1.2 参与该技术评估和文件编制的资源人员和机构的联系方式

有助于对技术进行记录/评估的项目名称（如相关）

Decision Support for Mainstreaming and Scaling out Sustainable Land Management (GEF-FAO / DS-SLM)

有助于对技术进行记录/评估的机构名称（如相关）

FAO Bangladesh (FAO Bangladesh) - 孟加拉国

有助于对技术进行记录/评估的机构名称（如相关）

IUCN-The World Conservation Union (IUCN-The World Conservation Union) - 孟加拉国

1.3 关于使用通过WOCAT记录的数据的条件

编制者和关键资源人员接受有关使用通过WOCAT记录数据的条件。:

是

1.4 所述技术的可持续性声明

这里所描述的技术在土地退化方面是否存在问题，导致无法被认为是一种可持续的土地管理技术？:

否

2.1 技术简介

技术定义:

The indigenous community in Bolipara village of the Thanchi upazlia (sub-district) of the Bandarban district are reducing or preventing land degradation through the cultivation and conservation of medicinal plants. This practice provides the raw material needed, by local traditional healers, to produce herbal medicines for the indigenous and tribal peoples.

2.2 技术的详细说明

说明:

The Chittagong Hill Tracts (CHT) are well-renowned for its unique physiography that harbors rich biodiversity, and for its distinct and rich culture, traditional, and customary practices because of the predominance of many indigenous communities. It is also one of the few remaining areas in Bangladesh where traditional environmental knowledge (TEK) plays an important part in the daily life and customary practices of indigenous communities. Medicinal plants, of course, are a key component of the local health care system. However, the production and use of traditional medicines (mostly herbal in nature) substantively declined as medicinal plants have become rarer – this is due to rapid changes in land use patterns driven by population growth and economic trends. The risk that interest in and local knowledge of medicinal plant use will reduce or even disappear over time as has occurred in other parts of the world, changing the very nature of indigenous life. Land degradation is another major ecological concern for this area. Shifting cultivation with curtailed fallow periods, deforestation, and unplanned cultivation along the hill slopes has caused land degradation in Bolipara union. It is located in Thanchi upazila (longitude 21º78´, latitude 92º42´) under Bandarban hill district of Bangladesh. The total population of the union is more than 10,000. The ethnic communities living in the area include Bowm, Chakma, Khumi, Marma, Mru, Tripura and Chack. Most of the family depends on agriculture and horticulture for their livelihood. BNKS (Bolipara Nari Kalyan Somity) is an NGO who work here to promote the socio-economic and cultural status of the marginalized and socially excluded peoples. ‘Bolipara Kobiraj Kalyan Somiti’ is another local institution of traditional herbal healers.
In 2008, International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) took the initiative to reduce and prevent land degradation in Bolipara through the cultivation and conservation of medicinal plants by indigenous communities. While forest conversion reduces the diversity and availability of medicinal plants, reforestation with medicinal plants can promote and accelerate forest succession on a previously deforested site. As a part of the IUCN project, medicinal tree species like Tamarindus indica, Terminalia arjuna, Terminalia bellerica, Terminalia chebula, Azadirachta indica, Bombax ceiba, Meusa ferrea, Phyllanthus emblica, Pongamia pinnata, and Saraca asoca were planted on the degraded slopes with a 2m x 2m spacing. In between the tree lines, shrub and herb species like Ocimum tenuiflorum, Adiantum caudatum, Ageratum conyzoides, Bryophyllum pinnatum, and Centella asiatica were planted with same spacing in a crisscross manner. The establishment of medicinal plants requires various inputs and extension services from medicinal plant nurseries to demonstration sites and the engagement of communities and community groups (please see more details under the download link: https://portals.iucn.org/library/node/9589).
In this instance, the planting and conservation of medicinal plants was conducted under the supervision of Buddhist monks (from local temples) and ‘Bolipara Kobiraj Kalyan Somiti’(BNKS). The local community were involved with Nursery preparation (seed collection, bed preparation, poly-bag preparation, manuring, irrigation, etc.), preparation of plantation site (jungle cutting, debris collection, preparation of inspection paths, etc.), plantation activities (pit preparation, tying up of plants with sticks for support, application of fertilizers, compost and biocide, etc.) and maintenance activities (vacancy filing, weeding, fertilizer application, etc.). After the medicinal plantation was established in 2008, the degraded land started to regain its health since trees and plants positively influenced the understory microclimate, the structural complexity of vegetation, and the development of humus layer. The indigenous medicinal plants and trees, because of their deep roots, also reduced topsoil erosion, and prevented gully erosion formation. Currently, the site is observed to have good canopy cover, and functions as a good habitat for a number of bird species and monkeys. The local herbal healers have the access to the plantation site and are able to obtain the raw materials needed to produce their medicines in short periods of time and with less effort. The local community people can collect dry leaves and dead branches from the plantation for firewood. This technology is simple enough to implement by the local people without any need of external financial and technical support. The local herbal healers have to collect raw materials to prepare their medicines.
Medicinal plants are an important component of Bangladesh’s national wealth. Even as they serve as important therapeutic agents in various traditional and modern medicines, our understanding of their abundance, distribution, and novel pharmaceutical compounds is poor. The planting/cultivation and conservation of medicinal plants and adequate engagement of local indigenous communities of Bolipara village is a good example of an action that can promote sustainability in all its dimensions (reduced land degradation, social and economic well-being through increase in raw material availability for traditional healers, etc.). Lack of marketing channel of medicinal raw materials and lack of scientific knowledge and tools for medicinal raw materials handling is a potential threat for sustaining the technology in the long run. The capacities of the local herbal healers can be strengthened through training and the marketing channel can be improved through engaging private sector in traditional medicine value chain.

