5.2 地形

平均坡度:
  • 水平(0-2%)
  • 缓降(3-5%)
  • 平缓(6-10%)
  • 滚坡(11-15%)
  • 崎岖(16-30%)
  • 陡峭(31-60%)
  • 非常陡峭(>60%)
地形:
  • 高原/平原
  • 山脊
  • 山坡
  • 山地斜坡
  • 麓坡
  • 谷底
垂直分布带:
  • 0-100 m a.s.l.
  • 101-500 m a.s.l.
  • 501-1,000 m a.s.l.
  • 1,001-1,500 m a.s.l.
  • 1,501-2,000 m a.s.l.
  • 2,001-2,500 m a.s.l.
  • 2,501-3,000 m a.s.l.
  • 3,001-4,000 m a.s.l.
  • > 4,000 m a.s.l.
关于地形的注释和进一步规范:

Slopes on average: Also flat (0-2%)

Landforms: Also plateau / plains

Altitudinal zone: 1200-1250 m.a.s.l.

5.3 土壤

平均土层深度:
  • 非常浅(0-20厘米)
  • 浅(21-50厘米)
  • 中等深度(51-80厘米)
  • 深(81-120厘米)
  • 非常深(> 120厘米)
土壤质地(表土):
  • 中粒(壤土、粉土)
  • 细粒/重质(粘土)
表土有机质:
  • 低(<1%)
如有可能,附上完整的土壤描述或具体说明可用的信息,例如土壤类型、土壤酸碱度、阳离子交换能力、氮、盐度等。:

Soil texture: Also coasre/light but texture is mostly loamy clay, partly sandy

Soil fertility is low

Soil drainage / infiltration is medium

5.6 应用该技术的土地使用者的特征

生产系统的市场定位:
  • 生计(自给)
  • 混合(生计/商业
相对财富水平:
  • 非常贫瘠
  • 贫瘠
个人或集体:
  • 个人/家庭
机械化水平:
  • 手工作业
  • 畜力牵引
说明土地使用者的其他有关特征:

Land users applying the Technology are mainly disadvantaged land users

Difference in the involvement of women and men: some organized in informal groups

Population density: > 500 persons/km2

Market orientation of production system: commercialization is just starting

5.7 应用该技术的土地使用者拥有或租用的平均土地面积

  • < 0.5 公顷
  • 0.5-1 公顷
  • 1-2 公顷
  • 2-5公顷
  • 5-15公顷
  • 15-50公顷
  • 50-100公顷
  • 100-500公顷
  • 500-1,000公顷
  • 1,000-10,000公顷
  • > 10,000公顷
这被认为是小规模、中规模还是大规模的(参照当地实际情况)?:
  • 小规模的
注释:

2ha, production area 0.9 ha

5.8 土地所有权、土地使用权和水使用权

注释:

Land ownership: state, communal / village, individual, not titled, individual, titled

6. 影响和结论性说明

6.1 该技术的现场影响

社会经济效应

生产

作物生产

降低
增加
注释/具体说明:

Maize yields increase by 25-50% where stemborer is the only problem and by 300% in areas affected by stemborer and striga weed

饲料生产

降低
增加
注释/具体说明:

All-year round quality fodder for cattle (napier grass and desmodium)

收入和成本

农业投入费用

增加
降低
注释/具体说明:

Reduced fertilizer inputs thanks to nitrogen-fixing by desmodium

农业收入

降低
增加
注释/具体说明:

Selling cereal grains, desmodium seed, napier grass (if not fed to own livestock), and milk

工作量

增加
降低
注释/具体说明:

Weeding is minimized

社会文化影响

Social capital generated through common learning and implementing agricultural “best practices”

reduced
improved

生态影响

土壤

土壤水分

降低
增加
注释/具体说明:

Cover crop, live mulch

土壤覆盖层

减少
改良
注释/具体说明:

Cover crop, live mulch

土壤流失

增加
降低
注释/具体说明:

Soil protected from erosion through desmodium (cover crop) and napier grass (barrier)

养分循环/补给

降低
增加

土壤有机物/地下C

降低
增加
减少气候和灾害风险

风速

增加
降低
注释/具体说明:

Reduced wind impacts due to napier barriers

6.3 技术对渐变气候以及与气候相关的极端情况/灾害的暴露和敏感性(土地使用者认为的极端情况/灾害)

注释:

Technology is tolerant to climatic extremes.

6.4 成本效益分析

技术收益与技术建立成本相比如何(从土地使用者的角度看)?
短期回报:

积极

长期回报:

非常积极

技术收益与技术维护成本/经常性成本相比如何(从土地使用者的角度看)?
短期回报:

积极

长期回报:

非常积极

6.5 技术采用

在所有采用这项技术的人当中,有多少人是自发地采用该技术,即未获得任何物质奖励/付款?:
  • 0-10%
注释:

100% of land user families have adopted the Technology without any external material support

There is a strong trend towards spontaneous adoption of the Technology

Comments on adoption trend: To date it has been adopted by over 29,000 smallholder farmers in East Africa, mostly without incentives. Where the technology is being introduced for the first time, farmers only need demonstration and technology information

6.7 该技术的优点/长处/机会

编制者或其他关键资源人员认为的长处/优势/机会
Improves cereal productivity
Enables production of year-round quality fodder - thereby allowing for integration with livestock husbandry
Diversifies income streams and enables smallholders to enter into the cash economy
Improves soil fertility; protects fragile soils from erosion and enables a minimum tillage system
The technology is appropriate to resource-poor smallholder farmers as it is based on locally available plants, affordable external inputs, and fits well with traditional mixed cropping systems practiced in SSA.

6.8 技术的弱点/缺点/风险及其克服方法

土地使用者认为的弱点/缺点/风险 如何克服它们?
Napier grass is an aggressive plant that spreads through rhizomes under the ground regular control and weeding.
The older napier stems and leaves are less palatable for livestock regularly cut young, tender leaves and stems.
Minor adjustment of the smallholder farming system to introduce desmodium in traditional maize-bean intercrops desmodium (fodder crop) and beans (food crop, important protein source) can both be intercropped with maize. In areas where striga weed is not a problem, farmers can plant desmodium after every 3 or 5 rows of maize, and use the other rows for beans. Stemborers will still be repelled

7. 参考和链接

7.2 参考可用出版物

标题、作者、年份、ISBN:

Prof. Zeyaur R. Khan (Principal Scientist and Programme Leader) and Jimmy Pittchar, Push-pull Programme, International Centre of Insect Physiology & Ecology (ICIPE), Mbita Point, Kenya; zkhan@mbita.mimcom.net; jpittchar@mbita.mimcom.net; jpittchar@icipe.org

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