1.2 参与该技术评估和文件编制的资源人员和机构的联系方式

有助于对技术进行记录/评估的项目名称（如相关）

Book project: Guidelines to Rangeland Management in Sub-Saharan Africa (Rangeland Management)

1.3 关于使用通过WOCAT记录的数据的条件

（现场）数据是什么时候汇编的？:

11/12/2017

编制者和关键资源人员接受有关使用通过WOCAT记录数据的条件。:

是

1.4 所述技术的可持续性声明

这里所描述的技术在土地退化方面是否存在问题，导致无法被认为是一种可持续的土地管理技术？:

否

注释:

The technology has demonstrated SLM.

2.1 技术简介

技术定义:

The Social Tenure Domain Model (STDM) is about people and their relationships with land. The tool as applied secures tenure through the recognition of tenure diversity and social contexts. In the management of land and resources use, STDM facilitates proper land use and management to minimize practices that lead to degradation.

2.2 技术的详细说明

说明:

Technology application: The Social Tenure Domain Model is applied in order to relate natural and human environments. It is a social tool that defines the relationship of persons to natural resources such as land, their utilization of it, and sharing - for sustainable development. To realize optimal resource utilization, the tool enables the direct engagement of the resource users in a collective and participatory way. The technology allows communities to be part of a guided data collection and data entry into an STDM platform. The data includes social and economic data based on what is needed. The platform also can enable storage of information and documents such as title deeds. Names, gender, properties where the community members needs to have such information. These details can be updated and can inform planning and resource allocation by government and development partners.
Main characteristics of the technology: STDM is a relational database built on an open source GIS platform called Quontum GIS (QGIS), running on Postgres SQL. This tool was built by Global Tools Land Network (GLTN). The tool captures both spatial information related to locations of land parcels, natural resources captured in points and defined in maps. Secondly, the technology captures socio-economic aspects of a resource, and allows definition of the type of relationship that exists between the resource and the person, as well as an indication of the percentage particular tenure regime in the areas including the existing rights and how they play out. The system recognizes the different level of rights thus appreciating that they are multiple and overlaid resulting to multiple uses. Therefore the technology enables the capture of bundles of rights that people have/should enjoy in a resource. The technology allows generation of reports and performs the desired analysis by the proponents and the beneficiaries of the information stored within the databases. It is open source, thus available free -hence its sustainability.
The purposes/ functions of the STDM: The functions of the technology as have been piloted by RECONCILE and partners has focused around land tenure. It addresses security of tenure for vulnerable poor communities living within informal settlements, through participatory common resource identification, mapping and documentation, key resources including cattle dips, salt lick areas/fields and water points management has improved. This is due to the recognition of boundaries anticipatorily defined leading to revival of and establishment of community resources management committees especially around water and grazing lands. This in return has improved /increased production of both plants and animals. However, the technology can be customized to serve other purposes of information storage and management.
The major activities/ inputs needed to establish/ maintain the technology: Major inputs are needed in empowerment of local communities through building their capacity to apply the technology through their own initiative. Building community-based resource centres and equipping them with computers installed with the software ensures that the technology is centred on the day-to-day activities of the communities and institutions.
Benefits/ impacts: The technology has left better organised communities in terms of managing land and other resources. The technology has assisted local governments to manage issues of land ownership, especially within the context of customary land tenure and ownership. The county governments of Kenya, for instance, have spatial data and information that can help in planning and resources allocation. In areas where the technology has been used in the context of RECONCILE's work, better services and resources can be acquired given accurate information of Mapping land tenure, boundaries, water points and the water rights, infrastructure, different grazing lands and plans for the utilization of the grazing land and the rights of different users. It can result in improved and sustainable use of natural resources which in turn have a direct impact on production.
Small-scale dairy farmers have been able to manage grazing lands, water and salt licks to improve production of animal products. Information captured and managed by the technology has enabled communities within informal settlements to negotiate with government authorities to enable land allocation and thus security of tenure and improved livelihoods.
What do land users like / dislike about the technology?
Likes: The technology is flexible, it can be customized to capture information in any form desired. It is based on a GIS platform which is easy to manipulate and is open source.
Dislikes: Users sometimes encounter errors that are a result of incorrect information entered, and these errors are written with the programming format: thus it requires good knowledge of the technology to remedy this.

2.3 技术照片

2.5 已应用该技术的、本评估所涵盖的国家/地区/地点

2.6 实施日期

注明实施年份:

2016

2.7 技术介绍

详细说明该技术是如何引入的:

• 通过项目/外部干预

3.1 该技术的主要目的

• 改良生产
• 减少、预防、恢复土地退化
• 保护生态系统
• 结合其他技术保护流域/下游区域

3.2 应用该技术的当前土地利用类型

注释:

The technology did therefore help the communities to appreciate the common resources that support the livestock keeping.

