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Planting of fruit trees to increase slope stabilisation [塔吉克斯坦]

Табдил додани чарохгох ба бог

technologies_1520 - 塔吉克斯坦

完整性: 78%

1. 一般信息

1.2 参与该技术评估和文件编制的资源人员和机构的联系方式

关键资源人

SLM专业人员:
SLM专业人员:
SLM专业人员:
有助于对技术进行记录/评估的机构名称(如相关)
NCCR North-South (NCCR North-South) - 吉尔吉斯斯坦
有助于对技术进行记录/评估的机构名称(如相关)
Tajik Academy of Agricultural Sciences (Tajik Academy of Agricultural Sciences) - 塔吉克斯坦
有助于对技术进行记录/评估的机构名称(如相关)
Tajik Soil Insitute (Tajik Soil Institute) - 塔吉克斯坦
有助于对技术进行记录/评估的机构名称(如相关)
CAMP - Central Asian Mountain Partnership (CAMP - Central Asian Mountain Partnership) - 吉尔吉斯斯坦

1.3 关于使用通过WOCAT记录的数据的条件

编制者和关键资源人员接受有关使用通过WOCAT记录数据的条件。:

2. SLM技术的说明

2.1 技术简介

技术定义:

Planting fruit tree orchards to increase the stability of the steep loess soil slopes.

2.2 技术的详细说明

说明:

This technology involved the planting of several varieties of native fruit trees to help stabilise steep loess mountain slopes. Seven species of fruit trees were planted in seven different locations, in two watersheds within the district of Nurobod in Tajikistan. The locations were chosen as a result of a natural disaster workshop that identified the areas most susceptible to landslides.

In consultation with the Institute of Horticulture a fruit tree planting scheme was devised and using project money the identified area was enclosed with a wire perimeter fence. The fruit trees were planted along irrigation contours running at shallow angles parallel to the slope.

Purpose of the Technology: The best locations for planting the fruit trees were decided on via a participatory community workshop on natural disaster risk management.
During the workshop the community identified areas around the village that were considered high risk. A fruit tree planting scheme was implemented in these areas to help stabilise the slopes, reduce surface water run off and top soil erosion, and reduce the risk of landslides. As the trees grew they were intercropped with wheat and espercet.

Establishment / maintenance activities and inputs: Several 'at risk' areas were identifed within these workshops, therefore the project team had to assess the areas for suitability. Two of the main criteria used included the access to water and if there was sufficient depth of top soil to sustain a fruit orchard.
Once the area was decided upon, a Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) was signed with the particular land user. It was made clear to the community that the land was chosen based upon the decisions from the workshop and not because of any form of favouritism towards the land user. The MoU stated that the land user was responsible for the planting and maintenance of the orchards.
The Horticultural Institute devised a planting a scheme based upon the loaction and soil type. The implementation activities occurred in early spring. A continuos wire fence was erected around the area, and the fruit trees were planted at five metre intervals along a dug contour irrigation ditch. One kilo of organic fertiliser was applied to each tree and later in the season they were sprayed with pesticides.

Natural / human environment: Nurobod district is a mountainous area, with large tributaries flowing into the Vasht river. There are mass erosion processes at work, causing gullies and washing away the top soil. The previous civil war, compounded by harsh winters resulted in extensive clearance of the surrounding vegetation for fuel. These areas have became further degraded by over grazing on the remaining grass lands.
The local population suffers from high levels of labour migration of young men to Russia and resulting in a drain of knowledge and able bodied workers. This leaves the remaining families particulary vulnerable in this specific climate.

2.3 技术照片

2.5 已应用该技术的、本评估所涵盖的国家/地区/地点

国家:

塔吉克斯坦

区域/州/省:

Tajikistan

有关地点的进一步说明:

Nurobod

具体说明该技术的分布:
  • 均匀地分布在一个区域
如果不知道精确的区域,请注明大致覆盖的区域:
  • < 0.1 平方千米(10 公顷)
注释:

Total area covered by the SLM Technology is 0.1 m2.

The SLM technology was implemented in 7 different locations covering 5 villages within the Mujiharf and Hakimi jamoats of Nurobod District. The two main watersheds are shown in the googleEarth file. The plot sizes varied between 0.5 - 1 H.a.

