1.2 参与该技术评估和文件编制的资源人员和机构的联系方式

有助于对技术进行记录/评估的项目名称（如相关）

GIZ Support to De-bushing Project

有助于对技术进行记录/评估的项目名称（如相关）

Book project: Guidelines to Rangeland Management in Sub-Saharan Africa (Rangeland Management)

有助于对技术进行记录/评估的机构名称（如相关）

Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ)

1.3 关于使用通过WOCAT记录的数据的条件

编制者和关键资源人员接受有关使用通过WOCAT记录数据的条件。:

是

1.4 所述技术的可持续性声明

这里所描述的技术在土地退化方面是否存在问题，导致无法被认为是一种可持续的土地管理技术？:

否

注释:

The technology described is a means to rehabilitate degraded rangeland. Through targeted harvesting of bushes, the bush density is reduced, allowing for better growth of grass.

2.1 技术简介

技术定义:

In Namibia, excess bush is harvested to reduce competition with other plants, especially grasses. Bush can be thinned manually (e.g. with axes), semi-mechanised (e.g. chainsaws) or fully mechanised (e.g. customised equipment). After cutting, the bush is left to dry and then processed into chips or other products.

2.2 技术的详细说明

说明:

Bush thinning is carried out in Namibia to restore degraded rangeland by stimulating the re-growth of grasses – which are suppressed by excess bush. About 30-45 million hectares are affected by bush encroachment, and this affects biodiversity, groundwater recharge and the carrying capacity of rangeland. There are many causes of bush encroachment, including overgrazing and reduced frequency of wildfires. Most bush encroachment involves indigenous, rather than invasive, species.
While natural transitions in the ecosystems may lead to reductions in bush encroachment, active rehabilitation measures are required for the short-term improvements. This is an absolute necessity for many farmers, who experience severe economic difficulties due to the reduced productivity of their rangeland.
Bush control comprises responsive measures (bush thinning), follow-up measures (aftercare) as well as preventative measures (good rangeland management). Since vast areas of Namibian rangeland are heavily encroached by bush, the focus is currently on bush thinning. This entails selective harvesting of bush. To determine the density of bush remaining after thinning, a formula based on tree equivalent (TE) and average annual rainfall is used. One TE is defined as a woody tree or bush of 1.5 metres in height.
As rule of thumb for attaining optimal bush density, about 30-35% of encroacher biomass should be removed. This is based on research carried out mainly in South Africa, measuring and comparing the re-growth after bush removal. Where too much bush was removed, this often resulted in even heavier encroachment.
Bush thinning follows strict environmental guidelines set by the Directorate of Forestry (DoF) through the Forestry Act and the Directorate of Environmental Affairs (DEA) through the Environmental Management Act. This governs the equipment used (to avoid soil disturbance) and the amount of bushes harvested (to achieve a healthy number of the desired bush species). The amount of bushes to be harvested is determined by an expert and depends on various factors.
While there is a lack of precise knowledge on the long-term effect of bush thinning, there is no doubt that control has an overall positive effect on the savannah ecosystem in Namibia. The need is widely recognised among land owners and acknowledged on the national political agenda.
To render bush thinning economically feasible, value chains have been developed. Through processing and utilisation of the woody biomass, income can be generated. Processed bush biomass can, for example in the form of chips, can be used for thermal and electrical energy applications (e.g. local biomass power plants or biomass boilers for industry). Currently two such energy installations exist in Namibia, one at a local brewery and one at a local cement factory. In addition, the national power utility NamPower currently considers the construction of a 20-40 MW biomass power plant.
Other existing value chains include the production of charcoal, firewood, poles, as well as bush -based animal feed. Further value chains under consideration include composite materials, such as wood-plastic, as well as biochar.
Scientific observations have shown, that bush thinning requires regular follow-up. These measures (“aftercare”) include the prevention of coppicing and re-growth. This can be achieved by applying aboricides selectively to the cut stems, stem fires or the introduction of browsers (e.g. goats). Research on the effectiveness and possible side effects of each of these methods is limited.
A major challenge is the limited suitability of available machines. The process leads to high wear and tear on the equipment (both harvesting and processing technology, (like chippers and pelletisers), often rendering operations unprofitable. Research into, and development of, more suitable machinery is necessary. Other requirements are improved skills training and continuous monitoring of the long-term effects on rangeland.

