1.2 参与该技术评估和文件编制的资源人员和机构的联系方式

有助于对技术进行记录/评估的项目名称（如相关）

OPtimal strategies to retAIN and re-use water and nutrients in small agricultural catchments across different soil-climatic regions in Europe (OPTAIN)

有助于对技术进行记录/评估的机构名称（如相关）

Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research (UFZ) - 德国

1.3 关于使用通过WOCAT记录的数据的条件

编制者和关键资源人员接受有关使用通过WOCAT记录数据的条件。:

是

1.4 所述技术的可持续性声明

这里所描述的技术在土地退化方面是否存在问题，导致无法被认为是一种可持续的土地管理技术？:

否

2.1 技术简介

技术定义:

A grassed waterway is a strip of grass and other permanent low growing vegetation that is established along in the main drainage line (the thalweg) of an agricultural field to discharge water safely and prevent gully development.

2.2 技术的详细说明

说明:

In order to prevent gully erosion along main drainage lines (thalwegs), grassed waterways, composed of grass and other permanent low growing vegetation, are established to discharge water safely. The grassed waterway slows down the surface runoff in the thalweg, increases infiltration and stabilizes the soil surface. This reduces soil erosion by water and the associated runoff of nutrients and pesticides. Fiener et al. (2005) reported a sediment retention of 80-95% and a water retention of 70-90%. Sediment is trapped mainly by water infiltration (infiltration-induced sedimentation) rather than by the filtering effect of vegetation. The conservation value of grassed waterways is not as high as for other measures, but they are still considered as a biotope network as well as a habitat for grassland breeders when extensive management practices are used (LfULG, 2010).
Grassed waterways are typically installed in relatively large arable fields. Normally only the most vulnerable lowest area of the field needs to be grassed. The width of the area to be grassed depends on the size of the drained catchment, the physiographic characteristics of the discharge pathway (channel shape, bottom slope) and the land management (e.g. working width of the agricultural machinery). The United States Department of Agriculture (2020) recommends a total width of the grassed waterway of about 6 m in the upper part and 15 m in the lower part. On average, a grassed waterway should occupy 2% of the catchment area (LfULG, 2015).
During the establishment of the vegetation, it is recommended to protect and stabilize the young plants against strong water flows, by temporary measures such as silt fences or mulching. Once the vegetation is dense enough to withstand heavy rain events, these temporary measures should be removed. After each heavy rainfall event, the waterway should be inspected for damage. Damaged areas should be filled and reseeded, and sediment deposits should be removed.
The choice of the seed mixture depends on the intended use and maintenance of the grassed waterway. A combination of trees and grass increases infiltration rates and natural values. Mowing should be done at least once a year, otherwise, shrubs will establish and suppress the grass. The grassed waterway should not be used as a track for vehicles because of soil compaction, and damage to vegetation. Where possible, tillage should be across the slope – therefore perpendicular to the grassed waterway in order to avoid furrows developing parallel to the waterway. A combination with conservation tillage or other erosion control practices is highly recommended (LfULG, 2010).
Grassed waterways involve a permanent change in land-use, which means a loss of cultivable area, and associated loss of yield - and of income too if it is not covered by subsidies. Many land users dislike such structures in their fields as they impede machinery. Because land users are not always the landowners, they are not always allowed to make permanent changes in land-use. In Germany, a grassland becomes permanent after 5 years. Thus, many farmers decide to plough and replant such grassed areas every 5 years.

The landowner in our documentation had suffered from lodging of his oat crop along the drainage path due to heavy rainfall. Thus, he decided to undesow the oats with ryegrass. In the following year, the undersown ryegrass developed better than the oats and the farmer decided to establish ryegrass as the main crop over the whole field – rather then just in the thalweg, to avoid having to drive around it. Now he mows the area once in the spring for silage and then uses it as pasture for his horses. Every five years, he has to plough the whole area and replant it with ryegrass to prevent it from becoming permanent grassland.

