1.2 参与该技术评估和文件编制的资源人员和机构的联系方式

有助于对技术进行记录/评估的项目名称（如相关）

Decision Support for Mainstreaming and Scaling out Sustainable Land Management (GEF-FAO / DS-SLM)

有助于对技术进行记录/评估的机构名称（如相关）

Land Development Department LDD (Land Development Department LDD) - 泰国

1.3 关于使用通过WOCAT记录的数据的条件

（现场）数据是什么时候汇编的？:

01/10/2018

编制者和关键资源人员接受有关使用通过WOCAT记录数据的条件。:

是

1.4 所述技术的可持续性声明

这里所描述的技术在土地退化方面是否存在问题，导致无法被认为是一种可持续的土地管理技术？:

否

注释:

The technology is environmentally suited and very well accepted by the land users.

1.5 请参阅有关SLM方法的问卷

2.1 技术简介

技术定义:

Eucalyptus camaldulensis variety H4 is salt tolerant and has the ability to lower shallow saline groundwater levels; as a result salinity is controlled. Planting eucalyptus on one or two sides of the rice bund in an east-west direction (in single or double rows) at a spacing of 2 m between trees is the most effective technique and well accepted by farmers.

2.2 技术的详细说明

说明:

Eucalyptus camaldulensis cultivation on rice bunds to lower shallow saline groundwater levels in low-lying areas is a technology used on salt-affected land. The LDD Perennial Tree Planting project to promote the technology of planting Eucalyptus camaldulensis on rice bunds has been implemented since 1996. The land user interviewed cultivates a moderately salt-affected rice field at Ban Muang Pia District, Khon Kaen Province. The land is used for rice production both glutinous (variety RD 6) and non-glutinous fragrant rice (Hom Mali 105). The average yield of rice is 200-250 kg/rai (1 ha = 6.25 rai). The farmers have planted eucalyptus on bunds in the rice cultivated areas on about 10,000 rai in more than 10 years with the objectives of remedying and preventing salination by lowering shallow saline groundwater levels, through "bio-drainage" as well as increasing income and better utilization of lands on rice bunds for growing trees.
The technology of eucalyptus cultivation on rice bunds has been implemented in farmers' fields in the low-lying salt-affected rice area common in the Northeast of Thailand. It is widely accepted by farmers through the joint partnership between the Land Development Department (LDD), Siam Forestry Co., Ltd. and the local district administration. Eucalyptus seedlings are provided by LDD and are planted in a single or double rows - double rows with trees planted on two sides of the rice bunds in a zigzag manner following an east-west direction to prohibit a shadow effect. The spacing between the trees in a row is 2 m: the rice bund was adapted to be 1.5 m wide and 0.5 m high. This provides more space and convenient access to the rice field. The project provides labour costs for farmers to prepare the land before planting. Many farmers outside the project transplanted their own eucalyptus seedlings on the bunds of 0.5 m or more in width. Farmers buy the seedlings at 1 THB each and plant in pits of 0.3 x 0.3 x 0.3 m with 0.5 kg compost and 0.5 kg rice husks from farm by-products. This technology is well accepted by farmers because of the effective control of salinity in the rice fields as well as the higher income obtained from selling eucalyptus wood. Farmers observed the dead patchy spots of rice plants with salt crusts before planting eucalyptus: after 2 cutting cycles no salt patches were observed anymore, and rice yields increased noticeably. There was also extra income from selling poles of eucalyptus every 4 years. The average yield of eucalyptus trees of 2.5-3.0 inches in diameter was 16 tons per rai for the first cutting.
Based on 7 years (2 crops of eucalyptus coppicing), the average additional income was 1,087 THB/rai/yr (according to the farmers' and Siam Forest's information). The main investment was in the first year of planting; later on, the maintenance cost was on labour for weeding, pruning and thinning to 3 stems after coppice/cutting, including adding 15-15-15 fertilizer for each tree. The average income is increased through better rice yields. The benefits of the technology according to interviews are creating a cooler microclimate from eucalyptus trees and changes in biodiversity through better soil quality resulting in more species of flora and fauna such as grasses, wildflowers, dragonflies, earthworms in the rice field and on the bund. Some farmers wanted more trees by planting at closer spacing of 1 m, but this resulted in too great a density of trees thus consuming more surface water and competing with rice for water consumptive use.