2.3 技术照片

2.4 技术视频

2.5 已应用该技术的、本评估所涵盖的国家/地区/地点

2.6 实施日期

注明实施年份:

2015

2.7 技术介绍

详细说明该技术是如何引入的:

• 通过土地使用者的创新
• 在实验/研究期间
• 通过项目/外部干预

注释（项目类型等）:

Since the 1950s the phenomenon of bush encroachment has been recognised by farmers in Namibia and counter measures have been implemented over the decades. The technologies applied largely relied on the means and innovative capabilities of the respective land owner. Only as of 2014, through the introduciton of a national Support to De-bushing Project, are technologies systematically researched and tested in the field.

3.1 该技术的主要目的

• 改良生产
• 减少、预防、恢复土地退化
• 保护生态系统
• 保持/提高生物多样性
• 创造有益的经济影响

3.2 应用该技术的当前土地利用类型

注释:

Main animal species and products: Cattle, goats, game

Namibia is characterised by large commercial cattle farms. Du to its aridity the land is largely unsuitable for crop farming, with exceptions in high-rainfall areas such as the Grootfontein, Tsumeb, Otavi triangle.

The Northern parts of Namibia are managed as communal land, where farmers have lease holds for their land. In these areas a combination of millet production and cattle herding is common.

Number of growing seasons per year: 1
Livestock density: 284 000 in targeted area (105460km2) of bush thinning (Otjozondjupa region).

3.3 由于技术的实施，土地使用是否发生了变化？

由于技术的实施，土地使用是否发生了变化？:

• 是（请在技术实施前填写以下有关土地利用的问题）

注释:

The implementation of bush thinning allows to maintain the land use (e.g. cattle ranching) and is typically applied to increase productivity in the long-term.

3.4 供水

该技术所应用土地的供水:

• 雨养

3.5 该技术所属的SLM组

• 畜牧业和牧场管理
• 改良的地面/植被覆盖

3.6 包含该技术的可持续土地管理措施

3.7 该技术强调的主要土地退化类型

3.8 防止、减少或恢复土地退化

具体数量名该技术与土地退化有关的目标:

• 防止土地退化
• 修复/恢复严重退化的土地

4.1 该技术的技术图纸

4.2 有关投入和成本计算的一般信息

具体说明成本和投入是如何计算的:

• 每个技术区域

其它/国家货币（具体说明）:

Namibia Dollar (NAD)

如相关，注明美元与当地货币的汇率（例如1美元=79.9巴西雷亚尔）：1美元=:

0.078

4.3 技术建立活动

	活动	时间（季度）
1.	Bush harvesting/felling	Year around
2.	Stacking (and drying)	Year around
3.	Feeding the chipping operation	Year around
4.	Transport	Year around

注释:

The restorative measure includes bush harvesting/felling as well as aftercare measures. Additional activities include the processing (e.g. into chips) and transport of the woody material off the farm/land.

4.4 技术建立所需要的费用和投入

	对投入进行具体说明	单位	数量	单位成本	每项投入的总成本	土地使用者承担的成本%
劳动力	1 x Mechanic	person days	0.2	2000.0	400.0
劳动力	4 x Operators	person days	0.8	300.0	240.0
劳动力	1 x Operation manager chipping	person days	0.2	1000.0	200.0
劳动力	1 x Chipping operator	person days	2.0	150.0	300.0
设备	1 x 12t Excavator	pieces	1.0	120.0	120.0
设备	2 x Hydraulic grab and shearing attachments	pieces	2.0	60.0	120.0
设备	2 x Three wheel loggers	pieces	2.0	180.0	360.0
设备	1 x Chipper	pieces	1.0	840.0	840.0
其它	Management and administration overhead	lump sum	1.0	200.0	200.0
其它						12.0
技术建立所需总成本					2780.0
技术建立总成本，美元					35641.03

注释:

Cost of bush harvesting can be calculated per hectare (e.g. land owner's perspective) or per tonne (in fuel supply agreements with off-takers). All given costs are approximations, as costs vary widely depending on the local framework conditions on a given piece of land. Typically the costs to harvest and process bush on one hectare range from 2,000 NAD to 4,000 NAD.

