1.2 参与该技术评估和文件编制的资源人员和机构的联系方式

有助于对技术进行记录/评估的项目名称（如相关）

Securing multiple ecosystems benefit through SLM in the productive but degraded landscapes of South Africa (SLM)

有助于对技术进行记录/评估的机构名称（如相关）

Living Lands (Collaborations working on living landscapes) - 南非

有助于对技术进行记录/评估的机构名称（如相关）

Rhodes University (Rhodes University) - 南非

1.3 关于使用通过WOCAT记录的数据的条件

编制者和关键资源人员接受有关使用通过WOCAT记录数据的条件。:

是

1.4 所述技术的可持续性声明

这里所描述的技术在土地退化方面是否存在问题，导致无法被认为是一种可持续的土地管理技术？:

否

2.1 技术简介

技术定义:

Semi-circular ponds are depressions constructed in the soil to harvest water, reduce runoff, increase infiltration, break soil sealing and crusting, capture organic material and seed where sheet erosion is predominant in degraded, low gradient hillslopes. The opening of the semi-circular pond is up-slope for runoff water to flow into the pond.

2.2 技术的详细说明

说明:

Ponds are applied to disturbed and degraded natural and agricultural areas that have undergone sheet erosion, sealing and crusting on slopes not exceeding 10 degrees. Ponds are constructed of semi-circular hollows dug out of the soil. Ponds are constructed either by hand (micro-ponds) or mechanically using a backhoe-loader or excavator (macro-ponds). Micro ponds are typically 1m wide, 1m long and 30cm deep at its centre, with a water holding capacity of 131 litres. Macro-ponds are typically 3m wide, 3m long and 50cm deep at its centre, with a water holding capacity of approximately 600 litres. The function of ponds is primarily to reduce surface or small rill erosions, reduce water velocity down slope and to harvest water to increase infiltration. Additionally, ponds reduce down-slope siltation of streams, wetlands, dams or reservoirs and even damage to infrastructure like low water bridges, capture seed and organic matter and provide a preferable environment for plant recruitment, particularly in arid areas. Micro-ponds are constructed by pick, to loosen the soil. Loosened soil is then removed by spade and deposited on the downward slope of the pond to form a semi-circular wall similar to that of a dam. The pond wall should be compacted with a spade to reduce breakage during flooding events. Approximately 15% of ponds exhibit broken “dam walls” after two years in extremely arid environments and are greatly dependant on vegetative recruitment. This happened mainly with micro-ponds. Follow-up repairs are advised during the first year, but not thereafter as ponds are also prone to silt up. In arid environments, ponds that do not adequately develop above ground biomass initially are prone to silting closed within three years. Siltation is also dependant on ponding density, spacing and soil type for both micro and macro ponds. The reason for this is they are bigger in size and from our experience, more effective in this arid landscape. Macro-ponds exhibit an increased rate of vegetative recruitment and biomass production, presumably due to less erosion of surface soil and soil nutrients, increased soil moisture content and water retention capacity compared to micro-ponds. Micro-ponds are typically constructed at an average rate of four (4) ponds per hour and 19 ponds per day per person. Production rates are typically 34% lower in hot summer months (2.39 ponds/hour). Macro-ponds are constructed at a rate of approximately 4.43 pond’s per machine hour. Volumetric costs are approximately 31% less expensive when constructed mechanically per litre of water holding capacity. However, large machinery can only be used in severely degraded areas and where access to the project site is available. Ponding density and spacing for micro as well as macro ponds depend on the topography of the landscape to be rehabilitated, the budged and resources available. The more dense, the more effective but also the more expensive the total operation. Some of the threats associated to constructing ponds are soil loss when pond walls break and in the case of steeper slopes may lead to the start of erosion head-cuts if not constructed appropriately. Pond inlets should be constructed at as low gradient decline as possible to reduce the probability of head-cut incision. Ponding at steeper gradients nearing 10-degree slope require particular consideration regarding spacing and density to avoid causing erosion associated to pond breakage. Staggered rows should be considered along the contour. In severely degraded areas, ponds are applied at approximately 400 micro-ponds or 100 mega-ponds per hectare. In severely degraded sites, micro-ponds are applied at approximately 250 ponds per hectare and 160 ponds per hectare in moderately degraded locations. Application rates are greatly determined by soil type and structure, slope, costs and local legislation regarding soil disturbance. Local South African environmental legislation require an Impact Assessment to be done if a certain cubic metres of soil is disturbed, even for rehabilitation purposes. In order to avoid this very costly and tedious approval process, consideration should be given to the amount of soil disturbed or moved. Caution must be taken in severely dispersive soils with regards to soil loss when flooded. Duplex soils are prone to “undercutting” and ponding on these kind of soils should be avoided. Pond depth should be considered with regards to soil water infiltration rates and saturation rate.
The effect of plant growth in and around ponds could also be accelerated or improved by brush packing if material is available in the area. If not, the cost become to high to transport material. Brush packing in the ponds further help to create a micro environment for plant growth by providing a bit of shade, nutrients from the decaying branches and also protection against grazing of newly sprouted plants within the ponds by wildlife occurring naturally in the area. Ponding in semi-arid environments are only used on natural areas, mostly used for grazing of wildlife and livestock. Ponding are usually not used on cultivated fields. Other measures like contours and waterways, vegetative strips are rather used than ponding. There are also very little cultivation happening in semi-arid areas, this project area in Baviaanskloof specifically due to low and unreliable rainfall. Since ponding provide a favourable micro environment for plant growth, grass, shrub and tree species, adaptable and endemic to the area, can be manually planted in the ponds to accelerate vegetative recovery and also to improve the biomass production and species composition in the area. This technology is applied by farmers and land rehabilitation projects. Considering the cost of ponding, it is mainly used in development and restoration projects with donor or government support. In south Africa, this technology is preferred in donor or government funded development project for job creation purposes. Lastly, ponding help reduce soil erosion, increase water infiltration and eventually working towards improve vegetation cover by establishing favourable micro habitats in and around the ponds for vegetation growth. Increased vegetation growth, especially Spekboom, reduced erosion all help to store soil organic carbon and is therefor a carbon mitigation measure as well. Ideally the whole area is withdrawn from grazing for at least 3 years to allow revegation to happen.

