1.2 参与该技术评估和文件编制的资源人员和机构的联系方式

有助于对技术进行记录/评估的项目名称（如相关）

Book project: where the land is greener - Case Studies and Analysis of Soil and Water Conservation Initiatives Worldwide (where the land is greener)

有助于对技术进行记录/评估的项目名称（如相关）

Book project: SLM in Practice - Guidelines and Best Practices for Sub-Saharan Africa (SLM in Practice)

有助于对技术进行记录/评估的机构名称（如相关）

Centre Ecologique Albert Schweitzer (CEAS) - 瑞士

有助于对技术进行记录/评估的机构名称（如相关）

INERA Institut de l'environnement et de recherches agricoles (INERA Institut de l'environnement et de recherches agricoles) - 布基纳法索

1.3 关于使用通过WOCAT记录的数据的条件

（现场）数据是什么时候汇编的？:

01/08/2002

编制者和关键资源人员接受有关使用通过WOCAT记录数据的条件。:

是

1.5 请参阅有关SLM方法的问卷

2.1 技术简介

技术定义:

Compost production, and its application in planting pits (zai) by farmers on fields near their homes.

2.2 技术的详细说明

说明:

Compost is produced in shallow pits, approximately 20 cm deep and 1.5 m by 3 m wide. During November and December layers of chopped crop residues, animal dung and ash are heaped, as they become available, up to 1.5 m high and watered. The pile is covered with straw and left to heat up and decompose. After around 15-20 days the compost is turned over into a second pile and watered again. This is repeated up to three times - as long as water is available. Compost heaps are usually located close to the homestead. Alternatively, compost can be produced in pits which are up to one metre deep. Organic material is filled to ground level. The pit captures rain water, which makes this method of composting
a valuable option in dry areas.
The compost is either applied immediately to irrigated gardens, or kept in a dry shaded place for the next sorghum seeding. In the latter case one handful of compost is mixed with loose soil in each planting pit (zai). These pits are dug 60 cm by 60 cm apart. Three to four grains of sorghum are planted in each pit. Compost in the pits both conserves water and supplies nutrients. This enables the sorghum plants to establish better, grow faster and reach maturity before the rains finish. As compost is applied locally to the crop, not only is the positive effect maximised, but also the weeds between the pits do not benefit. The water retaining capacity of the compost (absorbing several times its own weight) makes the difference. This is much more important than the additional nutrients, which only become available in subsequent years, and do not anyway completely replace all the nutrients extracted by the crops.
The planting pits also help by harvesting runoff water from the microcatchments between them. Boulgou experiences erratic and variable rainfall with frequent droughts. The poor soils are often crusted and have a low water-retention capacity. Due to a high and increasing population, the land has become exhausted, and fallow periods are no longer sufficient as a consequence. Fertility and yields have declined. Sorghum without compost is more vulnerable to drought and crop failure.
During the dry season, after harvest, fields are grazed by cattle of the nomadic pastoral Peuhl, who also herd the agriculturalists’ livestock. Interestingly, the Peuhl have started to systematically collect the manure for sale, since the increased demand (for composting) has led to doubling of the price. Composting has been applied in Boulgou Province of Burkina Faso since 1988.

2.3 技术照片

2.5 已应用该技术的、本评估所涵盖的国家/地区/地点

2.7 技术介绍

详细说明该技术是如何引入的:

• 通过项目/外部干预

3.1 该技术的主要目的

• 改良生产
• 创造有益的经济影响

3.2 应用该技术的当前土地利用类型

注释:

Major land use problems (compiler’s opinion): Population increase has led to cultivation of all the available arable land, thus shortening or eliminating fallow periods.
Organic matter in the soil is reduced, the water holding capacity of the soil has diminished and consequently yields have fallen. This has been compounded by the droughts of the 1970s and 1980s. Thirty years ago farmers harvested 800 kg/ha each year, but by the 1980s yields had fallen to merely 400 kg/ha on average.

3.3 有关土地利用的更多信息

该技术所应用土地的供水:

• 雨养

具体说明:

Longest growing period in days: 180 Longest growing period from month to month: May - Oct

3.4 该技术所属的SLM组

• 改良的地面/植被覆盖
• 土壤肥力综合管理
• 集水

3.5 技术传播

注释:

Total area covered by the SLM Technology is 200 m2.