2.3 技术照片

2.4 技术视频

2.5 已应用该技术的、本评估所涵盖的国家/地区/地点

2.6 实施日期

注明实施年份:

1996

2.7 技术介绍

详细说明该技术是如何引入的:

• 通过项目/外部干预

• by other land users

注释（项目类型等）:

The project initiated by the government (Land Development Department) collaborated with private enterprises (Siam Forestry Co., Ltd.), local administration, communities and land users.

3.1 该技术的主要目的

• 改良生产
• 减少、预防、恢复土地退化
• 保持/提高生物多样性
• 创造有益的经济影响

3.2 应用该技术的当前土地利用类型

注释:

Planting eucalyptus for additional income and more intensive utilization of land on the rice bunds.

如果由于技术的实施而导致土地用途发生变化，则在技术实施前说明土地利的用途。:

Before planting eucalyptus, rice was the only crop. Due to the shallow saline groundwater of the area, rice had shown symptoms of being salt-affected; however after planting eucalyptus trees, these symptoms disappeared.

3.3 有关土地利用的更多信息

该技术所应用土地的供水:

• 雨养

注释:

Average annual rainfall is 1,200-1,300 mm.

每年的生长季节数:

• 1

具体说明:

Land use is for rice production; the technology is planting Eucalyptus camaldulensis on rice bunds.

牲畜密度（如相关）:

Only few cattle, swine, and boar are in the land user's farm.

3.4 该技术所属的SLM组

• 农业林学
• 地下水管理

• desalination

3.5 技术传播

具体说明该技术的分布:

• 均匀地分布在一个区域

如果该技术均匀地分布在一个区域上，请注明覆盖的大致区域。:

• 1-10 平方千米

注释:

The technology has spread over the area of 10,000 rai (1 ha = 6.25 rai) owned by farmers/land users both under and outside the supported project of planting eucalyptus on rice bunds.

3.6 包含该技术的可持续土地管理措施

注释:

Eucalyptus camaldulensis H4 is the salt-tolerant variety used for lowering shallow saline groundwater.

3.7 该技术强调的主要土地退化类型

3.8 防止、减少或恢复土地退化

具体数量名该技术与土地退化有关的目标:

• 减少土地退化
• 修复/恢复严重退化的土地

注释:

Decreased saline groundwater levels to control salinity distribution in rice cultivated areas.

4.1 该技术的技术图纸

4.2 技术规范/技术图纸说明

1. Seedling of Eucalyptus camaldulensis H4, a salt-tolerant variety, were planted. The age of seedlings was 3-month old. The rice bund was regulated to 0.5 m wide for planting eucalyptus in single row or 1.5 m wide for planting in double rows (in a zigzag manner), 0.5 m high with a spacing of 2 m between the trees along an east-west direction. The number of trees was 80/rai or 500/ha for double rows planting.
2. Planting technique: 0.5 kg of compost mixed with 0.5 kg of rice husks was applied at the bottom of a pit of 0.3 x 0.3 x 0.3 m before seedlings were planted.

4.3 有关投入和成本计算的一般信息

具体说明成本和投入是如何计算的:

• 每个技术区域

其它/国家货币（具体说明）:

THB

注明美元与当地货币的汇率(如相关):1美元=:

32.0

4.4 技术建立活动

	活动	措施类型	时间
1.	Site selection of salt-affected area	结构性的	May-July
2.	Land preparation; bunds construction and seedling preparation	结构性的	May-July
3.	Public hearing, joint meeting between farmers and researchers	其它措施	May-July
4.	Demonstration plot	农业学的	May-July
5.	Model establishment (Eucalyptus planting method)	农业学的	May-July
6.	Joint monitoring, evaluation and follow up for planting	其它措施	After planting

注释:

No irrigation water therefore the planting time depends on the period of early rainy season which will be from May to July.

