1.2 参与该技术评估和文件编制的资源人员和机构的联系方式

有助于对技术进行记录/评估的项目名称（如相关）

Book project: where people and their land are safer - A Compendium of Good Practices in Disaster Risk Reduction (DRR) (where people and their land are safer)

有助于对技术进行记录/评估的机构名称（如相关）

Swiss Red Cross (Swiss Red Cross) - 瑞士

1.3 关于使用通过WOCAT记录的数据的条件

（现场）数据是什么时候汇编的？:

08/12/2016

编制者和关键资源人员接受有关使用通过WOCAT记录数据的条件。:

是

1.4 所述技术的可持续性声明

这里所描述的技术在土地退化方面是否存在问题，导致无法被认为是一种可持续的土地管理技术？:

否

1.5 请参阅有关SLM方法的问卷

2.1 技术简介

技术定义:

Terra Preta raised garden beds are a combination of techniques from permaculture and the production of Terra Preta, an anthrosol. These garden beds, which were created with local resources, are highly fertile and enable the production of much higher yields than traditional techniques, while diminishing soil erosion.

2.2 技术的详细说明

说明:

One of the major problems in the mountainous rural zones of the municipality of Léogâne in Haiti is the severe degradation and erosion of soils. The soil loss aggravates the vulnerable situation of the local population, mainly farmers. The Terra Preta raised garden beds were introduced in this region after the earthquake of 2010, and were replicated by several organisations and also by members of the communities. They are based on two main techniques:
1) Terra Preta is a technique to create soils based on a lacto-acidic fermentation of organic matter with charcoal powder. This technique was used by indigenous people in Amazonia, and rediscovered and replicated recently by scientists. The technique is characterised by the use of local resources and a high fertility. With this technique, a soil layer of several decimeters can be produced in a few years, whereas this takes normally around 100 years per centimeter. Soil analyses show that the formation of humic acids can be demonstrated after 4 months.
2) Raised garden beds (Hugelculture) are a technique from permaculture. Permaculture is a science of agricultural and social systems which uses the principles of ecology and the knowledge of traditional societies to simulate the diversity, stability and the resilience of natural ecosystems. Raised garden beds consist of an interior of ligneous material, covered by a layer of earth. The elevated construction facilitates the work in the garden and the decomposition of wood inside the beds. Due to their spongy structure, the raised garden beds function as a water reservoir during dry periods.
The garden beds are placed perpendicularly to the slope direction as much as possible, and are arranged alternately, with an extension to redirect the surface runoff towards the structures. This arrangement prevents the water from draining directly. This promotes the infiltration of water into the soil, where it is captured by the ligneous material, which prevents erosion (see the photograph).
The following inputs to the garden beds can be found locally:
- Organic matter: ligneous material, dry straw, fresh straw, harvest residues, organic residues rich in NPK (kitchen waste, animal waste, etc.),
- Charcoal powder (biochar),
- Possibly ashes or other fertile materials.
With these materials, which are generally without cost and locally available, a raised garden bed can be set up in less than an hour. Even without additional fertilisation after the set up, the technique offers the possibility to have several cycles of vegetable production. Experiments showed good results during 4 years of continuous plantation in Thozin (Grand Goâve). In order to secure soil fertility for many years, organic matter can be added after the period of plantation. It can be easily incorporated below the first layer of soil, and the decomposition takes place automatically. When put in place on sloping terrain, the garden beds slow down erosion strongly, and can serve to protect houses.
The technique is valued because of its cost-effectiveness and its sustainability compared to known techniques. The complexity of the implementation can be a limiting factor for an autonomous replication by the beneficiaries. That is when they see the set-up of the structures and think they know how to replicate it without taking account of all the details which are essential for the good functioning of the structures. This is why generally a certain level of support by technicians is required.

2.3 技术照片

2.5 已应用该技术的、本评估所涵盖的国家/地区/地点

2.6 实施日期

如果不知道确切的年份，请说明大概的日期:

• 不到10年前（最近）

2.7 技术介绍

详细说明该技术是如何引入的:

• 通过项目/外部干预

3.1 该技术的主要目的

• 改良生产
• 减少、预防、恢复土地退化
• 降低灾害风险
• 减缓气候变化及其影响
• 创造有益的经济影响
• 创造有益的社会影响

3.2 应用该技术的当前土地利用类型

注释:

With this technique, marginal land can be cultivated. The soil in place does not play a very important role because the nutrients are contained in the inputs.