如果由于技术的实施而导致土地用途发生变化，则在技术实施前说明土地利的用途。:

Before the mapping exercise, the management of most common resources were not given much attention. After participatory mapping and documenting these resources and the establishment of information on encroachment, degradation and the neglected water points, communities took up the management of the resources more seriously and therefore improved knowledge and clarity around the land tenure rights for the communities and the need for tenure security and protection of rangelands and the resources therein.

3.3 有关土地利用的更多信息

该技术所应用土地的供水:

• 雨养

每年的生长季节数:

• 2

具体说明:

April to October and November through March

牲畜密度（如相关）:

NA

3.4 该技术所属的SLM组

• 天然和半天然森林管理
• 畜牧业和牧场管理
• 农畜综合管理

3.5 技术传播

具体说明该技术的分布:

• 均匀地分布在一个区域

如果该技术均匀地分布在一个区域上，请注明覆盖的大致区域。:

• 10-100 平方千米

注释:

The technology is applicable in both. It can be customized to fit any use. The best outcome though is total area social enumeration and spatial mapping.

3.6 包含该技术的可持续土地管理措施

3.7 该技术强调的主要土地退化类型

注释:

Land degradation in rangelands is a problem that is being experienced and other challenges especially in the areas where agro-pastoralism is practiced include sustainable land use and management. The mapping process while not having direct response to these issues, it demonstrated that the communities can use sustainable means in land use through land use planning.

3.8 防止、减少或恢复土地退化

具体数量名该技术与土地退化有关的目标:

• 减少土地退化
• 适应土地退化

4.1 该技术的技术图纸

4.2 技术规范/技术图纸说明

The overall space or measurements for the project areas were within the range of 25 to 75 square kilometres.

4.3 有关投入和成本计算的一般信息

具体说明成本和投入是如何计算的:

• 每个技术区域

具体说明成本计算所用货币:

• 美元

注明美元与当地货币的汇率(如相关):1美元=:

101.0

4.4 技术建立活动

	活动	措施类型	时间
1.	Enumeration of at least 1000 farmers	其它措施	9 months
2.	Mapping of communal resources water points, salt lick areas, cattle dips etc	结构性的	9 months
3.	Mapping of private resources water points within the private areas	结构性的	9 months
4.	Data Management	管理	3 months
5.	Preparation of data collection including testing of the tools	其它措施	1 month
6.	Dialogue sessions with community leaders	管理	2 months
7.	Negotiations on the methodology for data collection and the kind of information to be collected/asked	结构性的	1 month
8.	Technical reviews and reflection with project team and partners	管理	1 month

注释:

The kind of tasks undertaken in this process is more project oriented combined with advocacy and policy processes.

4.5 技术建立所需要的费用和投入

	对投入进行具体说明	单位	数量	单位成本	每项投入的总成本	土地使用者承担的成本%
劳动力	Enumerators	persons	90.0	50.0	4500.0
劳动力	Consultants	Persons	6.0	1000.0	6000.0
劳动力	Technical Staff contribution and time	persons	5.0	750.0	3750.0
劳动力	Data processing and management	persons	24.0	60.0	1440.0
设备	Data entry and analysis	persons	20.0	40.0	800.0
设备	GPS hiring		120.0	55.0	6600.0
设备	GPS purchase		5.0	320.0	1600.0
设备	Computers		4.0	750.0	3000.0
设备	Conferences		9.0	1500.0	13500.0
其它	Administrative costs	9 months	9.0	1400.0	12600.0
其它	Logistical support		36.0	600.0	21600.0
其它	Preliminary activities including targeted dialogue etc	Travels and associated costs	5.0	300.0	1500.0
其它	Documentation of the project (to be finalized)	Video documentary	2.0	3000.0	6000.0
技术建立所需总成本					82890.0

如果土地使用者负担的费用少于100%，请注明由谁负担其余费用:

UNHABITAT, RECONCILE, Smallholder Dairy Commercialization Programme (SDCP)

注释:

The project was supported by the UNHABITAT with contributions from RECONCILE and partners. the community contribution in kind is not included since it has not been tabulated in terms of cash.

4.6 维护/经常性活动

	活动	措施类型	时间/频率
1.	NA
2.	NA
3.	NA

注释:

The project did not have physical structures developed. However, as a result of the work structures like cattle dips have been rehabilitated and are currently being maintained by the the communities themselves. This does not need recurrent costs for maintenance or otherwise by the project.

