1.2 参与该技术评估和文件编制的资源人员和机构的联系方式

有助于对技术进行记录/评估的项目名称（如相关）

DESIRE (EU-DES!RE)

有助于对技术进行记录/评估的项目名称（如相关）

Book project: Water Harvesting – Guidelines to Good Practice (Water Harvesting)

有助于对技术进行记录/评估的机构名称（如相关）

Institut des Régions Arides de Médenine (Institut des Régions Arides de Médenine) - 突尼斯

有助于对技术进行记录/评估的机构名称（如相关）

Commissariats Régionaux au Développement Agricole (CRDA) - 突尼斯

1.3 关于使用通过WOCAT记录的数据的条件

（现场）数据是什么时候汇编的？:

05/07/2011

编制者和关键资源人员接受有关使用通过WOCAT记录数据的条件。:

是

1.5 请参阅有关SLM方法的问卷

2.1 技术简介

技术定义:

The tabia earthen dyke is a water harvesting technique used in the foothill and piedmont areas.

2.2 技术的详细说明

说明:

The tabia technology is similar to the jessour system but is used in the gently-sloping foothill and piedmont areas. It is considered to be a relatively new technique, developed by mountain dwellers who migrated to the plains. Tabias, like jessour, comprise an earthen dyke (50-150 m in length, 1-2 m in height), a spillway (central and/or lateral) and an associated water harvesting area. The ratio between the area where water is applied (cropped area) and the total area from which water is collected varies from 1:6 to 1:20. The differences between the tabia and the jessour systems are that the former contains two additional lateral bunds (up to 30 m long) and sometimes a small flood diversion dyke (mgoud). Small tabia are constructed manually using shovels, pickles and carts. Larger constructions are done mechanically using tractors and bulldozers.

Purpose of the Technology: Tree products and annual crops are commonly grown using tabia. Besides their water harvesting qualities, tabias also have a positive effect on soil erosion and groundwater recharge.

Natural / human environment: The tabia runoff-water harvesting technique is widely practised in central Tunisia. Tabias are usually installed on the piedmont, where the slope does not exceed 3% and where the soil is relatively deep. Ancient remnants of tabias have been found in the region of Gafsa (south west Tunisia). The system has been adopted by people living in the neighbouring foothills and plains of the central and southeastern regions (Jeffara) of the country, following the transformation of their pasture to cultivated fields.

2.3 技术照片

2.5 已应用该技术的、本评估所涵盖的国家/地区/地点

2.6 实施日期

如果不知道确切的年份，请说明大概的日期:

• 10-50年前

2.7 技术介绍

详细说明该技术是如何引入的:

• 通过项目/外部干预

3.2 应用该技术的当前土地利用类型

注释:

Major land use problems (compiler’s opinion): soil erosion by water, runoff and soil loss

Major land use problems (land users’ perception): overgrazing

3.3 有关土地利用的更多信息

注释:

Water supply: rainfed, mixed rainfed - irrigated

每年的生长季节数:

• 1

具体说明:

Longest growing period in days: 180Longest growing period from month to month: Oct - Apr

3.4 该技术所属的SLM组

• 集水

3.5 技术传播

具体说明该技术的分布:

• 均匀地分布在一个区域

如果该技术均匀地分布在一个区域上，请注明覆盖的大致区域。:

• 10-100 平方千米

3.6 包含该技术的可持续土地管理措施

注释:

Main measures: structural measures

3.7 该技术强调的主要土地退化类型

注释:

Main type of degradation addressed: Wt: loss of topsoil / surface erosion

Secondary types of degradation addressed: Wg: gully erosion / gullying

Main causes of degradation: Heavy / extreme rainfall (intensity/amounts), land tenure

Secondary causes of degradation: overgrazing, population pressure

3.8 防止、减少或恢复土地退化

具体数量名该技术与土地退化有关的目标:

• 防止土地退化
• 减少土地退化

注释:

Main goals: prevention of land degradation

Secondary goals: mitigation / reduction of land degradation

4.1 该技术的技术图纸

4.2 技术规范/技术图纸说明

Tabia with natural water collection area (upper) and tabia on an expanded system with additional flood water diversions (lower). (Adapted from Alaya et al. 1993)
Found in flatter areas, tabia can accommodate more trees on the terrace especially when it can receive additional water from floods.