2.6 实施日期

如果不知道确切的年份,请说明大概的日期:
  • 不到10年前(最近)

2.7 技术介绍

详细说明该技术是如何引入的:
  • 通过项目/外部干预
注释(项目类型等):

The project was implemented in 2010.

3. SLM技术的分类

3.1 该技术的主要目的

  • 减少、预防、恢复土地退化
  • 降低灾害风险

3.2 应用该技术的当前土地利用类型

农田

农田

  • 一年一作
  • 乔木与灌木的种植
年作 - 具体指明作物:
  • 谷类 - 小麦(春季)
  • espercet
乔木和灌木种植 - 指定作物:
  • 水果、其他
  • 核果(桃、杏、樱桃、李子等)
  • 树坚果(巴西坚果、开心果、核桃、杏仁等)
  • 仁果类(苹果、梨子、柑橘等)
采用间作制度了吗?:

如果是,说明哪些作物是间作的:

wheat and espercet

牧场

牧场

粗放式放牧:
  • 经营牧场
动物类型:
  • 山羊
  • 牛 - 奶制品
  • 绵羊
  • Livestock density (if relevant): 1-10 LU /km2
注释:

Major land use problems (compiler’s opinion): The steep loess slopes are devoid of vegetation, therefore the land is prone to washing away of top soil, gulley formation, and potential landslides.

Major land use problems (land users’ perception): The land has become unuseable, it was used as pasture land but every year it seems to be getting worse.

Ranching: cows, sheep and goats

Future (final) land use (after implementation of SLM Technology): Forests / woodlands: Fp: Plantations, afforestations

3.3 由于技术的实施,土地使用是否发生了变化?

由于技术的实施,土地使用是否发生了变化?:
  • 是(请在技术实施前填写以下有关土地利用的问题)
牧场

牧场

森林/林地

森林/林地

  • 植树造林
注释:

Future (final) land use (after implementation of SLM Technology): Forests / woodlands: Fp: Plantations, afforestations

Grazing land: Ge: Extensive grazing land

3.4 供水

该技术所应用土地的供水:
  • 混合雨水灌溉
注释:

Number of growing seasons per year:

1

Specify:

Longest growing period in days: 200Longest growing period from month to month: March - October

3.5 该技术所属的SLM组

  • 横坡措施

3.6 包含该技术的可持续土地管理措施

植物措施

植物措施

  • V1:乔木和灌木覆盖层
注释:

Main measures: vegetative measures

Type of vegetative measures: aligned: -contour

3.7 该技术强调的主要土地退化类型

土壤水蚀

土壤水蚀

  • Wt:表土流失/地表侵蚀
  • Wg:冲沟侵蚀/沟蚀
  • Wm:块体运动/滑坡
生物性退化

生物性退化

  • Bc:植被覆盖的减少
注释:

Main type of degradation addressed: Wt: loss of topsoil / surface erosion, Wg: gully erosion / gullying, Wm: mass movements / landslides

Secondary types of degradation addressed: Bc: reduction of vegetation cover

Main causes of degradation: deforestation / removal of natural vegetation (incl. forest fires) (Any shrubs and bushes previously on the land were removed.), over-exploitation of vegetation for domestic use (Shrubs and bushes were removed as fodder and for fuel purposes.), war and conflicts (Natural resources became increasingly valuable during the civil war of the 1990's.)

Secondary causes of degradation: overgrazing (Once the bushes were removed the area was used for grazing.), Heavy / extreme rainfall (intensity/amounts) (Heavy rainfall events have contributed to the degradation of the land.)

3.8 防止、减少或恢复土地退化

具体数量名该技术与土地退化有关的目标:
  • 减少土地退化
  • 修复/恢复严重退化的土地
注释:

Secondary goals: prevention of land degradation

4. 技术规范、实施活动、投入和成本

4.1 该技术的技术图纸

技术规范(与技术图纸相关):

The drawing shows a perimeter fence enclosing terraces of fruit trees. The trees are irrigated through a contour trench running at a shallow angle perpendicular to the slope. The land users have taken the opportunity to optimise the cultivated land by planting perennial and wheat crops between the rows of trees.