3.6 包含该技术的可持续土地管理措施

3.7 该技术强调的主要土地退化类型

注释:

Main type of degradation addressed: Wt: loss of topsoil / surface erosion, Cn: fertility decline and reduced organic matter content, Pc: compaction, Pk: sealing and crusting, Ha: aridification

Main causes of degradation: over-exploitation of vegetation for domestic use, other human induced causes (specify) (causes agricoles: Suppression des jachères; surpâturage), other natural causes (avalanches, volcanic eruptions, mud flows, highly susceptible natural resources, extreme topography, etc.) specify (Secheresse du sol due à la destruction de l'humus plus qu'aumanque de pluie.), Expansion démographique, manque de connaissances (Comment acquerir ces connaissances)

Secondary causes of degradation: deforestation / removal of natural vegetation (incl. forest fires), manque de moyens financiers (comment en produire avec des connaissances)

3.8 防止、减少或恢复土地退化

具体数量名该技术与土地退化有关的目标:

• 减少土地退化

4.1 该技术的技术图纸

4.2 技术规范/技术图纸说明

A: Overview of compost making and zai planting pits within a field. Tree shade helps to conserve moisture in the compost pits.
B: Cross section of compost pit: protective straw (1); successive layers of compost (2), clay layer at the bottom (3).
C: Detailed view of zai planting pit.

Technical knowledge required for field staff / advisors: low

Technical knowledge required for land users: moderate

Main technical functions: increase / maintain water stored in soil

Secondary technical functions: increase in organic matter, increase of infiltration, increase in soil fertility, improvement of soil structure

Manure / compost / residues
Material/ species: compost
Quantity/ density: 7-10 t/ha
Remarks: applied in planting pits

4.4 技术建立活动

	活动	措施类型	时间
1.	Transport compost to the fields:		April / annual
2.	Deepen planting pits (zai) (to original dimensions of 15 cm deep, 20 cm diameter, and 60 cm apart) and apply a handful of compost mixed with earth, just before planting sorghum		After the first rains / annual

注释:

Editors’ comments: Soil fertility decline is a major problem for much of Africa, and composting provides an opportunity for local mitigation of this. There are many ways of making compost, and this case is a good example of ‘aerobic heap compost’ from Burkina Faso. Here, the compost is concentrated in planting pits, which additionally harvest water.

4.5 技术建立所需要的费用和投入

	对投入进行具体说明	单位	数量	单位成本	每项投入的总成本	土地使用者承担的成本%
劳动力	Labour	ha	1.0	2.0	2.0	100.0
设备	Tools	ha	1.0	10.0	10.0	100.0
施工材料	Clay	1
技术建立所需总成本					12.0

4.6 维护/经常性活动

	活动	措施类型	时间/频率
1.	Dig two compost pits (3 m by 1.5 m and 20 cm deep). Cover the bottom of each pit with 3 cm clay layer.	农业学的	beginning of the dry season (November). / initial establishment
2.	Put 20 cm layer of chopped crop residues (cereal straw) into thecompost pit (water with one bucket). Add 5 cm layer of animal manure. Add 1 cm layer of ash. Repeat steps 1–3 until the compost pile is 1.0–1.5 m high.	农业学的	November / annual
3.	Cover pile with straw to reduce evaporation, and leave to decompose.	农业学的	November / annual / up to 3 times (as long as water is available)
4.	Turn compost after 15 days into the 2nd pit, then after another 15 days back into the 1st pit. Water the pile after each turning with 3 buckets of water.	农业学的	/ up to 3 times (as long as water is available)
5.	Store ready compost in dry shady place.	农业学的	January / annual

4.7 维护/经常性活动所需要的费用和投入（每年）

	对投入进行具体说明	单位	数量	单位成本	每项投入的总成本	土地使用者承担的成本%
劳动力	Labour	ha	1.0	20.0	20.0	100.0
设备	Wheelbarrow renting	ha	1.0	6.0	6.0	100.0
设备	None	None	1.0
设备	None	None	1.0
肥料和杀菌剂	Compost/manure	ha	1.0	2.0	2.0	100.0
施工材料	Wet straw	ha
施工材料	ash	ha
其它	Compost transportation	ha	1.0	2.0	2.0	100.0
技术维护所需总成本					30.0

注释:

Machinery/ tools: hoe, knife, digging stick, bucket

Costs relate to production and application of one ton of compost per hectare - which a farmer can make in one year and is the product of one full compost pit. The compost is directly applied to each planting pit: since the pits all in all
constitute only around 10-15% of the field surface, compost is effectively applied at a concentration of 7-10 t/ha. This rate is equal to actual rates applied in small irrigated gardens (<0.1 ha). If compost is produced in deep pits, production is cheaper because there is less work involved.