2.3 技术照片

2.5 已应用该技术的、本评估所涵盖的国家/地区/地点

2.6 实施日期

注明实施年份:

2022

如果不知道确切的年份，请说明大概的日期:

• 不到10年前（最近）

2.7 技术介绍

详细说明该技术是如何引入的:

• 通过土地使用者的创新

注释（项目类型等）:

Initially, perennial ryegrass was used as an undersown crop to oats as a greening requirement of German agricultural policy. Later, the farmer decided to establish ryegrass as the main crop, including the discharge pathway.

3.1 该技术的主要目的

• 减少、预防、恢复土地退化
• 结合其他技术保护流域/下游区域
• 保持/提高生物多样性
• 适应气候变化/极端天气及其影响

3.2 应用该技术的当前土地利用类型

同一土地单元内混合使用的土地：:

是

具体说明混合土地使用（作物/放牧/树木）:

• 农牧业（包括农牧结合）

注释:

The actual use of the grassed waterway can be very different and also depends on its dimensions. In the documented example the grassed waterway was partially used for extensive grazing (horses).

3.3 由于技术的实施，土地使用是否发生了变化？

由于技术的实施，土地使用是否发生了变化？:

• 是（请在技术实施前填写以下有关土地利用的问题）

同一土地单元内混合使用的土地：:

否

3.4 供水

该技术所应用土地的供水:

• 雨养

3.5 该技术所属的SLM组

• 改良的地面/植被覆盖
• 引水和排水

3.6 包含该技术的可持续土地管理措施

3.7 该技术强调的主要土地退化类型

3.8 防止、减少或恢复土地退化

具体数量名该技术与土地退化有关的目标:

• 防止土地退化
• 减少土地退化

4.1 该技术的技术图纸

4.2 有关投入和成本计算的一般信息

具体说明成本和投入是如何计算的:

• 每个技术区域

其它/国家货币（具体说明）:

€

如相关，注明美元与当地货币的汇率（例如1美元=79.9巴西雷亚尔）：1美元=:

0.91

4.3 技术建立活动

	活动	时间（季度）
1.	reseeding of ryegrass (drill seed)	spring
2.	rolling (soil contact between plant and soil)	spring

4.4 技术建立所需要的费用和投入

	对投入进行具体说明	单位	数量	单位成本	每项投入的总成本	土地使用者承担的成本%
劳动力	seeding	ha	1.0	20.19	20.19	100.0
劳动力	rolling	ha	1.0	19.58	19.58	100.0
植物材料	seeds	ha	1.0	32.4	32.4	100.0
技术建立所需总成本					72.17
技术建立总成本，美元					79.31

注释:

Based on a new subsidy programme (valid from 2023), the establishment and 5-year maintenance of a grassed waterways will be subsidised with 299€/ha in Saxony (Germany): https://www.smekul.sachsen.de/foerderung/download/Steckbrief_AL_1.pdf
This also partially compensates for the loss of yield and income.

4.5 维护/经常性活动

	活动	时间/频率
1.	mulching	every spring
2.	ploughing	every 5 years
3.	reseeding	every 5 years

注释:

In Germany, grassland must be removed after 5 years (by ploughing or using chemicals) and then reseeded. Otherwise it becomes permanent grassland.

4.6 维护/经常性活动所需要的费用和投入（每年）

	对投入进行具体说明	单位	数量	单位成本	每项投入的总成本	土地使用者承担的成本%
劳动力	mulching	ha	1.0	24.87	24.87	100.0
劳动力	ploughing	ha	0.2	63.56	12.71	100.0
劳动力	reseeding	ha	0.2	39.77	7.95	100.0
植物材料	seeds	32,4	0.2	32.4	6.48	100.0
技术维护所需总成本					52.01
技术维护总成本，美元					57.15

注释:

Maintenance costs related to ploughing and reseeding are only required every five years. Therefore, they are based on the implementation costs and divided by 5.

4.7 影响成本的最重要因素

描述影响成本的最决定性因素:

Landowners complained that the additional yield (grass as fodder) would have no impact on their income. The loss of income due to the loss of arable land is greater and should be compensated by subsidy programs.