4.5 技术建立所需要的费用和投入

	对投入进行具体说明	单位	数量	单位成本	每项投入的总成本	土地使用者承担的成本%
劳动力	Labour cost for planting eucalyptus (labour wage per day = 300 THB, 1 rai required a labour cost of 600 THB)	Rai	1.0	600.0	600.0
植物材料	Eucalyptus seedling cost (80 trees/rai), 1 THB for each seedling	Seedling	80.0	1.0	80.0
肥料和杀菌剂	Compost cost 3.5 THB/kg, 0.5 kg/pit	kg	40.0	3.5	140.0
肥料和杀菌剂	Rice husk cost 4 THB/kg, 0.5 kg/pit	kg	40.0	4.0	160.0
技术建立所需总成本					980.0

如果土地使用者负担的费用少于100%，请注明由谁负担其余费用:

Land Development Department

注释:

Labour cost for land preparation and planting borne by LDD and seedlings borne by Siam Forestry Co., Ltd.; compost and rice husk were from farm by-products.

4.6 维护/经常性活动

	活动	措施类型	时间/频率
1.	Thinning and pruning after first year of planting	农业学的	2 times/rain season
2.	Weeding after first year of planting	农业学的	2 times/rain season
3.	Fertilizer application after first year of planting	农业学的	2 times/rain season
4.	Cutting and selling logs	农业学的	4th and 7th year

注释:

Four years after planting, the poles will be cut and sold. After cutting, the tree coppices, then thinning is needed in order to leave not more than 3 stems, necessary for better growth of the tree trunks. Weeding is important during rainy season to control competition for fertilizer.

4.7 维护/经常性活动所需要的费用和投入（每年）

	对投入进行具体说明	单位	数量	单位成本	每项投入的总成本	土地使用者承担的成本%
劳动力	Labour cost of weeding, pruning, thinning, and fertilizer application for 150 THB/time, 2 times/rai/yr, based on the labour wage of 300 THB/day	Time	2.0	150.0	300.0
肥料和杀菌剂	Cost of 15-15-15 chemical fertilizer (13 THB/kg, application rate 50 g/tree; 50 g x 80 trees per rai = 4 kg/rai	kg	4.0	13.0	52.0
技术维护所需总成本					352.0

注释:

Land users do the job by themselves without hiring labourers. Furthermore, the fertilizer application will be the same fertilizer and timing as is used for rice. No extra fertilizer needed for trees because the trees will consume fertilizer from the rice field.

4.8 影响成本的最重要因素

描述影响成本的最决定性因素:

Maintenance cost of weeding, pruning, thinning and fertilizer application was 428 THB/rai/yr. Calculation is based on 7 years of planting. Four years after planting, the logs were sold for additional income 5,714.3 THB/rai. On the 7th year, the logs were sold at 4,285.7 THB/rai.

(Income from 2 times of Eucalyptus sale; 4th year = 40,000 THB, 7th year = 30,000 THB. Therefore, total income for 7 years = 10,000 THB/rai. Benefit from Eucalyptus planting = 10,000–2,388 (planting cost + 4 years of maintenance cost) = 7,612 THB/7 years = 1,087 THB/rai/yr.)

Compost and rice husk are from farm by-products and the labour costs are from land users. The income thereore will be higher than 1,087 THB/rai as estimated.

5.1 气候

5.2 地形

说明该技术是否专门应用于:

• 不相关

关于地形的注释和进一步规范:

The geography is in the lower basin of Korat Plateau in the Northeast of Thailand.

5.3 土壤

如有可能，附上完整的土壤描述或具体说明可用的信息，例如土壤类型、土壤酸碱度、阳离子交换能力、氮、盐度等。:

Texture of top soil is sandy loam and more than 20 cm below the surface is sandy clay loam; pH = 7 and increasing with depth up to 8.5; soil salinity is moderately to highly affected which is identified by the salt crusts on the soil surface; very low P and K.

5.4 水资源可用性和质量

水的盐度有问题吗？:

是

具体说明:

Slightly saline

该区域正在发生洪水吗？:

否

关于水质和水量的注释和进一步规范:

Shallow saline groundwater exists because of the low-lying discharge area and the source of the salt is under the surface of the land.

5.5 生物多样性

关于生物多样性的注释和进一步规范:

Before planting eucalyptus, species and habitat were low. After 7 years, dragonfly, earthworms, birds, rats, and wildflowers that were not seen before now are found.