4.8 影响成本的最重要因素

描述影响成本的最决定性因素:

Duration of establishment: 1 week

5.1 气候

5.2 地形

5.3 土壤

如有可能，附上完整的土壤描述或具体说明可用的信息，例如土壤类型、土壤酸碱度、阳离子交换能力、氮、盐度等。:

Soil texture: Fine / heavy (elevations) and coarse/light (depressions)
Soil fertility: Low (ranked 1) and medium (ranked 2)
Topsoil organic matter: Low (and decreasing further)
Soil drainage/infiltration: Poor (ranked 1) and medium (ranked 2)
Soil water storage capacity: Low

5.6 应用该技术的土地使用者的特征

说明土地使用者的其他有关特征:

Market orientation: Subsistence (ranked 1) and mixed (ranked 2, in good years)

5.7 应用该技术的土地使用者拥有或租用的平均土地面积

5.8 土地所有权、土地使用权和水使用权

土地所有权:

• 社区/村庄

土地使用权:

• 社区（有组织）

6.1 该技术的现场影响

社会经济效应

生产

收入和成本

其它社会经济效应

社会文化影响

生态影响

水循环/径流

土壤

其它生态影响

6.4 成本效益分析

技术收益与技术建立成本相比如何（从土地使用者的角度看）？

技术收益与技术维护成本/经常性成本相比如何（从土地使用者的角度看）？

6.5 技术采用

如若可行，进行量化（住户数量和/或覆盖面积）:

5000

在所有采用这项技术的人当中，有多少人是自发地采用该技术，即未获得任何物质奖励/付款？:

• 90-100%

注释:

100% of land user families have adopted the Technology without any external material support

There is a strong trend towards spontaneous adoption of the Technology

Comments on adoption trend: Strong trend towards growing spontaneous adoption. Almost everybody wants to imitate neighbors - but not everyone had received adequate training. Demand grew because of the expanded membership of the association. Some pastoralists use it in their gardens.

6.7 该技术的优点/长处/机会

编制者或其他关键资源人员认为的长处/优势/机会
All land users, even the poorest, can learn to make and apply compost. No jealousy amongst land users, which is a prerequisite for ist spread/acceptance How can they be sustained / enhanced? Keep going with training and extension.
Possibility of doubling cereal yields in normal years: any surplus production can be sold How can they be sustained / enhanced? Produce enough good compost/manure.
Ensures yields in dry years, giving security against drought and hunger.
Gives high income in dry years due to production increase and double prices on the market for the surplus How can they be sustained / enhanced? However the government is attempting to stabilise prices, so this benefit might not endure.
Requires only locally available resources, and knowledge about compost application is ‘owned’ by the farmers: nobody can take it away from them.

6.8 技术的弱点/缺点/风险及其克服方法

编制者或其他关键资源人员认为的弱点/缺点/风险	如何克服它们？
The modest quantity of compost applied is not enough to replace the nutrients extracted by the crops in the long term	Small amounts of nitrogen and phosphorous fertiliser need to be added and crop rotation practiced.
The short/medium term local benefits are not associated with a positive overall, long-term ecological impact because there is a net transfer of organic matter (manure) to the fields from the surroundings	Improve management of the vegetation outside the cropland, avoiding overgrazing etc to increase manure production.
Needs considerable water and thus also extra labour	Pit composting helps to reduce water requirement in drier areas and at the same time reduces labour input.

7.2 参考可用出版物

标题、作者、年份、ISBN:

Ouedraogo E . Influence d’un amendement de compost sur sol ferrugineux tropicaux en milieu paysan. Impact sur la
production de sorgho à Zabré en 1992. Mémoire de diplôme.. 1992.

可以从哪里获得?成本如何?

CEAS Neuchâtel, Switzerland

标题、作者、年份、ISBN:

Zougmore R, Bonzi M, et Zida Z . Etalonnage
des unités locales de mesures pour le compostage en fosse de type unique étanche durable. Fiche technique de quantification des matériaux de
compostage, 4pp. 2000.

标题、作者、年份、ISBN:

Zougmore R, Bonzi M, et Zida Z . Etalonnage
des unités locales de mesures pour le compostage en fosse de type unique étanche durable. Fiche technique de quantification des matériaux de
compostage, 4pp. 2000.

标题、作者、年份、ISBN:

Zougmore R, Bonzi M, et Zida Z . Etalonnage
des unités locales de mesures pour le compostage en fosse de type unique étanche durable. Fiche technique de quantification des matériaux de
compostage, 4pp. 2000.

标题、作者、年份、ISBN:

Zougmore R, Bonzi M, et Zida Z . Etalonnage
des unités locales de mesures pour le compostage en fosse de type unique étanche durable. Fiche technique de quantification des matériaux de
compostage, 4pp. 2000.

标题、作者、年份、ISBN:

Zougmore R, Bonzi M, et Zida Z . Etalonnage
des unités locales de mesures pour le compostage en fosse de type unique étanche durable. Fiche technique de quantification des matériaux de
compostage, 4pp. 2000.