1.2 参与该技术评估和文件编制的资源人员和机构的联系方式

有助于对技术进行记录/评估的项目名称（如相关）

Preventing and Remediating degradation of soils in Europe through Land Care (EU-RECARE )

有助于对技术进行记录/评估的机构名称（如相关）

Soil Conservation Service of Iceland (Soil Conservation Service of Iceland) - 冰岛

1.3 关于使用通过WOCAT记录的数据的条件

编制者和关键资源人员接受有关使用通过WOCAT记录数据的条件。:

是

2.1 技术简介

技术定义:

The technology is supposed to increase afforestation with native species within the area by supporting natural seed dispersal

2.2 技术的详细说明

说明:

Areas to be replanted are pre-selected based on local conditions and optimal rates of potential seed dispersal (prevailing dry-wind direction, distance to remnant seed banks etc.). The areas are partially vegetated or have previously been treated with fertilizer (and seed) to facilitate surface stabilization, improved soil qualities and vegetation succession. Only native species are planted in these seed bank "islands": mainly birch and a mixture of willow species. The islands/patches are scattered within the restoration area in order to maximise the effectiveness of the technology in the long term.

Purpose of the Technology: The purpose of the technology is to halt further land degradation and facilitate natural succession within the area undergoing restoration. In the long-term, it should substantially reduce wind and water erosion. It should also lead to increased biodiversity, enhanced water availability and accelerated carbon sequestration (in soil and vegetation). The overall restoration task is to increase the resilience of the ecosystems against natural hazards, such as volcanic activity.

Establishment / maintenance activities and inputs: For the first years, the plants in the seed banks islands are treated annually with a small amount of fertilizer. The nutrient level within the areas is still very low and barely enough to support adequate annual plant growth.

Natural / human environment: In the long-term, the technology is expected to substantially increase biomass production, re-build soil qualities, accelerate carbon sequestration and secure water availability within the rangeland and the adjacent ecosystems. Increased tree and diverse vegetation cover will have the effect of reducing and even halting the sand drift that still creates challenges for inhabitants in adjacent villages, on farmsteads and within the summerhouse clusters, scattered around the area. As the degraded rangeland is in the vicinity of an active volcano (Mt Hekla) the technology is also expected to increase ecosystem resilience against natural hazards like ash and pumice drift and reduce potential offsite damage caused by these materials. Planting areas are pre-selected based on local conditions and optimal rate of potential seed dispersal (prevailing dry-wind direction, distance to remnant seed banks etc.). The areas are partially vegetated or have previously been treated with fertilizer (and seed) to facilitate surface stabilization, improved soil qualities and vegetation succession. Only native species are planted in these seed bank "islands"; mainly birch and a mixture of willow species. The islands/patches are scattered within the restoration area in order to maximise the effectiveness of the technology in the long-term.

2.3 技术照片

2.5 已应用该技术的、本评估所涵盖的国家/地区/地点

2.6 实施日期

如果不知道确切的年份，请说明大概的日期:

• 10-50年前

2.7 技术介绍

详细说明该技术是如何引入的:

• 在实验/研究期间

3.1 该技术的主要目的

• 减少、预防、恢复土地退化
• 保护生态系统
• 保持/提高生物多样性
• 降低灾害风险

3.2 应用该技术的当前土地利用类型

注释:

Major land use problems (compiler’s opinion): Vast parts of the area are heavily degraded due to unsustainable land use through the centuries in combination to harsh climate and frequent volcanic eruptions. The major land use problem are related to the fact that the concerned ecosystems collapsed long time ago and despite all restoration efforts implemented within the area for over 100 years, the systems are still highly dysfunctional. Their carrying capacity is limited and even light livestock grazing can keep further vegetation succession down. Passive restoration might take place where the livestock grazing has been excluded but in most cases some technologies are needed to "kickstart" the ecosystem and break their negative resilience against changes.

Major land use problems (land users’ perception): They are fully aware that the ecosystems are in a poor condition and restoration is needed in order to push improvements forward. They acknowledge that grazing of collapsed ecosystems can maintain the dysfunctional of the systems and hinder ecological improvements. Nevertheless, in many cases they believe the harsh climate and volcanic activities are the main contributors to land degradation - that livestock grazing and the grazing carrying capacity of the rangeland are not fundamental issues in this context.

Future (final) land use (after implementation of SLM Technology): Forests / woodlands: Fn: Natural

Constraints of wastelands / deserts / glaciers / swamps

Number of growing seasons per year: 1
Longest growing period from month to month: June to end August

3.3 由于技术的实施，土地使用是否发生了变化？

由于技术的实施，土地使用是否发生了变化？:

• 是（请在技术实施前填写以下有关土地利用的问题）

3.4 供水

该技术所应用土地的供水:

• 雨养

3.5 该技术所属的SLM组

• 改良的地面/植被覆盖
• 减少基于生态系统的灾害风险

3.6 包含该技术的可持续土地管理措施

注释:

Main measures: vegetative measures, management measures

Type of vegetative measures: aligned: -against wind, scattered / dispersed

3.7 该技术强调的主要土地退化类型

注释:

Secondary types of degradation addressed: Bc: reduction of vegetation cover, Bq: quantity / biomass decline, Bs: quality and species composition /diversity decline, Hs: change in quantity of surface water, Hg: change in groundwater / aquifer level