2.3 技术照片

2.5 已应用该技术的、本评估所涵盖的国家/地区/地点

2.6 实施日期

注明实施年份:

2008

2.7 技术介绍

详细说明该技术是如何引入的:

• 通过项目/外部干预

注释（项目类型等）:

"Conservation Through Practices" project implemented by IUCN Bangladesh and BNKS. The main objective of the project was to conserve medicinal plants in degraded land areas by the supervision of Monks in Buddhist temples.

3.1 该技术的主要目的

• 改良生产
• 减少、预防、恢复土地退化
• 保持/提高生物多样性
• 创造有益的经济影响
• 创造有益的社会影响

3.2 应用该技术的当前土地利用类型

同一土地单元内混合使用的土地：:

否

3.3 由于技术的实施，土地使用是否发生了变化？

由于技术的实施，土地使用是否发生了变化？:

• 是（请在技术实施前填写以下有关土地利用的问题）

同一土地单元内混合使用的土地：:

否

3.4 供水

该技术所应用土地的供水:

• 混合雨水灌溉

3.5 该技术所属的SLM组

• 森林种植管理
• 改良的地面/植被覆盖
• 改良植物品种/动物品种

3.6 包含该技术的可持续土地管理措施

3.7 该技术强调的主要土地退化类型

3.8 防止、减少或恢复土地退化

具体数量名该技术与土地退化有关的目标:

• 减少土地退化

4.1 该技术的技术图纸

4.2 有关投入和成本计算的一般信息

具体说明成本和投入是如何计算的:

• 每个技术区域

其它/国家货币（具体说明）:

BDT

如相关，注明美元与当地货币的汇率（例如1美元=79.9巴西雷亚尔）：1美元=:

83.0

4.3 技术建立活动

	活动	时间（季度）
1.	Nursery preparation (seed collection, site clearing, leveling and fencing, drainage arrangement, bed preparation, making overhead shed, poly-bag preparation, potting seeds, manuring, irrigation, weed control)	September-October
2.	Site preparation (boundary demarcation, jungle cutting, debris collection and staging, preparation of inspection paths and fire lines)	May-June
3.	Plantation (pit preparation, tying up of plants, application of fertilizers, compost and biocide, stick for support)	June-July