south east Tunisia

Date: January 2009

Technical knowledge required for field staff / advisors: moderate

Technical knowledge required for land users: moderate

Main technical functions: control of concentrated runoff: retain / trap

Secondary technical functions: increase of infiltration, water harvesting / increase water supply, water spreading

Diversion ditch/ drainage
Height of bunds/banks/others (m): 2
Width of bunds/banks/others (m): 2-5
Length of bunds/banks/others (m): 10-30

Spillway
Height of bunds/banks/others (m): 1
Width of bunds/banks/others (m): 5
Length of bunds/banks/others (m): 2-4

Bund/ bank: graded
Vertical interval between structures (m): 3
Spacing between structures (m): 100
Height of bunds/banks/others (m): 2
Width of bunds/banks/others (m): 2-5
Length of bunds/banks/others (m): 50-150

Construction material (earth): Main dyke

Construction material (stone): Spillway

Construction material (concrete): Spillway

Construction material (other): Gabion: Diversion dyke

Lateral gradient along the structure: 1%

For water harvesting: the ratio between the area where the harvested water is applied and the total area from which water is collected is: 1:4

4.3 有关投入和成本计算的一般信息

其它/国家货币（具体说明）:

TND

注明美元与当地货币的汇率(如相关):1美元=:

1.3

4.4 技术建立活动

	活动	措施类型	时间
1.	Diversion channel	结构性的	in the case of tabia on spreading system
2.	Plantation	结构性的
3.	Spillway construction	结构性的
4.	Terracing	结构性的

4.5 技术建立所需要的费用和投入

	对投入进行具体说明	单位	数量	单位成本	每项投入的总成本	土地使用者承担的成本%
劳动力	Labour	ha	1.0	500.0	500.0	100.0
施工材料		ha	1.0	170.0	170.0	100.0
技术建立所需总成本					670.0

注释:

Duration of establishment phase: 1 month(s)

4.6 维护/经常性活动

	活动	措施类型	时间/频率
1.	Dyke and spillway maintenance	结构性的	Annually
2.	Reconstruction	结构性的

4.7 维护/经常性活动所需要的费用和投入（每年）

	对投入进行具体说明	单位	数量	单位成本	每项投入的总成本	土地使用者承担的成本%
劳动力	Labour	ha	1.0	150.0	150.0	100.0
施工材料		ha	1.0	50.0	50.0	100.0
技术维护所需总成本					200.0

注释:

The technology establishment and maintenance costs met by the land users are 100% if executed on a private basis, but it can range from 10 to 50% when the site is part of a publicly-funded programme.

4.8 影响成本的最重要因素

描述影响成本的最决定性因素:

Labour is the most determining factor affecting the costs.

5.1 气候

5.2 地形

5.3 土壤

如有可能，附上完整的土壤描述或具体说明可用的信息，例如土壤类型、土壤酸碱度、阳离子交换能力、氮、盐度等。:

Soil fertility is: very low
Soil drainage/infiltration is: medium
Soil water storage is: medium

5.4 水资源可用性和质量

关于水质和水量的注释和进一步规范:

Water quality (untreated): Poor drinking water (treatement required/medium quality)

5.5 生物多样性

5.6 应用该技术的土地使用者的特征

说明土地使用者的其他有关特征:

Land users applying the Technology are mainly common / average land users

Difference in the involvement of women and men: Outdoor hard works are generally performed by men.

Population density: 10-50 persons/km2

Annual population growth: 0.5% - 1%

10% of the land users are rich and own 10% of the land.
70% of the land users are average wealthy and own 75% of the land.
20% of the land users are poor and own 15% of the land.

5.7 应用该技术的土地使用者拥有或租用的平均土地面积

5.8 土地所有权、土地使用权和水使用权

土地所有权:

• 个人，未命名
• 个人，有命名

土地使用权:

• 个人

用水权:

