1.2 参与该技术评估和文件编制的资源人员和机构的联系方式

有助于对技术进行记录/评估的项目名称（如相关）

DESIRE (EU-DES!RE)

有助于对技术进行记录/评估的机构名称（如相关）

Centro de Estudos de Rescursos Naturais, Ambiente e Sociedade (CERNAS) - 葡萄牙

1.3 关于使用通过WOCAT记录的数据的条件

（现场）数据是什么时候汇编的？:

09/12/2011

编制者和关键资源人员接受有关使用通过WOCAT记录数据的条件。:

是

1.5 请参阅有关SLM方法的问卷

2.1 技术简介

技术定义:

Use of prescribed fire (or ‘controlled burn’) to reduce the fuel load in the form of live and dead plant material and thus to prevent the likelihood of more damaging wildfire.

2.2 技术的详细说明

说明:

This technique is an essential management tool that applies fire to control the quantity of forest or scrubland fuels. The type of fire depends on the specific goals and on the weather conditions. Firstly, it is important to consider slope angle and the kind of fuels to be burned. Weather conditions include temperature, wind direction and air humidity. Another important aspect is the ability to control the speed of flame spread. In order to carry out the controlled fire, a plan has to be drawn up and approved and a fully-trained, authorised technician must be present in addition to the appropriate support teams (fire fighters, forest management teams). These teams use water or other means of combating the fire in the event of it possibly getting out of control and are in charge of the burning process.

Purpose of the Technology: The main purposes are enhancement of grazing areas and the creation of the so-called primary network for wildfire defence, which is a national network to limit the spread of wildfire. It involves strategically burning key sites (e.g. mountain ridges) to restrict the spread of the wildfire.

Establishment / maintenance activities and inputs: An analysis of weather conditions is made prior to carry out the prescribed fire. On the day of the prescribed fire itself, safety checks are made and the specific tasks of all the team members are defined. Wind direction and strength need to be minimal and are strictly controlled during burning. The size of the team depends on the specific problems of the area to be treated. Team size needed for about 10 ha is around 10 persons. The team members start along a line working from the top on the mountain along the contour and move downwards. Gentle breeze should be against the direction of the spreading of the fire. Workers use a drip-feed fuel can. There is also a strategy for prescribed fires by burning a strip along ridges of the mountains to avoid spreading of accidental wildfires and to burn in catchments the lowest point from which fire can spread to different areas and spread in different directions on the slopes.

Natural / human environment: Improved grazing management might also reduce the fuel load. Abandoning grazing in the forest can increase the fuel load and aggravate the occurrence and impact of wildfires. The creation or maintenance of grazing areas is determined by the size of the herd. Prescribed fire used as a means of improving grazing enables the local population needs to be addressed while considering environmental concerns. The prescribed fire also helps to protect the local population and their property by reducing the likelihood of devastating wildfire.

2.3 技术照片

2.5 已应用该技术的、本评估所涵盖的国家/地区/地点

2.6 实施日期

如果不知道确切的年份，请说明大概的日期:

• 50多年前（传统）

2.7 技术介绍

详细说明该技术是如何引入的:

• 作为传统系统的一部分（> 50 年）

3.2 应用该技术的当前土地利用类型

注释:

Major land use problems (compiler’s opinion): The problem is linked to the loss of traditional natural pasture use. Since there is nowadays no grazing/pasture use of forests, the fuel load remains uncontrolled. It is also linked to minimising wildfire impacts and the creation of grazing land. As more people visit forest areas for leisure and accidentally set fire. Another problem is vandalism and arson.
Semi-nomadism / pastoralism: Yes
Other type of forest: Shrublands/pasture
Forest products and services: timber, grazing / browsing

3.3 有关土地利用的更多信息

该技术所应用土地的供水:

• 雨养

牲畜密度（如相关）:

< 1 LU/km2

3.4 该技术所属的SLM组

• 天然和半天然森林管理

• Prescribed fire

3.5 技术传播

注释:

Total area covered by the SLM Technology is 0.57 m2.

3.6 包含该技术的可持续土地管理措施

注释:

Main measures: management measures

3.7 该技术强调的主要土地退化类型

注释:

Main type of degradation addressed: Bf: detrimental effects of fires

Main causes of degradation: deforestation / removal of natural vegetation (incl. forest fires), other natural causes (avalanches, volcanic eruptions, mud flows, highly susceptible natural resources, extreme topography, etc.) specify (Wildfire), population pressure (An decline of population during the last decades resulting in less grazing contributes to increased wildfire risk.)

3.8 防止、减少或恢复土地退化

具体数量名该技术与土地退化有关的目标:

• 减少土地退化

注释:

Main goals: mitigation / reduction of land degradation

4.1 该技术的技术图纸

4.2 技术规范/技术图纸说明

Prescribed fire is a practice used to manage vegetation in wildfire-prone areas. It consists of slowly burning strategic areas in the wet season, under specific weather and ground conditions and procedures: the soil should be moist, burning typically carried out in thin strips (normally 10m distance between two fire lines) from the top to the bottom of the slope, there should be only a gentle breeze blowing upslope and the ignition points should be 2m apart along the contour. The fire is allowed to progress downslope against the wind, which therefore provides some control. Burning is achieved by a number of the team who are prepared to dowse the flames if the fire gets out of hand. This degree of control is only possible when burning small areas with the same slope angle.