Location: Mujiharf. Nurobod, tajikisatn

Date: 22nd June 2011

Technical knowledge required for field staff / advisors: low (The technology is relatively straight forward and easy to implement.)

Technical knowledge required for land users: low (The land user is responsible for the continued maintenance of the fruit trees.)

Main technical functions: improvement of ground cover

Secondary technical functions: control of dispersed runoff: retain / trap, control of dispersed runoff: impede / retard, spatial arrangement and diversification of land use

Aligned: -contour
Vegetative material: F : fruit trees / shrubs
Number of plants per (ha): 400
Vertical interval between rows / strips / blocks (m): 5
Spacing between rows / strips / blocks (m): 5
Vertical interval within rows / strips / blocks (m): 5
Width within rows / strips / blocks (m): 5

Fruit trees / shrubs species: Cherry, Apple, Quince, Pear, Plum, Peach, Walnut

Slope (which determines the spacing indicated above): 25.00%

Gradient along the rows / strips: 2.00%

作者:

Pjotr M. Sosin, Camp Kuhiston, Dusahnbe

4.2 有关投入和成本计算的一般信息

其它/国家货币(具体说明):

somoni

如相关,注明美元与当地货币的汇率(例如1美元=79.9巴西雷亚尔):1美元=:

4.5

注明雇用劳工的每日平均工资成本:

25.00

4.3 技术建立活动

活动 时间(季度)
1. Erection of Fence Spring - end of march
2. Planting of fruit trees. March / April

4.4 技术建立所需要的费用和投入

对投入进行具体说明 单位 数量 单位成本 每项投入的总成本 土地使用者承担的成本%
劳动力 Building fence Persons/day 28.0 25.0 700.0 100.0
劳动力 Planting fruit trees Persons/day 40.0 25.0 1000.0 100.0
设备 Tools Pieces 6.0 20.0 120.0
植物材料 Seedlimgs pieces 400.0 8.0 3200.0
肥料和杀菌剂 Compost/manure tons 1.0 225.0 225.0 100.0
肥料和杀菌剂 1.0
施工材料 Metal fence and posts meter 400.0 12.0 4800.0
技术建立所需总成本 10045.0
技术建立总成本,美元 2232.22
如果土地使用者负担的费用少于100%,请注明由谁负担其余费用:

Horticulture Institue

注释:

Duration of establishment phase: 2 month(s)
Costs are per h.a.

4.5 维护/经常性活动

活动 时间/频率
1. pruning and tree care Annually

4.6 维护/经常性活动所需要的费用和投入(每年)

对投入进行具体说明 单位 数量 单位成本 每项投入的总成本 土地使用者承担的成本%
劳动力 Prunning and tree care Persons/day 15.0 16.6666667 250.0 100.0
技术维护所需总成本 250.0
技术维护总成本,美元 55.56
注释:

Machinery/ tools: spades, picks

The costs were calculated at 2010 prices for 400 trees planted over 1 h.a.

4.7 影响成本的最重要因素

描述影响成本的最决定性因素:

The main issue was the procurement of the fruit trees from a reliable credible source. Since the start of the project, land users purchased trees from local tree nurseries but the trees were of poor quality and some already had signs of disease. The scarity of natural resources, and the lack of controlled grazing means that wire fencing had to be used, This could only be purchased outside of the district and thus incurred high transport costs.

5. 自然和人文环境

5.1 气候

年降雨量
  • < 250毫米
  • 251-500毫米
  • 501-750毫米
  • 751-1,000毫米
  • 1,001-1,500毫米
  • 1,501-2,000毫米
  • 2,001-3,000毫米
  • 3,001-4,000毫米
  • > 4,000毫米
农业气候带
  • 半干旱

Thermal climate class: temperate

5.2 地形

平均坡度:
  • 水平(0-2%)
  • 缓降(3-5%)
  • 平缓(6-10%)
  • 滚坡(11-15%)
  • 崎岖(16-30%)
  • 陡峭(31-60%)
  • 非常陡峭(>60%)
地形:
  • 高原/平原
  • 山脊
  • 山坡
  • 山地斜坡
  • 麓坡
  • 谷底
垂直分布带:
  • 0-100 m a.s.l.
  • 101-500 m a.s.l.
  • 501-1,000 m a.s.l.
  • 1,001-1,500 m a.s.l.
  • 1,501-2,000 m a.s.l.
  • 2,001-2,500 m a.s.l.
  • 2,501-3,000 m a.s.l.
  • 3,001-4,000 m a.s.l.
  • > 4,000 m a.s.l.
关于地形的注释和进一步规范:

Altitudinal zone: For the seven plots.