4.5 维护/经常性活动

	活动	时间/频率
1.	Aftercare	Annually

注释:

When land is thinned it creates a vacuum in which weeds and woody plants (sometimes more aggressive colonisers than the original encroacher species) will quickly establish themselves. Regular aftercare needs to be applied in order to prevent the excessive re-growth of bush (and therewith new degradation of the land). Various methods are in use to manage the re-growth of bush following harvesting. These include selective application of arboricides, stem burning, and intensive browsing by goats or antelopes.

The more sustainable the bush harvesting itself has taken place, importantly not completely clearing larger areas of vegetation, the less likely is agressive re-growth of bush. In all bush thinning exercises it is important to leave larger bushes and trees untouched and to start by removing the smaller, less established bushes. In addition, not only individual larger bushes must be left standing, but also islands/patches of bushes, which fulfill important ecosystem services, e.g. habitat for animals.

4.6 维护/经常性活动所需要的费用和投入（每年）

如果您无法分解上表中的成本，请估算维护该技术所需要的总成本。:

500.0

注释:

Commonly aftercare is applied in form of manual application of herbicides to the cut stems, in order to prevent re-growth of the bushes.

4.7 影响成本的最重要因素

描述影响成本的最决定性因素:

(1) Investment in machinery (if not applied manually).
(2) Maintenance of machinery (high wear and tear due to hardness of wood and high mineral content).
(3) Remoteness of farms/land from buyers/markets.

5.1 气候

5.2 地形

说明该技术是否专门应用于:

• 不相关

5.3 土壤

5.4 水资源可用性和质量

水的盐度有问题吗？:

否

该区域正在发生洪水吗？:

否

5.5 生物多样性

5.6 应用该技术的土地使用者的特征

5.7 应用该技术的土地使用者使用的平均土地面积

5.8 土地所有权、土地使用权和水使用权

土地所有权:

• 个人，有命名

土地使用权:

• 个人

用水权:

• 个人

5.9 进入服务和基础设施的通道

6.1 该技术的现场影响

社会经济效应

生产

水资源可用性和质量

收入和成本

生态影响

生物多样性:植被、动物

6.3 技术对渐变气候以及与气候相关的极端情况/灾害的暴露和敏感性（土地使用者认为的极端情况/灾害）

渐变气候

渐变气候

	季节	增加或减少	该技术是如何应对的？
年降雨量		减少	不好

气候有关的极端情况（灾害）

气候灾害

	该技术是如何应对的？
干旱	非常不好

注释:

Despite only limited research exists, long periods of drought that the country has recently faced, are credited to climate change. Drought intensifies the challenge for farmers, as already degraded rangeland has limited capacity to recover in the absence of rain. The technology of bush thinning itself has limited effect if no rain follows the removal of bushes.

6.4 成本效益分析

技术收益与技术建立成本相比如何（从土地使用者的角度看）？

技术收益与技术维护成本/经常性成本相比如何（从土地使用者的角度看）？

注释:

Bush thinned land takes 3-5 years to fully recover its productive grass layer, thus direct economic benefits are only experienced with a delay.

6.5 技术采用

• 单例/实验

如若可行，进行量化（住户数量和/或覆盖面积）:

120'000 hectares are bush thinned per year in Namibia; figures on the increase

在所有采用这项技术的人当中，有多少人是自发的，即未获得任何物质奖励/付款？:

• 51-90%

注释:

Farmers largely implement bush control on their own initiative; increasingly value chains are being developed and dedicated service providers offer bush control.