Location: Castanheira de Pêra. Leiria, Portugal

Date: January, 2009

Technical knowledge required for field staff / advisors: high (Specific training)

Technical knowledge required for land users: low

Technical knowledge required for Fire men: moderate

Main technical functions: control of fires, reduction of dry material (fuel for wildfires), spatial arrangement and diversification of land use

Secondary technical functions: control of dispersed runoff: impede / retard, increase of infiltration

Layout change according to natural and human environment

4.3 有关投入和成本计算的一般信息

其它/国家货币（具体说明）:

EURO

注明美元与当地货币的汇率(如相关):1美元=:

136.94

4.4 技术建立活动

	活动	措施类型	时间
1.	Planning and implementation	管理	1 morning (5h)
2.	Fire control equipment	管理
3.	Monitoring prescribed fire	管理	1 morning (5h)

4.5 技术建立所需要的费用和投入

	对投入进行具体说明	单位	数量	单位成本	每项投入的总成本	土地使用者承担的成本%
劳动力	Labour	ha	1.0	25.0	25.0
设备	Machine use	ha	1.0	25.0	25.0
技术建立所需总成本					50.0

4.6 维护/经常性活动

	活动	措施类型	时间/频率
1.	No maintenance is necessary. Every 3 to 5 years, prescribed fire is carried out again, repeating the process described abovet.	管理	On 3-4 or 4-5 years

4.7 维护/经常性活动所需要的费用和投入（每年）

注释:

Calculation of costs has been made based on the prescribed fire conducted for the DESIRE project. They represent the costs to burn 3-4ha, during a morning and including human resources (12 people), equipment (fire torch, fuel, special fire protection clothing, scythes, and hoses) and specialized fire fighting vehicles.

4.8 影响成本的最重要因素

描述影响成本的最决定性因素:

Prescribed fire costs: timing, the right number in the team, fuel type and specific local conditions (slope and vegetation) are the most important determining factors affecting the costs.

5.1 气候

5.2 地形

5.3 土壤

5.4 水资源可用性和质量

5.5 生物多样性

5.6 应用该技术的土地使用者的特征

说明土地使用者的其他有关特征:

Population density: < 10 persons/km2
Annual population growth: negative
25% of the land users are average wealthy.
75% of the land users are poor.
Market orientation of production system: Mixed (for example, mechanised agroforestry) Wild fire risk reduction

5.7 应用该技术的土地使用者拥有或租用的平均土地面积

5.8 土地所有权、土地使用权和水使用权

土地所有权:

• 社区/村庄

土地使用权:

• 社区（有组织）

用水权:

• 自由进入（无组织）

5.9 进入服务和基础设施的通道

6.1 该技术的现场影响

社会经济效应

生产

水资源可用性和质量

社会文化影响

生态影响

水循环/径流

土壤

生物多样性:植被、动物

减少气候和灾害风险

6.2 该技术的场外影响已经显现

6.3 技术对渐变气候以及与气候相关的极端情况/灾害的暴露和敏感性（土地使用者认为的极端情况/灾害）

气候有关的极端情况（灾害）

气候灾害

	该技术是如何应对的？
干旱	好

其他气候相关的后果

其他气候相关的后果

	该技术是如何应对的？
wheather conditions	不好

注释:

As a result of the characteristics of the technique, it is not possible to make modifications except to select the right weather conditions and the fuel load.

6.4 成本效益分析

技术收益与技术建立成本相比如何（从土地使用者的角度看）？

注释:

The major benefit it is to prevent fores fires by reducing fuel quantities. A second benefit it is the increase of pasture on the next years that will be available to animals.

6.5 技术采用

注释:

There is a strong trend towards spontaneous adoption of the Technology

Comments on adoption trend: In vulnerable areas, there is a need for reduction of the fuel load, removal of the vegetative cover or promotion of new plant growth.

6.7 该技术的优点/长处/机会

编制者或其他关键资源人员认为的长处/优势/机会
The vegetation is adapted to the fire – impact minimization. How can they be sustained / enhanced? ore use of controlled fires.
With prescribed burning, larger areas can be treated compared to other fire control techniques, limited to strips in strategic areas, which are so difficult and expensive, whereas with prescribed burning, there is effective control of the vegetation over a large area”. How can they be sustained / enhanced? continue the use of controlled burning.
Difficult operating conditions and high costs make the technology unsuitable for certain areas costs How can they be sustained / enhanced? continued use of the controlled fire technique instead of other techniques.
It is cheaper than other control measures, for instance mechanical ones
In comparison with other techniques that manage biomass, this technique is more conservational, and it is culturally embedded in the local population way of life. It contributes to landscape diversification and the development of the local economy. It introduces fire as an essential feature of the Mediterranean landscape in a controlled manner.

6.8 技术的弱点/缺点/风险及其克服方法

编制者或其他关键资源人员认为的弱点/缺点/风险	如何克服它们？
Air pollution	ensure that the wind direction does not carry smoke over settlements. However, it is not possible to eliminate the smoke problem. In particular, a certain degree of moisture is required in the fuel load to enable the fire to be controlled, in order that the burning temperature is low and this tends to produce smoke.
Lack of knowledge of people living near the burnt areas	improved education via schools, community meetings and in pamphlets.
Possibility of the control loss of the prescribed fire	care needed to prevent this happening.
Safety of the personnel carrying out the burn	conduct risk assessment exercises, carry out detailed planning and only apply the technology under the right weather conditions

7.2 参考可用出版物

标题、作者、年份、ISBN:

Fernandes, P., Botelho, H., Loureiro, C. 2002. Manual de formação para a técnica do fogo controlado. CNEFF, UTAD, Maio de 2002