5.3 土壤

平均土层深度:
  • 非常浅(0-20厘米)
  • 浅(21-50厘米)
  • 中等深度(51-80厘米)
  • 深(81-120厘米)
  • 非常深(> 120厘米)
土壤质地(表土):
  • 中粒(壤土、粉土)
表土有机质:
  • 中(1-3%)
如有可能,附上完整的土壤描述或具体说明可用的信息,例如土壤类型、土壤酸碱度、阳离子交换能力、氮、盐度等。:

Soil texture (topsoil): Silt

Soil fertility is medium

Soil drainage / infiltration is medium

Soil water storage capacity is high

5.4 水资源可用性和质量

地下水位表:

5-50米

水质(未处理):

良好饮用水

5.5 生物多样性

物种多样性:

5.6 应用该技术的土地使用者的特征

生产系统的市场定位:
  • 生计(自给)
非农收入:
  • > 收入的50%
相对财富水平:
  • 非常贫瘠
  • 贫瘠
个人或集体:
  • 个人/家庭
性别:
  • 女人
  • 男人
说明土地使用者的其他有关特征:

Land users applying the Technology are mainly common / average land users

Difference in the involvement of women and men: The men were involved with the initial planting of the trees. However the women complete most of the ongoing care and maintenance of the fruit trees,

Population density: 10-50 persons/km2

Annual population growth: 2% - 3%

10% of the land users are average wealthy and own 70% of the land.
45% of the land users are poor and own 15% of the land.
45% of the land users are poor and own 15% of the land.

Off-farm income specification: Most households in this district recieve remittances from abroad.


Market orientation of production system subsistence (self-supply): Low grade pasture land

5.7 应用该技术的土地使用者使用的平均土地面积

  • < 0.5 公顷
  • 0.5-1 公顷
  • 1-2 公顷
  • 2-5公顷
  • 5-15公顷
  • 15-50公顷
  • 50-100公顷
  • 100-500公顷
  • 500-1,000公顷
  • 1,000-10,000公顷
  • > 10,000公顷
这被认为是小规模、中规模还是大规模的(参照当地实际情况)?:
  • 小规模的
注释:

most households in the region have 0.5h.a

5.8 土地所有权、土地使用权和水使用权

土地所有权:
  • 个人,未命名
土地使用权:
  • 社区(有组织)
注释:

All land in Tajikistan is owned by the state, user rights are defined here by the local government.

5.9 进入服务和基础设施的通道

健康:
  • 贫瘠
  • 适度的
教育:
  • 贫瘠
  • 适度的
技术援助:
  • 贫瘠
  • 适度的
就业(例如非农):
  • 贫瘠
  • 适度的
市场:
  • 贫瘠
  • 适度的
能源:
  • 贫瘠
  • 适度的
道路和交通:
  • 贫瘠
  • 适度的
饮用水和卫生设施:
  • 贫瘠
  • 适度的
金融服务:
  • 贫瘠
  • 适度的

6. 影响和结论性说明

6.1 该技术的现场影响

社会经济效应

生产

木材生产

降低
增加
注释/具体说明:

400 trees planted

产品多样性

降低
增加
注释/具体说明:

new products to sell

收入和成本

农业收入

降低
增加
注释/具体说明:

seven varieties of fruits

收入来源的多样性

降低
增加
注释/具体说明:

new source of sustainable income

其它社会经济效应

New skills in fruit tree cultivation

reduced
improved
注释/具体说明:

The implementation of the technology is supported with training.

社会文化影响

食品安全/自给自足

减少
改良
注释/具体说明:

increased fruit production

健康状况

恶化
改良

SLM/土地退化知识

减少
改良

Community knowledge of fruit tree cultivation

reduced
improved
注释/具体说明:

training provided

Livelihood and human well-being

注释/具体说明:

Training on fruit tree cultivation was provided for the community in conjunction with the implementation of the planting of the trees, to help improve the fruit yields in the community and the health of the trees.