如果由于技术的实施而导致土地用途发生变化，则在技术实施前说明土地利的用途。:

The technology enables the production of vegetables on land that was not productive before (degraded soils, sandy or inert substrates). This allows farmers to diversify their traditional crops of maize, peas, sorghum and sweet potato with vegetables.

3.3 有关土地利用的更多信息

该技术所应用土地的供水:

• 雨养

每年的生长季节数:

• 2

具体说明:

The intervention zone has 2 cropping periods based on 2 rainy seasons. The Terra Preta raised garden beds are usually used all year round.

3.4 该技术所属的SLM组

• 土壤肥力综合管理
• 横坡措施
• 家庭花园

3.5 技术传播

具体说明该技术的分布:

• 适用于特定场所/集中在较小区域

3.6 包含该技术的可持续土地管理措施

3.7 该技术强调的主要土地退化类型

3.8 防止、减少或恢复土地退化

具体数量名该技术与土地退化有关的目标:

• 减少土地退化
• 修复/恢复严重退化的土地

4.1 该技术的技术图纸

4.2 技术规范/技术图纸说明

1. Terrain analysis:
The first step in the construction is the terrain analysis: what is the size of the terrain, the relief, the environment (vegetation, buildings, water courses) and which are the resources (water, biochar, vegetation, animals, organic residues) present in place? Specific needs and social aspects, the neighbourhood and land holdings must also be considered.

2. Elaborating a land use plan:
The second step is the elaboration of a land use plan: definition of the position of the garden beds, of the protection measures (against wind, sun and heat), and of the vegetables to grow.

3. Construction of the garden beds:
After the preparatory work, the actual construction of the garden beds begins.
- A trench of approximately 10 cm depth is dug (width of 1-1.20 m, length undefined),
- The ligneous materials (decomposing wood, of larger or smaller volume) are arranged to create a mound. Holes between the materials should be filled-up with earth.
- The organic matter is added in layers in the following order: dry straw, animal waste, pulse crops and organic matter rich in NPK.
- Charcoal powder can be added between the layers of rich organic matter, or even better, mixed with the latter.
- A layer of earth of approximately 10 cm is added as cover.
- During the process of construction, every layer should be watered.

The establishment of multiple garden beds is done as described in figure 2 above. The garden beds are installed in alternation with an extension to redirect the surface runoff towards the structures. The water is forced around the structures, which will facilitate the infiltration of the water and the deposition of sediments. As a result, the water is captured in the garden bed, and erosion is reduced. A more detailed description with illustrations is given below.

4.3 有关投入和成本计算的一般信息

具体说明成本和投入是如何计算的:

• 每个技术单元

其它/国家货币（具体说明）:

Haiti Gourde

注明美元与当地货币的汇率(如相关):1美元=:

68.0

4.4 技术建立活动

	活动	措施类型	时间
1.	Outlining of raised garden beds	其它措施	year-round
2.	Collection of materials	其它措施	year-round
3.	Digging a basin along the contour	结构性的	year-round, preferably at the start of the rainy season
4.	Building the different layers (wood, dry straw, fresh straw, pulse crops and organic matter rich in NPK, earth, charcoal powder)	结构性的	year-round, preferably at the start of the rainy season
5.	Replanting of vegetable seedlings	农业学的	year-round, preferably at the start of the rainy season
6.	Watering	农业学的	year-round, preferably at the start of the rainy season

4.5 技术建立所需要的费用和投入

	对投入进行具体说明	单位	数量	单位成本	每项投入的总成本	土地使用者承担的成本%
劳动力	Skilled labour (technical support)	person-days	0.5	3000.0	1500.0
劳动力	Unskilled labour (construction)	person-days	1.0	250.0	250.0	100.0
设备	Tools (spade, pickaxe)	piece	1.0	5.0	5.0	100.0
植物材料	Seedlings of cabbage	seedling	10.0	10.0	100.0
植物材料	Seedlings of spinach	seedling	20.0	5.0	100.0
植物材料	Seedlings of tomato	seedling	10.0	5.0	50.0
施工材料	Decomposing wood	batch	1.0	200.0	200.0	100.0
施工材料	Earth	batch	1.0	50.0	50.0	100.0
施工材料	Dry straw	batch	1.0	100.0	100.0	100.0
施工材料	Fresh straw	batch	1.0	100.0	100.0	100.0
施工材料	Animal waste	Bag	1.0	100.0	100.0	100.0
施工材料	Charcoal/biochar	kg	50.0	2.0	100.0	100.0
技术建立所需总成本					2655.0

如果土地使用者负担的费用少于100%，请注明由谁负担其余费用:

Swiss Red Cross

注释:

The land users have the necessary tools (5 HTG are budgeted to compensate for the use of their own tools). The construction materials are also locally available, and are generally considered as waste.