4.8 影响成本的最重要因素

描述影响成本的最决定性因素:

The technology costs are dependent on the size and number of resources targeted by the process. It will therefore define the costs accordingly.

5.1 气候

5.2 地形

说明该技术是否专门应用于:

• 不相关

5.3 土壤

5.4 水资源可用性和质量

5.5 生物多样性

5.6 应用该技术的土地使用者的特征

5.7 应用该技术的土地使用者拥有或租用的平均土地面积

5.8 土地所有权、土地使用权和水使用权

土地所有权:

• 社区/村庄
• 个人，有命名

土地使用权:

• 社区（有组织）
• 个人

用水权:

• 自由进入（无组织）
• 社区（有组织）

5.9 进入服务和基础设施的通道

6.1 该技术的现场影响

社会经济效应

生产

收入和成本

生态影响

减少气候和灾害风险

6.2 该技术的场外影响已经显现

6.3 技术对渐变气候以及与气候相关的极端情况/灾害的暴露和敏感性（土地使用者认为的极端情况/灾害）

渐变气候

渐变气候

	季节	气候变化/极端天气的类型	该技术是如何应对的？
年降雨量		减少	适度

其他气候相关的后果

其他气候相关的后果

	该技术是如何应对的？
缩短生长期	适度

6.4 成本效益分析

技术收益与技术建立成本相比如何（从土地使用者的角度看）？

技术收益与技术维护成本/经常性成本相比如何（从土地使用者的角度看）？

6.5 技术采用

• 大于 50%

如若可行，进行量化（住户数量和/或覆盖面积）:

The technology covered around 500 individual farmers.

在所有采用这项技术的人当中，有多少人是自发地采用该技术，即未获得任何物质奖励/付款？:

• 10-50%

注释:

The technology application did not attract any material gains or incentives but, the process was community centered thus the adoption.

6.6 适应

最近是否对该技术进行了修改以适应不断变化的条件？:

是

具体说明技术的适应性（设计、材料/品种等）:

The technology was more of the urban oriented tool but had to be modified to adopt to the local demands.

6.7 该技术的优点/长处/机会

土地使用者眼中的长处/优势/机会
Ability to define spatial space and common and private resources including those resources associated with milk production such as milk coolers, water points, cattle dips, food stores, grazing areas, salt licks, crushes, animal corridors, forest etc. Establishes the carrying capacity of communal shared resources.
Establishment of the land tenure system of shared communal resources and issues arising. Status (management) of private resources within the rangelands. Production and income generated against household size.

编制者或其他关键资源人员认为的长处/优势/机会
The nature of the problem required innovative use in the mapping of the land and natural resources. The technology addressed immediate needs and provided a foundation for future updates and demands. The technology benefited from the existing data and improved delivery of output without any impediments.
The technology bridged the gap through skills transfer and capacity building and in facilitating dialogue on issues affecting the community (Maps, reports). Ability to adapt the technology in a simple manner that the users can relate to, and find value in their use contributed immensely to success Introduced even a more user-friendly use of mobile and smart-phones. The “quick win” could be seen in the transformation of mobile phones into data collection tools and the data can be seen, verified and shared, replacing the tedious manual process which many were struggling with.
STDM databases accommodate the inclusion of social, economic and spatial data that can be maintained, accessed and updated by the communities anytime. Provided visual representation of available resources and their distribution and people can relate to spatial information on the map.
Ownership of technology by local people who are now leading on data collection, customizing the template, developing reports and innovating on its use.

6.8 技术的弱点/缺点/风险及其克服方法

土地使用者认为的弱点/缺点/风险	如何克服它们？
The design of the tool was more urban oriented and it took time to be adapted for rural use especially where land is communal and customary rights are key.	Created more awareness.

编制者或其他关键资源人员认为的弱点/缺点/风险	如何克服它们？
Difficult to set-up the server environment where no internet is available. Engaging other service providers may be difficult and takes time (Internet service provider need to authorize setting up additional server). Appropriate devices for capturing data may require an additional budget.	The internet component remains a challenge Technology is evolving and needs systematic information channels between the community members. The process requires proper funding in order not to have a break in between.

7.1 信息的方法/来源

7.3 链接到网络上可用的相关信息

标题/说明:

RECONCILE end of project report and other progress reports are available for sharing

标题/说明:

Food security in Bomet county

URL:

awsc.uonbi.ac.ke/sites/default/files/chss/arts/.../Bomet-final.doc