4.4 技术建立所需要的费用和投入

	对投入进行具体说明	单位	数量	单位成本	每项投入的总成本	土地使用者承担的成本%
劳动力	Nursery preparation (seed collection, site clearing, leveling and fencing, drainage arrangement, bed preparation, making overhead shed, poly-bag preparation, potting seeds, manuring, irrigation, weed control)	person-days	25.0	500.0	12500.0	100.0
劳动力	Plantation site preparation (boundary demarcation, jungle cutting, debris collection and staging, preparation of inspection paths and fire lines)	person-days	13.0	500.0	6500.0	100.0
劳动力	Plantation (pit preparation, tying up of plants, application of fertilizers, compost and biocide, stick for support)	person-days	27.0	500.0	13500.0	100.0
设备	Poly-bags	pieces	3000.0	1.0	3000.0
设备	Bamboo for shed and bed edging	pieces	6.0	250.0	1500.0
设备	Nursery equipment (Bucket, spade, scissor, knife etc.)	Lump sum	1.0	600.0	600.0
植物材料	Procure and transport of loamy soil for filling 3000 poly-bags (17.78cmX1270cm )	Cubic Meter	3.0	400.0	1200.0
植物材料	Seed purchase	Kg	3.0	500.0	1500.0
植物材料	Bamboo stick for tying up of plants	pieces	2600.0	2.0	5200.0
肥料和杀菌剂	Compost	Kg	700.0	4.0	2800.0
肥料和杀菌剂	Urea	Kg	15.0	35.0	525.0
肥料和杀菌剂	TSP	Kg	15.0	40.0	600.0
肥料和杀菌剂	MOP	Kg	15.0	30.0	450.0
肥料和杀菌剂	Biocide	Lump Sum	1.0	200.0	200.0
施工材料	Signboard (for demarcation of plantation site)	Lump Sum	1.0	1000.0	1000.0	100.0
技术建立所需总成本					51075.0
技术建立总成本，美元					615.36

注释:

Traditional local healers and Buddhist monks of Bolipara are the land user here. The project of IUCN Bangladesh titled as, ‘One Stop Service: facilitating conservation of medicinal plant and traditional health service to ethnic communities of Chittagong Hill Tracts (CHT) Bangladesh’ covered some cost of the technology.

4.5 维护/经常性活动

	活动	时间/频率
1.	Vacancy filing	June-July
2.	Tying up of plants	June-July
3.	Fertilizer application	June-July
4.	Weeding	Three times in a year

4.6 维护/经常性活动所需要的费用和投入（每年）

	对投入进行具体说明	单位	数量	单位成本	每项投入的总成本	土地使用者承担的成本%
劳动力	Vacancy filling	Person-days	6.0	500.0	3000.0	100.0
劳动力	Tying up of plants	Person-days	1.0	500.0	500.0	100.0
劳动力	Fertilizer application	Person-days	5.0	500.0	2500.0	100.0
劳动力	Weeding (3 times)	Person-days	18.0	500.0	9000.0	100.0
植物材料	Bamboo stick for tying up of plants	pieces	550.0	2.0	1100.0
植物材料	Seedling	pieces	500.0	5.0	2500.0	100.0
肥料和杀菌剂	NPK fertilizer	Kg	125.0	30.0	3750.0
技术维护所需总成本					22350.0
技术维护总成本，美元					269.28

如果土地使用者负担的费用少于100%，请注明由谁负担其余费用:

The project "One Stop Service: facilitating conservation of medicinal plant and traditional health service to ethnic communities of Chittagong Hill Tracts (CHT) Bangladesh" covered some maintenance cost of the plantation.

