1.2 参与该技术评估和文件编制的资源人员和机构的联系方式

有助于对技术进行记录/评估的项目名称（如相关）

Sustainable Land Management Project, Bhutan (SLMP)

有助于对技术进行记录/评估的机构名称（如相关）

HELVETAS (Swiss Intercooperation)

有助于对技术进行记录/评估的机构名称（如相关）

Aga Khan Foundation (AKF) - 瑞士

有助于对技术进行记录/评估的机构名称（如相关）

Sustainable Land Management Institute Organistatio (Sustainable Land Management Institute Organistatio) - 阿富汗

1.3 关于使用通过WOCAT记录的数据的条件

编制者和关键资源人员接受有关使用通过WOCAT记录数据的条件。:

是

1.5 参考关于SLM方法（使用WOCAT记录的SLM方法）的调查问卷

2.1 技术简介

技术定义:

Earthen trenches with soil bunds built along contours in staggered design

2.2 技术的详细说明

说明:

The SCTs technology is documented by Sustainable Land Management Project/HELVETAS Swiss Intercooperation which is funded by Swiss Agency for Development and Cooperation (SDC), with close support and cooperation of the Agha Khan Foundation (AKF). The staggered Contour Trenches (SCTs) were constructed at a degraded site in Bamyan center (Bamyan province) by Agha Khan Foundation (AKF) project with financial support of the Canadian International Development Agency (CIDA).
Totally 1470 contour trenches were constructed at the site, which has an area of 24 hectares.
The size of each trench measured 10 m in length, 0.6 m in width and 0.5 m in depth. The trenches had soil bunds on the lower side having a width of 1 m and height of 0.3 m. Contour lines were prepared using an A-frame and lime and the spacing between two contour lines was 8 m considering the slope. All the trenches were dug out manually. Local people were employed for construction works. Along with the SCTs, other measures were applied such as plantation of fodder grass, shrub and non-fruit trees, gully plugs, water harvesting tanks and brushwood plugs. The area is excluded from grazing and shrub cutting.

The land was extensive grazing land before the project implementation and got extremely degraded due to a lack of management by the land users. There was rampant exploitation of natural vegetation for meeting domestic energy needs and for grazing. Droughts, which frequently occur in the region, contributed to the slow degradation of the vegetation.

Purpose of the Technology: The main purpose of the technology is to reduce flash flood risks and improve land productivity (both upstream and downstream) so that more fodder, fuel wood and fruits could be produced and farmers affected by flash floods could grow more crops. The technology, which is part of a watershed technology system, helps in retaining runoff and sediment and improves soil moisture content. It also helps in water infiltration which eventually contributes to improved ground water recharge.

Establishment / maintenance activities and inputs: SCTs were established in a step-wise manner; as follows: (1) Site surveying, (2) Site mapping, (3) Planning, (4) Marking contour lines with the help of an A-frame, and (5) Trench excavation and bund construction.

The establishment cost for staggered contour trenches, was about 15,500 USD or 645 USD/ha. Most of the money was spent on labour. There have been no expenses in maintenance of SCTs since their establishment in 2008.

Natural / human environment: The technology is applied in semi-arid condition as the area receives annual rainfall of about 400 mm to address land degradation. The site formally belonged to the state but the local communities have use rights. AKF is still maintaining the site and using it for training and demonstration purpose. Several exposure visits for SLM specialist, land users, students and teachers have been also organized at the site.

2.3 技术照片

2.5 已应用该技术的、本评估所涵盖的国家/地区/地点

2.6 实施日期

如果不知道确切的年份，请说明大概的日期:

• 不到10年前（最近）

2.7 技术介绍

详细说明该技术是如何引入的:

• 通过项目/外部干预

3.1 该技术的主要目的

• 改良生产
• 降低灾害风险

3.2 应用该技术的当前土地利用类型

注释:

Major land use problems (compiler’s opinion): Flash floods, gully/rill/sheet erosion, loss of natural vegetation and low productivity of the land due to degradation compounded by climatic factors.

Major land use problems (land users’ perception): Declining productivity of land resulting in shortages of fodder and fuel wood and loss of fertile land in the downstream areas due to flash floods.

Grazingland comments: The area is closed for livestock.

Future (final) land use (after implementation of SLM Technology): Forests / woodlands: Fp: Plantations, afforestations

Type of grazing system comments: The area is closed for livestock.

Number of growing seasons per year: 1

Longest growing period in days: 180; Longest growing period from month to month: April to September
Livestock density: 1-10 LU /km2

3.3 由于技术的实施，土地使用是否发生了变化？

3.5 该技术所属的SLM组

• 区域封闭（停止使用，支持恢复）
• 横坡措施
• 地下水管理

3.6 包含该技术的可持续土地管理措施

3.7 该技术强调的主要土地退化类型

注释:

Main causes of degradation: deforestation / removal of natural vegetation (incl. forest fires), over-exploitation of vegetation for domestic use, overgrazing

3.8 防止、减少或恢复土地退化

具体数量名该技术与土地退化有关的目标:

• 减少土地退化

4.1 该技术的技术图纸

4.2 有关投入和成本计算的一般信息

具体说明成本和投入是如何计算的:

• 每个技术区域

具体说明成本计算所用货币:

• 美元

4.3 技术建立活动

	活动	时间（季度）
1.	Digging of the contour trenches and construction of the soil bunds
2.	Marking contour lines (A frame and lime)

4.4 技术建立所需要的费用和投入

	对投入进行具体说明	单位	数量	单位成本	每项投入的总成本	土地使用者承担的成本%
劳动力	Digging of the contour trenches and construction of the soil bunds	persons/day/ha	100.0	6.43	643.0
设备	A frame and lime	ha	1.0	1.8	1.8
技术建立所需总成本					644.8
技术建立总成本，美元					644.8

注释:

Duration of establishment phase: 4 month(s)

4.5 维护/经常性活动

	活动	时间/频率
1.	No maintenance activities have been implemented for staggered contour trenches and soil bunds up to now.