2.3 技术照片

2.5 已应用该技术的、本评估所涵盖的国家/地区/地点

2.6 实施日期

注明实施年份:

2019

如果不知道确切的年份，请说明大概的日期:

• 不到10年前（最近）

2.7 技术介绍

详细说明该技术是如何引入的:

• 通过项目/外部干预

• Existing technology

注释（项目类型等）:

GEF 5 Securing multiple ecosystem services through SLM in the degraded but productive landscapes of South Africa. In the described project area, ponding was done mainly through project intervention and also since other projects had great success with the technology in similar landscapes.

3.1 该技术的主要目的

• 减少、预防、恢复土地退化
• 保护生态系统
• 结合其他技术保护流域/下游区域
• 保持/提高生物多样性
• 减缓气候变化及其影响

3.2 应用该技术的当前土地利用类型

同一土地单元内混合使用的土地：:

否

3.3 由于技术的实施，土地使用是否发生了变化？

由于技术的实施，土地使用是否发生了变化？:

• 是（请在技术实施前填写以下有关土地利用的问题）

同一土地单元内混合使用的土地：:

否

注释:

The change in land use could be potentially from degraded rangeland to more productive rangeland. In this case study, the land is still on its way towards improved productivity, and therefore not utilised at this stage by any livestock.

3.4 供水

该技术所应用土地的供水:

• 雨养

3.5 该技术所属的SLM组

• 改良的地面/植被覆盖
• 集水
• 减少基于生态系统的灾害风险

3.6 包含该技术的可持续土地管理措施

注释:

V5: Packing brush on top of ponds greatly increases vegetative recruitment and survival rates, survival rate of regenerating plants (from seeds or stocks in the soil) and of intentionally newly seeded plants?

3.7 该技术强调的主要土地退化类型

3.8 防止、减少或恢复土地退化

具体数量名该技术与土地退化有关的目标:

• 修复/恢复严重退化的土地
• 适应土地退化

4.1 该技术的技术图纸

4.2 有关投入和成本计算的一般信息

具体说明成本和投入是如何计算的:

• 每个技术区域

其它/国家货币（具体说明）:

South African Rand

如相关，注明美元与当地货币的汇率（例如1美元=79.9巴西雷亚尔）：1美元=:

15.0

4.3 技术建立活动

	活动	时间（季度）
1.	Terrain inspection and pecking out pond positions and lines	Any time of the year
2.	Manual digging of micro-ponds	Any time of the year
3.	Seeding of ponds (Optional)	Before or at start of rain season
4.	Brush packing if material is available	Any time of the year
5.	Inspection and maintenance of ponds	During the rainy season, especially after heavy thunderstorms

注释:

Mainly micro-ponds were used in the area. Macro-ponds where tested for comparison purposes. Equipment needed for macro-ponds Volvo BL61 Backhoe-loader (Vehicle and operator = ZAR 300/hour, Fuel = ZAR 75/hour).

