1.2 参与该技术评估和文件编制的资源人员和机构的联系方式

有助于对技术进行记录/评估的项目名称（如相关）

Interactive Soil Quality assessment in Europe and China for Agricultural productivity and Environmental Resilience (EU-iSQAPER)

有助于对技术进行记录/评估的机构名称（如相关）

Agrochesmistry and Environment Department, University Miguel Hernandez (UMH) - 西班牙

1.3 关于使用通过WOCAT记录的数据的条件

编制者和关键资源人员接受有关使用通过WOCAT记录数据的条件。:

是

1.4 所述技术的可持续性声明

这里所描述的技术在土地退化方面是否存在问题，导致无法被认为是一种可持续的土地管理技术？:

否

2.1 技术简介

技术定义:

The land user applies organic amendment located in a dripper point. Sheep manure is applied every year in holes under the foot of every lemon tree. The holes are dug with a shovel.

2.2 技术的详细说明

说明:

Natural / human environment: This SLM technology was established in land under sustainable agricultural in the region of the Vega Baja del Segura (Spain). The region under study is the most southerly county within the Valencian Community (Comunidad Valenciana). Our study site focuses on the province of Alicante. The county is Vega Baja del Segura, which has a total area of 957.73 km2. The county of Vega Baja de Segura covers the region from Orihuela to the mouth of the Segura, where it meets the Mediterranean Sea in Guardamar del Segura (Alicante). Agricultural production in this county is of a very high quality and is intensely competitive. Despite this, the region’s traditional agriculture industry is nonetheless being overtaken by other sectors, with the scarcity of water emerging as a key factor in this shift. Currently, 67% of the arable area relies on irrigation systems. In this area, small holdings yield the majority of the agricultural production: 76% of agricultural estates cover less than five hectares. The main cultivation, in terms of area, is in trees (22,900 ha). Citrus trees (lemon, orange, and mandarin) are the main trees grown in the area (INE, 2009).

Purpose of the Technology: Initially, the main objective of the land user applying the technology was to improve the soils and crop production in his fields by promoting sustainable agricultural management in the Vega Baja region. The previous use of land was conventional with inorganic fertilization and intensive ploughing. The land user had to convert the conventional lemon tree orchard to organic farming with more sustainable practices. The initial investment was very high and he needed nearly 7 years to get certified in Eco-certification and labelling by the Comité de Agricultura Ecológica de la Comunidad Valenciana.

The land user makes all kind of innovative practices to improve soil fertility and crop production; the most pioneering initiative was to apply organic amendment located in dripper points. Organic certified sheep manure is applied every year in September in holes under the foot of every lemon tree. The following year, the position of the hole is moved around the tree. The holes are dug with a shovel; each hole is 0.4 m wide and 0.2 m deep. The eco-certificate sheep manure is bought from sheep holders. The sheep manure is composed of NPK (2.9; 1.8; 2.4%) with a C/N ratio of 8.8. The organic matter content is 44.5% and the moisture value is 53.8%. The irrigation is by drippers and it includes fertilizers in it. The land user is controlling the fertirrigation dose, changing the amount depending on the nutritional state of the orchard and climatological conditions. As part of the organic agriculture, the weed is not removed anymore. Pest control is done by biological methods: fly adhesive traps, pheromones moths traps, Bacillus thuringiensis solution sprayed, paraffin oil and copper sulphate applied by drip irrigation. The pruning remains are kept on the soil surface as a mulching.

The major benefit is an enhancement of the soil organic content in the long term. There is also an improvement of the orchard productivity. The lemon trees become less prone to diseases and pests. The major disadvantage is the high costs at the beginning to change from conventional to organic and to get the Eco-certificate.

2.3 技术照片

2.4 技术视频

2.5 已应用该技术的、本评估所涵盖的国家/地区/地点

2.6 实施日期

注明实施年份:

2014

2.7 技术介绍

详细说明该技术是如何引入的:

• 通过土地使用者的创新

3.1 该技术的主要目的

• 改良生产
• 减少、预防、恢复土地退化
• 保护生态系统
• 保持/提高生物多样性
• 创造有益的经济影响
• 创造有益的社会影响

3.2 应用该技术的当前土地利用类型

3.4 供水

该技术所应用土地的供水:

• 充分灌溉

3.5 该技术所属的SLM组

• 土壤肥力综合管理

3.6 包含该技术的可持续土地管理措施

3.7 该技术强调的主要土地退化类型

3.8 防止、减少或恢复土地退化

具体数量名该技术与土地退化有关的目标:

• 防止土地退化
• 减少土地退化

4.1 该技术的技术图纸

4.2 有关投入和成本计算的一般信息

具体说明成本和投入是如何计算的:

• 每个技术区域

其它/国家货币（具体说明）:

Euro

如相关，注明美元与当地货币的汇率（例如1美元=79.9巴西雷亚尔）：1美元=:

0.944508

4.5 维护/经常性活动

	活动	时间/频率
1.	Digging hole	September
2.	Organic amendment	September
3.	Irrigation	all year
4.	Biological control	all year
5.	Fertirrigation	All year, except autumn and winter
6.	Pruning material left on soil surface	May, July and August

4.6 维护/经常性活动所需要的费用和投入（每年）

	对投入进行具体说明	单位	数量	单位成本	每项投入的总成本	土地使用者承担的成本%
劳动力	Organic amendment	person/hour	5.0	6.0	30.0	100.0
劳动力	Pruning	person/hour	100.0	6.0	600.0	100.0
劳动力	Fertirrigation	person/hour	100.0	6.0	600.0	100.0
劳动力	Biological control	person/hour	30.0	10.0	300.0	100.0
设备	Tractor with trailer (hire per day)	piece	2.0	30.0	60.0	100.0
肥料和杀菌剂	Organic amendment	kg	1200.0	30.0	36000.0	100.0
肥料和杀菌剂	Fertirrigation	Litres	1400.0	8.0	11200.0	100.0
肥料和杀菌剂	Bacillus thuringiensis	Kg	60.0	20.0	1200.0	100.0
肥料和杀菌剂	Copper sulphate solution	Kg	5.0	30.0	150.0	100.0
肥料和杀菌剂	Paraffin oil	Litres	10.0	30.0	300.0	100.0
肥料和杀菌剂	Adhesive trap	piece	100.0	10.0	1000.0	100.0
肥料和杀菌剂	Pheromone trap	piece	10.0	40.0	400.0	100.0
技术维护所需总成本					51840.0
技术维护总成本，美元					54885.72

注释:

The price of sheep manure is so high because he has to buy it from eco-certified sheep holders.

4.7 影响成本的最重要因素

描述影响成本的最决定性因素:

The pests, and the loss of product caused by unexpected weather.

5.1 气候

5.2 地形

说明该技术是否专门应用于:

• 不相关

5.3 土壤

5.4 水资源可用性和质量

水的盐度有问题吗？:

否

该区域正在发生洪水吗？:

否

5.5 生物多样性

5.6 应用该技术的土地使用者的特征

5.7 应用该技术的土地使用者使用的平均土地面积

5.8 土地所有权、土地使用权和水使用权

土地所有权:

• 个人，未命名

土地使用权:

• 租赁

用水权:

• 社区（有组织）

5.9 进入服务和基础设施的通道

6.1 该技术的现场影响

社会经济效应

生产

水资源可用性和质量

收入和成本

社会文化影响

生态影响

水循环/径流

土壤

生物多样性:植被、动物

减少气候和灾害风险

6.2 该技术的场外影响已经显现

6.3 技术对渐变气候以及与气候相关的极端情况/灾害的暴露和敏感性（土地使用者认为的极端情况/灾害）

渐变气候

渐变气候

	季节	增加或减少	该技术是如何应对的？
年温度		增加	好
季节性温度	夏季	增加	好
年降雨量		减少	好
季雨量	湿季/雨季	增加	非常好

气候有关的极端情况（灾害）

气候灾害

	该技术是如何应对的？
干旱	好

水文灾害

	该技术是如何应对的？
山洪暴发	好
滑坡	非常好

生物灾害

	该技术是如何应对的？
昆虫/蠕虫侵扰	好

6.4 成本效益分析

技术收益与技术建立成本相比如何（从土地使用者的角度看）？

技术收益与技术维护成本/经常性成本相比如何（从土地使用者的角度看）？

注释:

The land user had problems to cope with the money input to establish the SLM technology at the beginning of the process, but he believes that in 10 years the perspective will be better and he will recover the money spent at the beginning.

6.5 技术采用

• 1-10%

在所有采用这项技术的人当中，有多少人是自发的，即未获得任何物质奖励/付款？:

• 91-100%

6.6 适应

最近是否对该技术进行了修改以适应不断变化的条件？:

是

若是，说明它适应了哪些变化的条件:

• 气候变化/极端气候

具体说明技术的适应性（设计、材料/品种等）:

The dose of manure application was modified regarding the climatological conditions.

6.7 该技术的优点/长处/机会

土地使用者眼中的长处/优势/机会
Reduction of soil degradation
Enhacement of soil fertility

编制者或其他关键资源人员认为的长处/优势/机会
Improvement in crop production
Contribution towards a better social acknowledgment of the sustainable farming

6.8 技术的弱点/缺点/风险及其克服方法

土地使用者认为的弱点/缺点/风险	如何克服它们？
The high dependency on climatological conditions	Pay special attention in soil structure
Strict control of organic amendment input with exhaustive verifications and monitoring of the sheep manure	Improve verification process.

编制者或其他关键资源人员认为的弱点/缺点/风险	如何克服它们？
Short response time to the weather risk or plagues	Daily monitoring of crop and soil response.

7.1 信息的方法/来源

7.2 参考可用出版物

标题、作者、年份、ISBN:

no

7.3 链接到网络上的相关信息

标题/说明:

Citrisol S.Coop (farmers association)

URL:

http://citrisol.es/