4.7 影响成本的最重要因素

描述影响成本的最决定性因素:

Despite the application of the structural measure of the SCTs AKF is still continuing its financial support for the plantation of the area. Thus irrigation which is a costly activity is still continued by AKF's support. The planted saplings of fruit and non-fruit trees are irrigated for six months/year, i.e. from April to September. Water is carried to the site by tankers. Each month, 75 tankers are used and the cost of one tanker is 12 USD or 600 Afghani. In addition, 16 persons are employed for one time irrigation.

5.1 气候

5.2 地形

5.3 土壤

如有可能，附上完整的土壤描述或具体说明可用的信息，例如土壤类型、土壤酸碱度、阳离子交换能力、氮、盐度等。:

Soil fertility is very low - low

Soil drainage / infiltration is oor due to sealing

Soil water storage capacity is low

5.4 水资源可用性和质量

5.5 生物多样性

5.6 应用该技术的土地使用者的特征

说明土地使用者的其他有关特征:

Difference in the involvement of women and men: Mainly men were involved in the activities due to cultural reasons.

Population density: 10-50 persons/km2

Annual population growth: 3% - 4%

100% of the land users are average wealthy.

Off-farm income specification: This is more applicable for poor small landholders or landless families.

5.7 应用该技术的土地使用者使用的平均土地面积

5.8 土地所有权、土地使用权和水使用权

土地所有权:

• 州

土地使用权:

• 自由进入（无组织）

用水权:

• 自由进入（无组织）

注释:

Formally, state owned. The site is now protected from open grazing and shrub cutting with support from the local communities.

5.9 进入服务和基础设施的通道

6.1 该技术的现场影响

社会经济效应

生产

水资源可用性和质量

收入和成本

社会文化影响

生态影响

水循环/径流

土壤

生物多样性:植被、动物

减少气候和灾害风险

6.2 该技术的场外影响已经显现

6.3 技术对渐变气候以及与气候相关的极端情况/灾害的暴露和敏感性（土地使用者认为的极端情况/灾害）

渐变气候

渐变气候

	季节	增加或减少	该技术是如何应对的？
年温度		增加	好

气候有关的极端情况（灾害）

气象灾害

	该技术是如何应对的？
局地风暴	好

气候灾害

	该技术是如何应对的？
干旱	好

水文灾害

	该技术是如何应对的？
比较和缓的（河道）洪水	不好

其他气候相关的后果

其他气候相关的后果

	该技术是如何应对的？
缩短生长期	好

注释:

SCT must be combined with vegetation and management measures

6.4 成本效益分析

技术收益与技术建立成本相比如何（从土地使用者的角度看）？

技术收益与技术维护成本/经常性成本相比如何（从土地使用者的角度看）？

注释:

The benefits stated are the combined impacts of all measures-structural, vegetative and management. SCTs have helped in the establishment of vegetative measures by contributing to increased soil moisture, reduced runoff and soil loss.

6.5 技术采用

在所有采用这项技术的人当中，有多少人是自发的，即未获得任何物质奖励/付款？:

• 0-10%

注释:

Comments on acceptance with external material support: The whole project activities were implemented by external supports

There is no trend towards spontaneous adoption of the Technology

Comments on adoption trend: As the implementation of a watershed project requires high costs and investments which can not be affordable for the individual land users.

6.7 该技术的优点/长处/机会

土地使用者眼中的长处/优势/机会
The land users views were not considered.

编制者或其他关键资源人员认为的长处/优势/机会
Helps in reducing flash flood risks due to less runoff How can they be sustained / enhanced? Proper institutional mechanisms, involving the government, non-government and community institutions should be developed for sustaining project activities. Department of Agriculture, Irrigation and Livestock DAIL; (Bamyan) should take lead
Conserves soil and enhances soil cover and fertility leading to more on-site production How can they be sustained / enhanced? Vegetative measures should be strengthened
Complements re-greening efforts by reducing erosion and conserving moisture
The quality of contour trenches and soil bunds are very good and maintenance costs negligible
The site is used for demonstration, training and exposure visits

6.8 技术的弱点/缺点/风险及其克服方法

编制者或其他关键资源人员认为的弱点/缺点/风险	如何克服它们？
Establishment costs are very high	Voluntary community contributions, if they have an active stake in the project, would reduce the costs, otherwise, there has to be external support at least for the establishment phase
Loss of land for production	Planting suitable plants inside the trenches and along soil bunds
Requires high level of technical knowledge for establishment	Practical training for the target groups

7.1 信息的方法/来源