6.6 适应

最近是否对该技术进行了修改以适应不断变化的条件？:

是

若是，说明它适应了哪些变化的条件:

• 不断变化的市场

具体说明技术的适应性（设计、材料/品种等）:

Increasingly bush harvesting is carried out with mechanised means, aiming at large scale production for large biomass off-takers, both in the country and internationally.

6.7 该技术的优点/长处/机会

土地使用者眼中的长处/优势/机会
Effective measure against bush encroachment
Costs can be balanced with additional income through the sale of the biomass/biomass based products

编制者或其他关键资源人员认为的长处/优势/机会
Apart from the main purpose of rehabilitating rangeland, bush control has various side benefits, such as employment creation and industrialisation.
Bush control and biomass utilisation can contribute to energy security in the country.
The available range of technologies (from manual to fully mechanised) allows to develop viable concept for all types of land/land ownership scenarios.

6.8 技术的弱点/缺点/风险及其克服方法

土地使用者认为的弱点/缺点/风险	如何克服它们？
High initial costs involved.	Development of dedicated financial products.
Possible negative consequences, such as more aggressive re-growth of species.	Increased knowledge dissemination, skills development and mentorship programmes.

编制者或其他关键资源人员认为的弱点/缺点/风险	如何克服它们？
Necessity of cross-sector collaboration, e.g. agriculture, forestry, environment, industry, energy and resulting complexity.	Introduction of effective steering body on national level.
Challenges to sustain operations in communal areas/on land that is not owned by individuals.	Development of concepts for community based projects and cooperation with relevant regional authorities and decision making bodies (e.g. Regional Councils, Conservancies).

7.1 信息的方法/来源

7.2 参考可用出版物

标题、作者、年份、ISBN:

Baseline Assessment for De-bushing Programme in Namibia (2014)

可以从哪里获得?成本如何?

GIZ Support to De-bushing Project, www.dasnamibia.org/downloads

标题、作者、年份、ISBN:

Demand Survey for the implementation of a De-bushing Advisory Service (2015)

可以从哪里获得?成本如何?

GIZ Support to De-bushing Project, www.dasnamibia.org/downloads

标题、作者、年份、ISBN:

Value Added user-opportunities for encroacher bush (2015)

可以从哪里获得?成本如何?

GIZ Support to De-bushing Project, www.dasnamibia.org/downloads

标题、作者、年份、ISBN:

Compendium of harvesting technologies for encroacher bush (2015)

可以从哪里获得?成本如何?

GIZ Support to De-bushing Project, www.dasnamibia.org/downloads

标题、作者、年份、ISBN:

Assessment of biomass resource and potential yield in Namibia (2015)

可以从哪里获得?成本如何?

GIZ Support to De-bushing Project, www.dasnamibia.org/downloads

标题、作者、年份、ISBN:

Strategic Environmental Assessment (SEA) on bush thinning and biomass utilisation (2015)

可以从哪里获得?成本如何?

GIZ Support to De-bushing Project, www.dasnamibia.org/downloads

标题、作者、年份、ISBN:

Assesment of financial products and incentive schemes for bush harvesting and value addition (2015)

可以从哪里获得?成本如何?

GIZ Support to De-bushing Project, www.dasnamibia.org/downloads

标题、作者、年份、ISBN:

Environmental and forestry bush harvesting guidelines and generic Environmental Management Plan (2016)

可以从哪里获得?成本如何?

GIZ Support to De-bushing Project, www.dasnamibia.org/downloads

标题、作者、年份、ISBN:

Regional assessment of the economics of land degradation related to bush encroachment in Otjozondjupa, Namibia

可以从哪里获得?成本如何?

GIZ Support to De-bushing Project, www.dasnamibia.org/downloads

7.3 链接到网络上的相关信息

标题/说明:

De-bushing Advisory Service (DAS) Namibia, Resource Section

URL:

www.dasnamibia.org/downloads

标题/说明:

Namibia Biomass Industry Group (N-BiG)

URL:

www.n-big.org

标题/说明:

Videos

URL:

https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCwCICCfwf0SdVBqg2ZcAcKA

标题/说明:

Namibia Charcoal Association (NCA)

URL:

www.ncanamibia.com