4.6 维护/经常性活动

	活动	措施类型	时间/频率
1.	watering	农业学的	3 days
2.	weeding	农业学的	2 weeks
3.	mulching	农业学的	2 months
4.	refertilisation	农业学的	5 years

4.7 维护/经常性活动所需要的费用和投入（每年）

	对投入进行具体说明	单位	数量	单位成本	每项投入的总成本	土地使用者承担的成本%
劳动力	Annual maintenance	person-days	15.0	250.0	3750.0	100.0
设备	Watering device	piece	1.0	150.0	150.0	100.0
植物材料	Seed and seedlings	various	1.0	250.0	250.0	100.0
技术维护所需总成本					4150.0

注释:

The indicated costs for the seed and the seedlings are the costs on the local market, but the land users reproduce these from existing plants, that they received from the project for the first implemented raised bed.

4.8 影响成本的最重要因素

描述影响成本的最决定性因素:

The labour (and the technical support for the first 3-4 structures of raised beds).

5.1 气候

5.2 地形

说明该技术是否专门应用于:

• 不相关

5.3 土壤

5.4 水资源可用性和质量

水的盐度有问题吗？:

否

该区域正在发生洪水吗？:

否

5.5 生物多样性

5.6 应用该技术的土地使用者的特征

5.7 应用该技术的土地使用者拥有或租用的平均土地面积

5.8 土地所有权、土地使用权和水使用权

土地所有权:

• 个人，未命名
• 个人，有命名

土地使用权:

• 个人

用水权:

• 自由进入（无组织）
• 个人

5.9 进入服务和基础设施的通道

6.1 该技术的现场影响

社会经济效应

生产

生态影响

水循环/径流

土壤

减少气候和灾害风险

6.2 该技术的场外影响已经显现

6.3 技术对渐变气候以及与气候相关的极端情况/灾害的暴露和敏感性（土地使用者认为的极端情况/灾害）

气候有关的极端情况（灾害）

气象灾害

	该技术是如何应对的？
热带风暴	适度
局地暴雨	非常好
局地雷暴	好

6.4 成本效益分析

技术收益与技术建立成本相比如何（从土地使用者的角度看）？

技术收益与技术维护成本/经常性成本相比如何（从土地使用者的角度看）？

6.5 技术采用

• 1-10%

如若可行，进行量化（住户数量和/或覆盖面积）:

>300 households

在所有采用这项技术的人当中，有多少人是自发地采用该技术，即未获得任何物质奖励/付款？:

• 50-90%

注释:

Small quantities of seed were given.

6.6 适应

最近是否对该技术进行了修改以适应不断变化的条件？:

否

6.7 该技术的优点/长处/机会

土地使用者眼中的长处/优势/机会
Strongly increased yield
Improved product quality (size, taste)
Shortened crop cycle

编制者或其他关键资源人员认为的长处/优势/机会
Increased production (several times)
Improved nutrition
Income generation for the farmers
Shortened production cycle

6.8 技术的弱点/缺点/风险及其克服方法

土地使用者认为的弱点/缺点/风险	如何克服它们？
More work than traditional techniques. The latter are focused on agricultural production in fields (maize, pearl millet, sweet potato, peas/beans), and require considerably less daily maintenance.	By having the gardens close to the house for follow-up and support.

编制者或其他关键资源人员认为的弱点/缺点/风险	如何克服它们？
Complexity of the technique	Regular education, follow-up and continuous support

7.1 信息的方法/来源

7.2 参考可用出版物

标题、作者、年份、ISBN:

Terra Preta: Production. Guide des méthodes de la production de Terra Preta dans les jardins potagères. Karl Harald Bier. 2013.

可以从哪里获得?成本如何?

Welthungerhilfe

标题、作者、年份、ISBN:

Pas de la mise en place d'un Jardin Colline TP. Karl Harald Bier. Swiss Red Cross

可以从哪里获得?成本如何?

info@redcross.ch

7.3 链接到网络上可用的相关信息

标题/说明:

Terra Preta - Charbon bio - Climatefarming, Hans-Peter Schmidt, 2008, ISSN 1663-0521

URL:

http://www.ithaka-journal.net/climatefarming-fr1?lang=fr