1.2 参与该技术评估和文件编制的资源人员和机构的联系方式

有助于对技术进行记录/评估的项目名称（如相关）

Scaling-up SLM practices by smallholder farmers (IFAD)

有助于对技术进行记录/评估的机构名称（如相关）

National Agricultural Research Organisation (NARO) - 乌干达

1.3 关于使用通过WOCAT记录的数据的条件

（现场）数据是什么时候汇编的？:

14/10/2017

编制者和关键资源人员接受有关使用通过WOCAT记录数据的条件。:

是

1.4 所述技术的可持续性声明

这里所描述的技术在土地退化方面是否存在问题，导致无法被认为是一种可持续的土地管理技术？:

否

注释:

If the technology is well practiced, it promotes soil and water conservation in a cocoa plantation.

2.1 技术简介

技术定义:

Trenches commonly referred to as contour trenches and running perpendicular to a slope increase water infiltration and reduce soil erosion as a way of conserving soil.

2.2 技术的详细说明

说明:

Farmers today face a lot of problems in practicing agriculture and one of them is soil erosion. In hilly areas like Bundibugyo, soil and water runoff is reported to be of paramount importance to farmers growing cocoa on steep slopes. To counteract the problems associated with such cultivation farmers have come up with a strategy of constructing contour trenches. Contour trenches are dug structures, perpendicular to the slopeline, of a certain depth and width in a field of any kind. In this way runoff soil, together with run-off water is caught in such structures and thereby, kept on the field.

In this plantation, the technology reduces water runoff, increases water infiltration and also improves soil fertility. As reported by a cocoa farmer, trenches should be dug in dry season. The numbers of trenches in the plantation depends on the size and the slope of the land. Normally in an acre, 10-15 trenches can be constructed. On establishment of these trenches in hilly area, they are 1m deep, 0.5m wide and 30m long on average along horizontal contour lines. Necessary materials to construct these trenches include a measuring tape, ropes, spades, and hoes.

The soils can be stabilized such that they are not washed into the trenches again. Some grasses are therefore planted on the sides of the trenches. After allocating suitable places for trenches, labour is locally available. However, some farmers who grow cocoa don’t want to dig trenches because it is laborious and requires larger land sizes.

Management is relatively cheaper as it only involves, emptying the trenches periodically.

2.3 技术照片

2.4 技术视频

2.5 已应用该技术的、本评估所涵盖的国家/地区/地点

2.6 实施日期

如果不知道确切的年份，请说明大概的日期:

• 50多年前（传统）

2.7 技术介绍

详细说明该技术是如何引入的:

• 作为传统系统的一部分（> 50 年）

3.1 该技术的主要目的

• 改良生产
• 减少、预防、恢复土地退化
• 降低灾害风险
• 适应气候变化/极端天气及其影响

3.2 应用该技术的当前土地利用类型

注释:

In hilly areas, trenches are dug to reduce the speed of running water. This is a way of maintaining soil fertility by keeping water and soil in the field.

3.3 有关土地利用的更多信息

该技术所应用土地的供水:

• 雨养

注释:

The area receives much rainfall of over 1500mm-2500mm. Being a hilly area, there is a lot of soil erosion.

每年的生长季节数:

• 2

具体说明:

March and August

3.4 该技术所属的SLM组

• 改良的地面/植被覆盖
• 土壤肥力综合管理
• 集水

3.5 技术传播

具体说明该技术的分布:

• 均匀地分布在一个区域

如果该技术均匀地分布在一个区域上，请注明覆盖的大致区域。:

• 0.1-1 平方千米

3.6 包含该技术的可持续土地管理措施

3.7 该技术强调的主要土地退化类型

3.8 防止、减少或恢复土地退化

具体数量名该技术与土地退化有关的目标:

• 防止土地退化
• 减少土地退化

4.1 该技术的技术图纸

4.2 技术规范/技术图纸说明

Trenches are normally established during the dry season on small pieces of land usually an 1 acre.
Slopes range from 16 -30 % in areas with high rainfall. The dimension of the trenches are 1m deep, 0.5m wide and 30m long.

4.3 有关投入和成本计算的一般信息

具体说明成本和投入是如何计算的:

• 每个技术区域

注明美元与当地货币的汇率(如相关):1美元=:

3600.0

4.4 技术建立活动

	活动	措施类型	时间
1.	Identify areas which are prone to soil erosion	其它措施	During dry seosons and after strong rains
2.	Get tools and labour	其它措施	During dry seseons
3.	Define the size of the trench	管理	In dry seseons
4.	Dig standard trenches (30m) long	结构性的	In dry seseon
5.	Remove soil that has been washed into the trenches	管理	After strong rains

注释:

Establishment activities are mostly done by family labour or hired labour.