5.6 应用该技术的土地使用者的特征

说明土地使用者的其他有关特征:

Diligent farmer seeking more income by raising few cattle, swine, and boar.

5.7 应用该技术的土地使用者拥有或租用的平均土地面积

5.8 土地所有权、土地使用权和水使用权

土地所有权:

• 个人，有命名

土地使用权:

• 个人

• rainfed

5.9 进入服务和基础设施的通道

6.1 该技术的现场影响

社会经济效应

生产

水资源可用性和质量

收入和成本

社会文化影响

生态影响

水循环/径流

土壤

生物多样性:植被、动物

减少气候和灾害风险

6.2 该技术的场外影响已经显现

6.3 技术对渐变气候以及与气候相关的极端情况/灾害的暴露和敏感性（土地使用者认为的极端情况/灾害）

气候有关的极端情况（灾害）

气候灾害

	该技术是如何应对的？
干旱	不好

其他气候相关的后果

其他气候相关的后果

	该技术是如何应对的？
延长生长期	不好
缩短生长期	不好

6.4 成本效益分析

技术收益与技术建立成本相比如何（从土地使用者的角度看）？

技术收益与技术维护成本/经常性成本相比如何（从土地使用者的角度看）？

注释:

The cost of planting trees in the first year was the only main cost. The maintenance cost starts from second year on until the year of cutting and selling logs. After coppicing, maintenance cost starts again until the next cutting. Therefore the benefits will be higher with more cycles of cutting.

6.5 技术采用

• 10-50%

如若可行，进行量化（住户数量和/或覆盖面积）:

1,600 ha

在所有采用这项技术的人当中，有多少人是自发地采用该技术，即未获得任何物质奖励/付款？:

• 10-50%

注释:

Farmers and land users acknowledge the benefit of the technology that results in decreasing salinity, increasing rice production, and additional income from trees.

6.6 适应

最近是否对该技术进行了修改以适应不断变化的条件？:

是

其它（具体说明）:

closer spacing of trees

具体说明技术的适应性（设计、材料/品种等）:

Planting eucalyptus has been adapted from growing eucalyptus on rice bunds of 1.5 m wide to 0.5 m wide to save labor cost of land preparation and plant the seedlings on one row instead of 2 rows.

6.7 该技术的优点/长处/机会

土地使用者眼中的长处/优势/机会
Decrease saline groundwater level resulting in rice yield increase.
Get higher income from increasing rice yield and eucalyptus poles.
The microclimate in the area has been improved and the air is cooler and the land is greener.
Increased indirect returns due to land is greener and used as animal fodders for cattle, swine, and boar.

编制者或其他关键资源人员认为的长处/优势/机会
Decreased saline groundwater level then prevented further salination as a result to protect the land degradation.
Increasing farmer's income.
To establish better environment for more biodiversity especially earthworms used to disappear now are found and their activities induce better soil properties.

6.8 技术的弱点/缺点/风险及其克服方法

土地使用者认为的弱点/缺点/风险	如何克服它们？
More birds and rats damage rice yield.	No solution
The officers do not visit whenever the land users need help.	The officers need to contact the land users and give advice more often.

编制者或其他关键资源人员认为的弱点/缺点/风险	如何克服它们？
Farmers do not understand how eucalyptus trees could decrease saline groundwater level.	Explain, illustrate and demonstrate the cause and effect of salinity.
There are pros and cons of planting eucalyptus because the leaves may damage the soil and their shading effect may decrease rice yield.	Organize farmer group visit to some successful sites that no adverse effects have been found.

7.1 信息的方法/来源

7.2 参考可用出版物

标题、作者、年份、ISBN:

Land Development Department

可以从哪里获得?成本如何?

http://www.ldd.go.th/

7.3 链接到网络上可用的相关信息

标题/说明:

Planting Eucalyptus on bunds: Better way for the Northeast farmers

URL:

http://www.ldd.go.th/

标题/说明:

Eucalyptus : New opportunity by Siam Forestry

URL:

http://www.scgpackaging.com/others/forestry/eucalyptus/TH