生态影响

水循环/径流

地表径流

增加
降低
注释/具体说明:

trees absorb the water

土壤

养分循环/补给

降低
增加
注释/具体说明:

regeneration of the biomass cycle

生物多样性:植被、动物

有益物种

降低
增加
注释/具体说明:

introduced new species to the area.

减少气候和灾害风险

滑坡/泥石流

增加
降低
注释/具体说明:

main goal of the SLM technology

6.3 技术对渐变气候以及与气候相关的极端情况/灾害的暴露和敏感性(土地使用者认为的极端情况/灾害)

渐变气候

渐变气候
季节 增加或减少 该技术是如何应对的?
年温度 增加 不好

气候有关的极端情况(灾害)

气象灾害
该技术是如何应对的?
局地暴雨 不好
气候灾害
该技术是如何应对的?
干旱 不好

其他气候相关的后果

其他气候相关的后果
该技术是如何应对的?
increase in pests 不好
注释:

The technology initially used 7 species of trees. However after a while it became apparent that the peach trees were more sensitive to heavy rainfall which occured especially in the spring, and therefore when the orchards were expanded peach trees were not planted again. Land owners have also planted espercet and wheat between the trees to help further stabilise the slopes.

6.4 成本效益分析

技术收益与技术建立成本相比如何(从土地使用者的角度看)?
短期回报:

轻度消极

长期回报:

积极

技术收益与技术维护成本/经常性成本相比如何(从土地使用者的角度看)?
短期回报:

消极

长期回报:

稍微积极

注释:

It can take 3-12 years before the fruits can be harvested, depending upon the variety. The trees will require more care and attention in the first few years to ensure their long term survival.

6.5 技术采用

  • 1-10%
如若可行,进行量化(住户数量和/或覆盖面积):

7 households in an area of 10 ha

在所有采用这项技术的人当中,有多少人是自发的,即未获得任何物质奖励/付款?:
  • 0-10%
注释:

100% of land user families have adopted the Technology with external material support

7 land user families have adopted the Technology with external material support

Comments on acceptance with external material support: All seven families implemented the technology.

There is no trend towards spontaneous adoption of the Technology

Comments on adoption trend: Nothing has been physically monitored but there was lively discussion in the communuty about expanding the planting areas.

6.7 该技术的优点/长处/机会

土地使用者眼中的长处/优势/机会
It has made efficient use of the land that was previously used for grazing of livestock.
I have planted espercet in within the fence line, to improve my fodder production.
I learnt how to care for the trees in the training provided.

How can they be sustained / enhanced? Further ongoing professional support for the land user would be beneficial.
编制者或其他关键资源人员认为的长处/优势/机会
It helped stabilise the soil and reduce the risk of mudslides.

How can they be sustained / enhanced? Other identified areas could be planted with trees.
It helped to reduce the rates of surface water top soil erosion.

How can they be sustained / enhanced? The area of land could be extended.
The fencing helped protect the technology from grazing livestock.

How can they be sustained / enhanced? The fruit trees within the fence can be intercropped with perennial grasses or other crops.
It provides long term food and potential income for the land user.

6.8 技术的弱点/缺点/风险及其克服方法

土地使用者认为的弱点/缺点/风险 如何克服它们?
There are tree diseases in the district, which may spread to the fruit trees and many locals cannot afford the pesticides required to help prevent these. Pesticides could be provided by larger farms or cooperatives could be set up.
The livestock broke through the fence and ate some of the saplings. In some instances double fencing may be requried.
编制者或其他关键资源人员认为的弱点/缺点/风险 如何克服它们?
The areas identified to be stabilised do not always have access to water and therefore the technology is limited. Piped irrigation and drip irrigation techniques could be applied.
The land owner does not have any returns on the intial investment for a minimum of three years. Also they will have to pay tax on the land after three years. Some trees will not produce fruits for up to 12yrs. Loans or subsidies could be provided to the land user over this initial period of time.

7. 参考和链接

7.1 信息的方法/来源

模块