4.5 技术建立所需要的费用和投入

	对投入进行具体说明	单位	数量	单位成本	每项投入的总成本	土地使用者承担的成本%
劳动力	Digging trenches	persons	15.0	10000.0	150000.0	100.0
设备	Hiring a hoe	piece	1.0	1000.0	1000.0	100.0
设备	Hiring a slasher	piece	1.0	1000.0	1000.0	100.0
设备	Hiring a spade	piece	1.0	1000.0	1000.0	100.0
设备	Hiring a wheel barrow	piece	1.0	10000.0	10000.0	100.0
技术建立所需总成本					163000.0

如果土地使用者负担的费用少于100%，请注明由谁负担其余费用:

All costs are covered by the land user.

注释:

The initial costs are cost-efficient compared to returns. Planting materials like elephant grass planted on the downslope sides of the trenches can be obtained freely.
Total costs for establishing trenches are slightly expensive. However, maintenance costs are comparatively low.

4.6 维护/经常性活动

	活动	措施类型	时间/频率
1.	Clearing trenches after long rains	管理	Every after heavy rains

注释:

Most of these management activities are done after strong rains.

4.7 维护/经常性活动所需要的费用和投入（每年）

	对投入进行具体说明	单位	数量	单位成本	每项投入的总成本	土地使用者承担的成本%
劳动力	Clearing trenches after rains	Man day	15.0	10000.0	150000.0	100.0
技术维护所需总成本					150000.0

注释:

This cost is estimated but could even be less. This makes the technology easily adopted by all cocoa farmers in hilly areas.

4.8 影响成本的最重要因素

描述影响成本的最决定性因素:

Labour as some farmers cannot meet all costs.

5.1 气候

5.2 地形

5.3 土壤

5.4 水资源可用性和质量

水的盐度有问题吗？:

否

该区域正在发生洪水吗？:

否

5.5 生物多样性

5.6 应用该技术的土地使用者的特征

5.7 应用该技术的土地使用者拥有或租用的平均土地面积

5.8 土地所有权、土地使用权和水使用权

土地所有权:

• 个人，未命名

土地使用权:

• 个人

用水权:

• 个人

5.9 进入服务和基础设施的通道

6.1 该技术的现场影响

社会经济效应

生产

收入和成本

生态影响

水循环/径流

减少气候和灾害风险

6.2 该技术的场外影响已经显现

6.3 技术对渐变气候以及与气候相关的极端情况/灾害的暴露和敏感性（土地使用者认为的极端情况/灾害）

气候有关的极端情况（灾害）

水文灾害

	该技术是如何应对的？
山洪暴发	非常好

生物灾害

	该技术是如何应对的？
流行病	适度

6.4 成本效益分析

技术收益与技术建立成本相比如何（从土地使用者的角度看）？

技术收益与技术维护成本/经常性成本相比如何（从土地使用者的角度看）？

注释:

Maintenance costs of the trenches are comparatively low.

6.5 技术采用

• 大于 50%

在所有采用这项技术的人当中，有多少人是自发地采用该技术，即未获得任何物质奖励/付款？:

• 90-100%

6.6 适应

最近是否对该技术进行了修改以适应不断变化的条件？:

是

若是，说明它适应了哪些变化的条件:

• 气候变化/极端气候

具体说明技术的适应性（设计、材料/品种等）:

Making more trenches in the cocoa growing areas.

6.7 该技术的优点/长处/机会

土地使用者眼中的长处/优势/机会
Improve on production in areas where technology is applied
Restore land degraded
Improves on soil fertility

编制者或其他关键资源人员认为的长处/优势/机会
Restores degraded land at a lower costs
Improves livelihood among farmers
With trenches, the soils are always moist providing suitable conditions for the growth of the crop

6.8 技术的弱点/缺点/风险及其克服方法

土地使用者认为的弱点/缺点/风险	如何克服它们？
Establishing trenches is expensive	Involve group work
Sometimes making trenches is tiresome hence it may be difficult for ladies to do	Involving hired labour

编制者或其他关键资源人员认为的弱点/缺点/风险	如何克服它们？
Requires much labor for making trenches	Involve hired labour
Trenches alone cannot solve soil degradation	Apply grasses along the trenches like calliandra and elephant grass among others
Trenches are always filled up with soil during water run off hence making it expensive to clear all the time	Always make deeper and wider trenches that can accomodate big volumes of sediments and water

7.1 信息的方法/来源

7.2 参考可用出版物

标题、作者、年份、ISBN:

Environmental impacts of Cocoa production and processing in Ghana :Life cycle assessment approach by Augustine Ntiamoah,2008

可以从哪里获得?成本如何?

http://www.cocoaconnect.org/sites/default/files/publication/Environmental%20impact%20of%20cocoa%20life%20cycle%20assessment.pdf