4.7 影响成本的最重要因素

描述影响成本的最决定性因素:

Labor cost

5.1 气候

5.2 地形

说明该技术是否专门应用于:

• 凸形情况

5.3 土壤

5.4 水资源可用性和质量

水的盐度有问题吗？:

否

该区域正在发生洪水吗？:

否

5.5 生物多样性

5.6 应用该技术的土地使用者的特征

5.7 应用该技术的土地使用者使用的平均土地面积

5.8 土地所有权、土地使用权和水使用权

土地所有权:

• 社区/村庄

土地使用权:

• 社区（有组织）

用水权:

• 自由进入（无组织）

土地使用权是否基于传统的法律制度？:

否

具体说明:

The private land was donated to the Bolipara Kobiraj Kalyan Somiti by its original owner. The Bolipara Kobiraj Kalyan Somiti is a local institution of traditional healers and Buddhist monk.

5.9 进入服务和基础设施的通道

6.1 该技术的现场影响

社会经济效应

生产

收入和成本

社会文化影响

生态影响

水循环/径流

土壤

生物多样性:植被、动物

减少气候和灾害风险

6.2 该技术的场外影响已经显现

6.3 技术对渐变气候以及与气候相关的极端情况/灾害的暴露和敏感性（土地使用者认为的极端情况/灾害）

渐变气候

渐变气候

	季节	增加或减少	该技术是如何应对的？
年温度		增加	未知
季节性温度	旱季	增加	适度
年降雨量		减少	未知
季雨量	湿季/雨季	增加	好

气候有关的极端情况（灾害）

水文灾害

	该技术是如何应对的？
滑坡	好

6.4 成本效益分析

技术收益与技术建立成本相比如何（从土地使用者的角度看）？

技术收益与技术维护成本/经常性成本相比如何（从土地使用者的角度看）？

6.5 技术采用

• 1-10%

在所有采用这项技术的人当中，有多少人是自发的，即未获得任何物质奖励/付款？:

• 0-10%

6.6 适应

最近是否对该技术进行了修改以适应不断变化的条件？:

否

6.7 该技术的优点/长处/机会

土地使用者眼中的长处/优势/机会
Reduction in land degradation.
Enhancement of the supply of medicinal raw materials.
Conservation of rare and endangered medicinal plant species.

编制者或其他关键资源人员认为的长处/优势/机会
Builds community awareness of biodiversity conservation
Increase of carbon sequestration

6.8 技术的弱点/缺点/风险及其克服方法

土地使用者认为的弱点/缺点/风险	如何克服它们？
Land use conflicts for short term income. The tree species require significant time to grow and yield fruits and flowers for herbal use. Short term return from the plantation site is low compared to other land uses e.g. shifting cultivation, annual crop cultivation, etc.	There is a need to diversify income sources for the communities
Adjacent commercial teak plantation is a threat to soil erosion.	Requires engagement of the teak plantation owners and increasing knowledge of local community
Lack of capacities for medicinal raw materials storage.	Could potentially involve private organizations in the medicinal value chain

编制者或其他关键资源人员认为的弱点/缺点/风险	如何克服它们？
Lack of training and tools for proper use of medicinal raw materials.	Strengthen the capacities of local healers through training
Lack of marketing channel to distribute herbal medicines in other places.	Opportunity to involve the private sector in traditional medicine value chain

7.1 信息的方法/来源

7.2 参考可用出版物

标题、作者、年份、ISBN:

Motaleb, M.A. et al. 2011. Selected Medicinal Plants of Chittagong Hill Tracts. ISBN: 978-984-33-3650-7

可以从哪里获得?成本如何?

IUCN Bangladesh

标题、作者、年份、ISBN:

Motaleb, M. A., 2010. Approaches to Conservation of Medicinal Plants and Traditional Knowledge: A Focus on the Chittagong Hill Tracts. IUCN (International Union for Conservation of Nature), Bangladesh Country Office, Dhaka, Bangladesh, pp viii+30.

可以从哪里获得?成本如何?

https://portals.iucn.org/library/sites/library/files/documents/2010-030.pdf

7.3 链接到网络上的相关信息

标题/说明:

Medicinal Plant Abundance in Degraded and Reforested Sites in Northwest Pakistan

URL:

URL: https://doi.org/10.1659/MRD-JOURNAL-D-09-00017.1

7.4 一般注释

The WOCAT questionnaire covers all the technical aspects of this technology