1.2 参与该技术评估和文件编制的资源人员和机构的联系方式

有助于对技术进行记录/评估的机构名称（如相关）

Department of Range and Wildlife Sciences, South Eastern Kenya University (SEKU) - 肯尼亚

1.3 关于使用通过WOCAT记录的数据的条件

（现场）数据是什么时候汇编的？:

01/01/2016

编制者和关键资源人员接受有关使用通过WOCAT记录数据的条件。:

是

1.4 所述技术的可持续性声明

这里所描述的技术在土地退化方面是否存在问题，导致无法被认为是一种可持续的土地管理技术？:

否

1.5 请参阅有关SLM方法的问卷

2.1 技术简介

技术定义:

Grass reseeding is a sustainable land management practice aimed at rehabilitating degraded grazing pastures and provide livestock feed. This is mainly done using indigenous perennial grass species.

2.2 技术的详细说明

说明:

Grass reseeding technology is a sustainable land management practice especially among the pastoral and agro-pastoral communities inhabiting the arid and semi-arid rangelands of the world. Seed bed preparation involves clearing of invasive bush patches and creation of furrow micro-catchments across the slope using an ox-driven plough (traditional) or shallow and light ploughing using a tractor (modern) . Grass seeds are sown along the furrow micro-catchments created directly in the existing but degraded grazing land and are covered with light soil because the indigenous grass seeds are very small in size. This will support faster emergence of grass seedlings with least resistance. Slope should be generally flat or very gentle slope (<5%) to reduce the speed of run-off, thus prevent soil erosion and consequently the washing away of the sown grass seeds. Eroded and deposited seeds will eventually lead to uneven establishment of pasture, mainly concentrated downslope. Minimal soil disturbance by ox-plough or tractor facilitates root penetration of the seedlings and also helps breaking the soil hard-pan formed by continuous hoof action by grazing animals.
Micro-catchments created promotes in-situ rain-water harvesting, thus prolong availability of water for emerging seedlings. The main purpose for this technology is to rehabilitate degraded natural pastures and provide a continuous source of livestock feed especially during lean periods. Use of indigenous grass species is advocated for better results e.g. successful establishment and subsequent development. Ecological impacts of this technology include better soil coverage and reduced soil erosion. In addition to rehabilitating degraded natural pastures and improving pasture quality and quantity for livestock production, grass reseeding technology has additional socio-economic impacts notably improving rural livelihoods. This is through sale of hay and grass seed and excess milk in the local market, additional sources of income.

2.3 技术照片

2.5 已应用该技术的、本评估所涵盖的国家/地区/地点

2.6 实施日期

如果不知道确切的年份，请说明大概的日期:

• 10-50年前

2.7 技术介绍

详细说明该技术是如何引入的:

• 在实验/研究期间

3.1 该技术的主要目的

• 改良生产
• 减少、预防、恢复土地退化
• 降低灾害风险
• 减缓气候变化及其影响

3.2 应用该技术的当前土地利用类型

3.3 有关土地利用的更多信息

该技术所应用土地的供水:

• 雨养

每年的生长季节数:

• 2

具体说明:

Bimodal rainfall pattern (March-May) and (October-December)

牲畜密度（如相关）:

On average 2-3 cattle, 7-8 goats, 2 sheep per household

3.4 该技术所属的SLM组

• 畜牧业和牧场管理
• 最小的土壤扰动
• 集水

3.5 技术传播

具体说明该技术的分布:

• 适用于特定场所/集中在较小区域

注释:

Practiced among several agropastoral and pastoral households in the arid and semi-arid lands

3.6 包含该技术的可持续土地管理措施

3.7 该技术强调的主要土地退化类型

3.8 防止、减少或恢复土地退化

具体数量名该技术与土地退化有关的目标:

• 减少土地退化
• 修复/恢复严重退化的土地

4.1 该技术的技术图纸

4.2 技术规范/技术图纸说明

15-20 cm deep and 10-15 cm wide furrow micro-catchments across the slope. Spacing between furrows is 15-20 cm and depends mostly on plant species. Seeds are sown along the microcatchments intentionally built to harvest rainwater. Flat or very gentle (<5%) slope to reduce the speed of run-off.

4.3 有关投入和成本计算的一般信息

具体说明成本和投入是如何计算的:

• 每个技术区域

具体说明成本计算所用货币:

• 美元

4.4 技术建立活动

	活动	措施类型	时间
1.	Creation of furrow micro-catchments with ox-plough	农业学的	Before onset of the rains
2.	Sowing (seed placement and covering with soil)	农业学的	Before onset of the rains
3.	Gapping (reseeding gaps with poor establishment and cover)	植物性的	After establishment

4.5 技术建立所需要的费用和投入

	对投入进行具体说明	单位	数量	单位成本	每项投入的总成本	土地使用者承担的成本%
劳动力	Casual and Household labour	person-days	4.0	5.0	20.0	100.0
设备	Hiring ox-driven plough	person-days	4.0	100.0	400.0	100.0
植物材料	Seeds	kgs	5.0	10.0	50.0	100.0
技术建立所需总成本					470.0

4.6 维护/经常性活动

	活动	措施类型	时间/频率
1.	Gapping (i.e. reseeding bare areas (patches) with poor germination and cover)	植物性的	Seasonal

注释:

Gapping is done to ensure uniform plant cover

4.7 维护/经常性活动所需要的费用和投入（每年）

	对投入进行具体说明	单位	数量	单位成本	每项投入的总成本	土地使用者承担的成本%
劳动力	Casual and household labour	person-days	1.0	5.0	5.0	100.0
设备	Ox-driven plough	person-days	1.0	100.0	100.0	100.0
植物材料	Seed	kg	1.0	10.0	10.0	100.0
技术维护所需总成本					115.0

4.8 影响成本的最重要因素

描述影响成本的最决定性因素:

Seed availability in the 'informal markets' i.e. between farmers and farmer groups, research organisation, influences the cost of grass seed. This is mainly determined by the preceding rainy season.