Main causes of degradation: deforestation / removal of natural vegetation (incl. forest fires), over-exploitation of vegetation for domestic use, overgrazing, Heavy / extreme rainfall (intensity/amounts), wind storms / dust storms, other natural causes (avalanches, volcanic eruptions, mud flows, highly susceptible natural resources, extreme topography, etc.) specify

Secondary causes of degradation: disturbance of water cycle (infiltration / runoff), change in temperature, floods, land tenure, governance / institutional

3.8 防止、减少或恢复土地退化

具体数量名该技术与土地退化有关的目标:

• 减少土地退化
• 修复/恢复严重退化的土地

注释:

Main goals: mitigation / reduction of land degradation, rehabilitation / reclamation of denuded land

Secondary goals: prevention of land degradation

4.1 该技术的技术图纸

4.2 有关投入和成本计算的一般信息

其它/国家货币（具体说明）:

ISK

如相关，注明美元与当地货币的汇率（例如1美元=79.9巴西雷亚尔）：1美元=:

138.0

4.3 技术建立活动

	活动	时间（季度）
1.	Planting seedlings	May/June

4.4 技术建立所需要的费用和投入

	对投入进行具体说明	单位	数量	单位成本	每项投入的总成本	土地使用者承担的成本%
劳动力	Planting
设备	Machinery
植物材料	Seedlings
其它	Total costs	ha	1.0	500000.0	500000.0
技术建立所需总成本					500000.0
技术建立总成本，美元					3623.19

4.7 影响成本的最重要因素

描述影响成本的最决定性因素:

The most determinate factors affecting the cost are a) the distance from the farmsteads to the eroded areas and b) the time it takes to plant the seedlings; easily accessible areas vs difficult areas

5.1 气候

5.2 地形

说明该技术是否专门应用于:

• 不相关

5.3 土壤

如有可能，附上完整的土壤描述或具体说明可用的信息，例如土壤类型、土壤酸碱度、阳离子交换能力、氮、盐度等。:

Soil fertility is very low-low to medium
Soil drainage/infiltration is poor to medium
Soil water sotrage capacity is very low to medium

5.4 水资源可用性和质量

水的盐度有问题吗？:

否

该区域正在发生洪水吗？:

否

5.5 生物多样性

5.6 应用该技术的土地使用者的特征

说明土地使用者的其他有关特征:

Land users applying the Technology are mainly common / average land users

Population density: < 10 persons/km2

5.7 应用该技术的土地使用者使用的平均土地面积

5.8 土地所有权、土地使用权和水使用权

土地所有权:

• 州

土地使用权:

• 社区（有组织）

用水权:

• 自由进入（无组织）

土地使用权是否基于传统的法律制度？:

是

5.9 进入服务和基础设施的通道

6.1 该技术的现场影响

社会经济效应

水资源可用性和质量

其它社会经济效应

社会文化影响

生态影响

水循环/径流

土壤

生物多样性:植被、动物

减少气候和灾害风险

6.2 该技术的场外影响已经显现

6.3 技术对渐变气候以及与气候相关的极端情况/灾害的暴露和敏感性（土地使用者认为的极端情况/灾害）

渐变气候

渐变气候

	季节	增加或减少	该技术是如何应对的？
年温度		增加	好

气候有关的极端情况（灾害）

气象灾害

	该技术是如何应对的？
局地风暴	好

气候灾害

	该技术是如何应对的？
干旱	不好

水文灾害

	该技术是如何应对的？
比较和缓的（河道）洪水	好

其他气候相关的后果

其他气候相关的后果

	该技术是如何应对的？
缩短生长期	好

6.4 成本效益分析

技术收益与技术建立成本相比如何（从土地使用者的角度看）？

技术收益与技术维护成本/经常性成本相比如何（从土地使用者的角度看）？

6.5 技术采用

• 11-50%

在所有采用这项技术的人当中，有多少人是自发的，即未获得任何物质奖励/付款？:

• 0-10%

6.6 适应

最近是否对该技术进行了修改以适应不断变化的条件？:

是

其它（具体说明）:

climate

具体说明技术的适应性（设计、材料/品种等）:

using of local birch trees
freezing the seadlings (after planting the plants have some water to grow and they can't lose water through evaporation, start growing when the conditions are good for them) --> much better succes

6.7 该技术的优点/长处/机会

土地使用者眼中的长处/优势/机会
Trees are less vulnerable to ash falls after volcanic eruptions.
The astetic view of landscape is increasing.
The trees can store carbon.

编制者或其他关键资源人员认为的长处/优势/机会
Trees are less vulnerable to ash falls after volcanic eruptions.
The astetic view of landscape is increasing.
Native Icelandic plants are used.
The trees can store carbon.

6.8 技术的弱点/缺点/风险及其克服方法

土地使用者认为的弱点/缺点/风险	如何克服它们？
It covers land who could be used for other things (grazing).	Explain advantages of restore land and save it from wind erosion

编制者或其他关键资源人员认为的弱点/缺点/风险	如何克服它们？
The soil in certain locations must first be prepared.	Through land reclamation activities the soil can be improved. (fertilized and stabilized)

7.1 信息的方法/来源

7.3 链接到网络上的相关信息

标题/说明:

Webpage Soil Conservation Service of Iceland

URL:

https://land.is/english/