4.4 技术建立所需要的费用和投入

	对投入进行具体说明	单位	数量	单位成本	每项投入的总成本	土地使用者承担的成本%
劳动力	Manual digging of micro-ponds	Person-days	1677.0	215.0	360555.0	0.0
设备	Spade	Number	24.0	250.0	6000.0	0.0
设备	Pick	Number	24.0	350.0	8400.0	0.0
植物材料	Grass seeds	25 kg bags	10.0	250.0	2500.0
其它	Transport	km	15960.0	6.2	98952.0	0.0
其它	Staff overheads	Per person day	1677.0	76.0	127452.0	0.0
其它	Management	Per field day	399.0	438.0	174762.0	0.0
技术建立所需总成本					778621.0
技术建立总成本，美元					51908.07

如果土地使用者负担的费用少于100%，请注明由谁负担其余费用:

Living Lands NGO working in the Baviaanskloof. In certain cases, depending on availability of external inputs, farmers could contribute by providing labour for example or use there own tools or transport for workers.

注释:

Donor funding through the United Nations Development Programme, Global Environmental Facility (GEF 5)

4.5 维护/经常性活动

	活动	时间/频率
1.	Restructuring of broken ponds (S)	After heavy rain event
2.	Densification (S) (More ponds are dug when needed	After rain event and assessment of effective functioning and impact
3.	Supplementary seeding (V)	Dependant on species seasonality
4.	Brush-packing	After ponding to increase plant recruitment & survival

4.6 维护/经常性活动所需要的费用和投入（每年）

如果您无法分解上表中的成本，请估算维护该技术所需要的总成本。:

25000.0

如果土地使用者负担的费用少于100%，请注明由谁负担其余费用:

Living Lands NGO working in the Baviaanskloof

注释:

Donor funding through the United Nations Development Programme, Global Environmental Facility (GEF 5)

4.7 影响成本的最重要因素

描述影响成本的最决定性因素:

For manually constructed ponds: Climatic conditions, particularly heat. Productivity (labour) is approximately 34% greater in the cooler winter months (April-October) and reduce during summer months with regular temperatures above 30°C. The activity is generally stopped when temperatures exceed 32°C. Soil structure (Clay, Sand and rock proportions particularly) effect production rate and longevity. High rock content and dense silt and clay soils reduce productivity (rate at which ponds are dug manually).
When constructing ponds mechanically, soil structure appears to have the greatest effect on production rates.

5.1 气候

5.2 地形

说明该技术是否专门应用于:

• 不相关

关于地形的注释和进一步规范:

Less than 10 degree (17%) slope

5.3 土壤

5.4 水资源可用性和质量

水的盐度有问题吗？:

否

该区域正在发生洪水吗？:

是

规律性:

频繁

关于水质和水量的注释和进一步规范:

Soil water saturation occurs after 10 to 20 mm of rainfall. Runoff occurs rapidly. River and tributaries are predominantly dry, excepting upwellings and springs, and only flow after prolonged or severe rain events

5.5 生物多样性

关于生物多样性的注释和进一步规范:

The Baviaanskloof region is specifically rich in biodiversity with a wide range of habitat units. Degradation has lead to low levels of diversity

5.6 应用该技术的土地使用者的特征

5.7 应用该技术的土地使用者使用的平均土地面积

5.8 土地所有权、土地使用权和水使用权

土地所有权:

• 社区/村庄
• 个人，有命名

土地使用权:

• 社区（有组织）
• 个人

用水权:

• 社区（有组织）
• 个人

土地使用权是否基于传统的法律制度？:

是

具体说明:

Land tenure is communal, many beneficiaries but one title deed. Shared water from common sources. Water use rights associated to title deeds