5.1 气候

5.2 地形

说明该技术是否专门应用于:

• 凸形情况

关于地形的注释和进一步规范:

Altitude 900 m above sea level
Slope angle - flat 0-2% and gentle 3-5 % slopes

5.3 土壤

5.4 水资源可用性和质量

水的盐度有问题吗？:

否

该区域正在发生洪水吗？:

否

关于水质和水量的注释和进一步规范:

Seasonal flactuation depending on rainfall

5.5 生物多样性

关于生物多样性的注释和进一步规范:

Due to intensive utilisation of natural pastures, notably due to overgrazing, indigenous pasture species are depleted and replaced by less preferred invasive plant species. However, reseeded pastures reverses this trend by re-introducing various species the indigenous pastures which can naturally co-exist and reduce competition with other herbaceaous plant species, thereby increases biodiversity.

5.6 应用该技术的土地使用者的特征

5.7 应用该技术的土地使用者拥有或租用的平均土地面积

5.8 土地所有权、土地使用权和水使用权

土地所有权:

• 社区/村庄
• 个人，有命名

土地使用权:

• 社区（有组织）
• 个人

用水权:

• 社区（有组织）
• 个人

注释:

Communal land use right - e.g. common grazing land, reserved and seasonal grazing areas (large scale)
Individual land use right - e.g. individual pasture establishment within individual owned land
Communal water use rights - e.g. watering point, river, lake, stream, community water reservoir, boreholes
Individual water use rights - e.g. individual tap water, roof water catchment

5.9 进入服务和基础设施的通道

6.1 该技术的现场影响

社会经济效应

生产

收入和成本

生态影响

土壤

6.2 该技术的场外影响已经显现

6.3 技术对渐变气候以及与气候相关的极端情况/灾害的暴露和敏感性（土地使用者认为的极端情况/灾害）

渐变气候

渐变气候

	季节	气候变化/极端天气的类型	该技术是如何应对的？
年降雨量		减少	好

6.4 成本效益分析

技术收益与技术建立成本相比如何（从土地使用者的角度看）？

技术收益与技术维护成本/经常性成本相比如何（从土地使用者的角度看）？

6.5 技术采用

• 10-50%

在所有采用这项技术的人当中，有多少人是自发地采用该技术，即未获得任何物质奖励/付款？:

• 50-90%

6.6 适应

最近是否对该技术进行了修改以适应不断变化的条件？:

否

6.7 该技术的优点/长处/机会

土地使用者眼中的长处/优势/机会
Diversification of sources of livestock forage especially during the dry season (fodder reserves)
Diversification of source of income through sale of grass hay and seeds
Improving the environment i.e. rehabilitating degraded grazing land

编制者或其他关键资源人员认为的长处/优势/机会
Reliable source of livestock forage especially during periods of drought
Diversification of source of income through sale of grass hay and seeds
Improving the environment i.e. rehabilitating degraded grazing land
Climate change mitigation through carbon (C) sequestration

6.8 技术的弱点/缺点/风险及其克服方法

土地使用者认为的弱点/缺点/风险	如何克服它们？
Successful establishment is dependant on amount, distribution and duration (rainy days) of rainfall in the area	Improved rainwater harvesting and storage technologies
Seed availability - quantity and quality	Large scale production of good quality indigenous seed to supply the pastoral and agropastoral communities at a subsidized price

编制者或其他关键资源人员认为的弱点/缺点/风险	如何克服它们？
Rainfed and climatic (rainfall dependent)	Improved rainwater harvesting and storage technologies
Seed availability - quantity and quality	Large scale production of good quality indigenous seed to supply the pastoral and agropastoral communities at a subsidized price
Low uptake/interest among the youth, students	Sensitization of the youth as a source of income (business)

7.1 信息的方法/来源

7.2 参考可用出版物

标题、作者、年份、ISBN:

KZ Mganga, NKR Musimba, DM Nyariki. 2015. Competition indices of three perennial grasses used to rehabilitate degraded semi-arid rangelands in Kenya. The Rangelands Journal 37: 489-495

可以从哪里获得?成本如何?

The Rangeland Journal website, US Dollars $25

标题、作者、年份、ISBN:

KZ Mganga, NKR Musimba, DM Nyariki. 2015. Combining sustainable land management technologies to combat land degradation and improve rural livelihoods in semi-arid lands in Kenya. Environmental Management 56: 1538-1548

可以从哪里获得?成本如何?

Environmental Management Journal website, US Dollars $38

标题、作者、年份、ISBN:

KZ Mganga, NKR Musimba, MM Nyangito, DM Nyariki, AW Mwang’ombe. 2015. The choice of grass species to combat desertification in semi-arid Kenyan rangelands is greatly influenced by their forage value for livestock. Grass and Forage Science 70: 161-167.

可以从哪里获得?成本如何?

Grass and Forage Science Journal website, US Dollars $38

7.3 链接到网络上可用的相关信息

标题/说明:

Competition indices of three perennial grasses used to rehabilitate degraded semi-arid rangelands in Kenya

URL:

http://www.publish.csiro.au/rj/RJ15023

标题/说明:

Combining sustainable land management technologies to combat land degradation and improve rural livelihoods in semi-arid lands in Kenya

URL:

https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00267-015-0579-9

标题/说明:

The choice of grass species to combat desertification in semi-arid Kenyan rangelands is greatly influenced by their forage value for livestock

URL:

http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/gfs.12089/abstract