• 个人

5.9 进入服务和基础设施的通道

6.1 该技术的现场影响

社会经济效应

生产

收入和成本

其它社会经济效应

社会文化影响

生态影响

水循环/径流

土壤

6.2 该技术的场外影响已经显现

6.3 技术对渐变气候以及与气候相关的极端情况/灾害的暴露和敏感性（土地使用者认为的极端情况/灾害）

渐变气候

渐变气候

	季节	气候变化/极端天气的类型	该技术是如何应对的？
年温度		增加	好

气候有关的极端情况（灾害）

气象灾害

	该技术是如何应对的？
局地暴雨	好
局地风暴	好

气候灾害

	该技术是如何应对的？
干旱	不好

水文灾害

	该技术是如何应对的？
比较和缓的（河道）洪水	不好

其他气候相关的后果

其他气候相关的后果

	该技术是如何应对的？
缩短生长期	好

6.4 成本效益分析

技术收益与技术建立成本相比如何（从土地使用者的角度看）？

技术收益与技术维护成本/经常性成本相比如何（从土地使用者的角度看）？

6.5 技术采用

在所有采用这项技术的人当中，有多少人是自发地采用该技术，即未获得任何物质奖励/付款？:

• 50-90%

注释:

35% of land user families have adopted the Technology with external material support

65% of land user families have adopted the Technology without any external material support

There is a strong trend towards spontaneous adoption of the Technology

6.7 该技术的优点/长处/机会

土地使用者眼中的长处/优势/机会
Improved production and expansion of cropping land.

编制者或其他关键资源人员认为的长处/优势/机会
This technique allows a rapid expansion of cropping lands in the piedmont and flat areas How can they be sustained / enhanced? encourage maintenance of existing structure.
Allows crop production in very dry environments (with less than 200 mm of rainfall) How can they be sustained / enhanced? encourage maintenance of existing structure.
Collects and accumulates water, soil and nutrients behind the tabia and makes it available to crops How can they be sustained / enhanced? encourage maintenance of existing structure.
Reduced damage by flooding How can they be sustained / enhanced? encourage maintenance of existing structure.

6.8 技术的弱点/缺点/风险及其克服方法

土地使用者认为的弱点/缺点/风险	如何克服它们？
Expansion is done at the expense of natural grazing land.

编制者或其他关键资源人员认为的弱点/缺点/风险	如何克服它们？
Risks related to the climatic changes	it needs to be combined with supplementary irrigation.
Drought spells	Supplemental irrigation.
Land ownership fragmentation	new land access / agrarian reform.
Productivity of the land is very low	development of alternative income generation activities.
Risk of local know-how disappearance	training of new generations.

7.2 参考可用出版物

标题、作者、年份、ISBN:

Alaya, K., Viertmann, W., Waibel, Th. 1993. Les tabias. Imprimerie Arabe de Tunisie, Tunis, Tunisia. 192 pp.

可以从哪里获得?成本如何?

IRA

标题、作者、年份、ISBN:

Ben Mechlia, N., Ouessar, M. 2004. Water harvesting systems in Tunisia. In: Oweis, T., Hachum, A., Bruggeman, A. (eds). Indigenous water harvesting in West Asia and North Africa, , ICARDA, Aleppo, Syria, pp: 21-41

可以从哪里获得?成本如何?

IRA, ICARDA

标题、作者、年份、ISBN:

Ennabli, N. 1993. Les aménagements hydrauliques et hydro-agricoles en Tunisie. Imprimerie Officielle de la République Tunisienne, Tunis, 255 pp.

可以从哪里获得?成本如何?

IRA, INAT

标题、作者、年份、ISBN:

Genin, D., Guillaume, H., Ouessar, M., Ouled Belgacem, A., Romagny, B., Sghaier, M., Taamallah, H. (eds) 2006. Entre la désertification et le développement : la Jeffara tunisienne. CERES, Tunis, 351 pp.

可以从哪里获得?成本如何?

IRA, IRD

标题、作者、年份、ISBN:

Nasri, S. 2002. Hydrological effects of water harvesting techniques. Ph.D. thesis, Lund University, Sweden, 104 pp.

可以从哪里获得?成本如何?

IRA, INRGREF

标题、作者、年份、ISBN:

Sghaier, M., Mahdhi, N., De Graaff, J., Ouessar, M. 2002. Economic assessment of soil and water conservation works: case of the wadi Oum Zessar watershed in south-eastern Tunisia.TRMP paper n° 40, Wageningen University, The Netherlands, pp: 101-113.

可以从哪里获得?成本如何?

IRA

标题、作者、年份、ISBN:

Ouessar M. 2007. Hydrological impacts of rainwater harvesting in wadi Oum Zessar watershed (Southern Tunisia). Ph.D. thesis, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium, 154 pp.

可以从哪里获得?成本如何?

IRA