5.9 进入服务和基础设施的通道

6.1 该技术的现场影响

社会经济效应

生产

水资源可用性和质量

收入和成本

社会文化影响

生态影响

水循环/径流

土壤

生物多样性:植被、动物

其它生态影响

6.2 该技术的场外影响已经显现

6.3 技术对渐变气候以及与气候相关的极端情况/灾害的暴露和敏感性（土地使用者认为的极端情况/灾害）

渐变气候

渐变气候

	季节	增加或减少	该技术是如何应对的？
年温度		增加	适度
年降雨量		减少	适度

气候有关的极端情况（灾害）

气象灾害

	该技术是如何应对的？
局地暴雨	非常好
局地雷暴	好

气候灾害

	该技术是如何应对的？
热浪	好
干旱	适度
陆地火灾	未知

水文灾害

	该技术是如何应对的？
比较和缓的（河道）洪水	非常不好
山洪暴发	不好

6.4 成本效益分析

技术收益与技术建立成本相比如何（从土地使用者的角度看）？

技术收益与技术维护成本/经常性成本相比如何（从土地使用者的角度看）？

6.5 技术采用

• > 50%

如若可行，进行量化（住户数量和/或覆盖面积）:

600 ha

在所有采用这项技术的人当中，有多少人是自发的，即未获得任何物质奖励/付款？:

• 0-10%

6.6 适应

最近是否对该技术进行了修改以适应不断变化的条件？:

是

若是，说明它适应了哪些变化的条件:

• 气候变化/极端气候

具体说明技术的适应性（设计、材料/品种等）:

Packing with thorn brush from pruned pioneer trees (Vachelia karoo), planting of trees (Portulacaria afra) and seeding (Predominantly grass spp.)

6.7 该技术的优点/长处/机会

土地使用者眼中的长处/优势/机会
It creates employment opportunities for unskilled labourers
Plants return to barren areas
Increased grazing capacity for small stock

编制者或其他关键资源人员认为的长处/优势/机会
The technology is simple and extremely adaptable to ecological and economic variables through changes in density and dimension
The technology is relatively inexpensive and effective
The technology is relatively risk free when applied within application criteria

6.8 技术的弱点/缺点/风险及其克服方法

土地使用者认为的弱点/缺点/风险	如何克服它们？
Production rates are slow, labourers require access to land to construct ponds for extended periods of time	Use larger labour forces to complete areas faster
Ponds are slow to revegetate in drought conditions	Seeding and brush-packing increase recruitment and survival rates
Unwanted pioneer weedy species may recruit and outcompete slower growing desired species	Seeding with or planting preferable pioneer species

编制者或其他关键资源人员认为的弱点/缺点/风险	如何克服它们？
Ponds may silt up before recruiting new vegetation, particularly during heavy rain events and is highly dispersive soils	Apply more stringent site selection criteria based on climatic and soil conditions. Adjust pond size and density to reduce rate of siltation

7.1 信息的方法/来源

7.2 参考可用出版物

标题、作者、年份、ISBN:

•Caring for Natural Rangelands, Ken Coetzee, University of KwaZulu-Natal Press, 2005, ISBN:1869140710, 9781869140717, 129 pages.

可以从哪里获得?成本如何?

ZAR 129

标题、作者、年份、ISBN:

•De Abraeu,, P. 2011. Unpublished thesis. The effect of rehabilitation on ecosystem services in the semi-arid Succulent Karoo lowlands of the Little Karoo, South Africa. University of Cape Town, South Africa

可以从哪里获得?成本如何?

http://www.pcu.uct.ac.za/sites/default/files/image_tool/images/192/de%20abreu%202010.pdf

7.3 链接到网络上的相关信息

标题/说明:

Just dig it

URL:

www.justdigit.org https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eXWVC3RKmb8

标题/说明:

Greener Land

URL:

http://www.greener.land/index.php/product/demi-lunes-semi-circular-bunds/

标题/说明:

Living Lands

URL:

www.livinglands.co.za https://youtu.be/BmhWMqEu-oU?list=PL4dQ3giQTjAxtMON61PFvLSIqrM7Xq_Jy

标题/说明:

Common Land

URL:

www.commonland.co.za

标题/说明:

•Environmental Monitoring Group

URL:

https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCjGScyyexvSqQVkJXtuat6w

标题/说明:

•UNDP GEF5 South Africa

URL:

https://www.za.undp.org/content/south_africa/en/home/operations/projects/environment_https://www.za.undp.org/content/south_africa/en/home/operations/projects/environment_and_energy/securing-multiple-ecosystems-benefit-through-sustainable-land-ma.htmland