5.1 气候

5.2 地形

说明该技术是否专门应用于:

• 凹陷情况

关于地形的注释和进一步规范:

A grassed waterway is a strip of grassland (permanent vegetation close to the ground) established in the line of the lowest elevation (thalweg) of an agricultural field.

5.3 土壤

如有可能，附上完整的土壤描述或具体说明可用的信息，例如土壤类型、土壤酸碱度、阳离子交换能力、氮、盐度等。:

Luvisol (German soil classification system: Pseudogley Parabraunerde)

5.4 水资源可用性和质量

水的盐度有问题吗？:

否

该区域正在发生洪水吗？:

否

关于水质和水量的注释和进一步规范:

Heavy rainfall events cause flooding in the thalweg and erosion on the hillsides of the arable land. The field with the grassed waterway has had repeated erosion problems, with soil material being washed onto the adjacent road.

5.5 生物多样性

关于生物多样性的注释和进一步规范:

Only one species is planted, but compared to oats, long-term grassland provides higher habitat quality and slightly higher biodiversity. The presence of shrubs and trees in the grassed waterway can further increase habitat diversity and species variety.

5.6 应用该技术的土地使用者的特征

说明土地使用者的其他有关特征:

The landowner's son is studying agriculture, and the father is open to trying out the new knowledge on his land.

5.7 应用该技术的土地使用者使用的平均土地面积

5.8 土地所有权、土地使用权和水使用权

土地所有权:

• 个人，未命名

土地使用权:

• 租赁
• 个人

用水权:

• 社区（有组织）

土地使用权是否基于传统的法律制度？:

否

5.9 进入服务和基础设施的通道

6.1 该技术的现场影响

社会经济效应

生产

收入和成本

生态影响

水循环/径流

土壤

生物多样性:植被、动物

减少气候和灾害风险

对现场影响的评估（测量）进行具体说明:

The reported on-site impacts are estimates of the respondents and are not based on measurements.

6.2 该技术的场外影响已经显现

对场外影响（测量）的评估进行具体说明:

The reported on-site impacts are estimates of the respondents and of the compilers. They are not based on local measurements.

6.3 技术对渐变气候以及与气候相关的极端情况/灾害的暴露和敏感性（土地使用者认为的极端情况/灾害）

渐变气候

渐变气候

	季节	增加或减少	该技术是如何应对的？
季节性温度	春季	增加	好

气候有关的极端情况（灾害）

气象灾害

	该技术是如何应对的？
局地暴雨	好

6.4 成本效益分析

技术收益与技术建立成本相比如何（从土地使用者的角度看）？

技术收益与技术维护成本/经常性成本相比如何（从土地使用者的角度看）？

6.5 技术采用

• 单例/实验

在所有采用这项技术的人当中，有多少人是自发的，即未获得任何物质奖励/付款？:

• 91-100%

6.6 适应

最近是否对该技术进行了修改以适应不断变化的条件？:

否

6.7 该技术的优点/长处/机会

土地使用者眼中的长处/优势/机会
Compared to other erosion control measures, the area of the grassed waterway can continue to be used (extensively) for forage and grazing.
In Germany, the greened areas could be used as required greening areas for the direct payments of the agricultural policy.

编制者或其他关键资源人员认为的长处/优势/机会
Grassed waterways are highly recommended and beneficial in preventing on-site gully erosion and off-site pollution of water bodies.
Due to their more technical background, the conservation value is not as high as for other measures, but they are still considered as a biotope network as well as a habitat for grassland breeders when extensively managed.

6.8 技术的弱点/缺点/风险及其克服方法

土地使用者认为的弱点/缺点/风险	如何克服它们？
In Germany, grassland becomes permanent if it is not converted within five years. This often leads to a conflict of interest between landowners and land-users. A permanent change in land-use (from arable land to permanent grassland) would mean a loss in land value.	As a result, the farmers plough and reseed the area after five years. With a change in regulations for certain measures, e.g. if land is used for nature conservation, it could remain cropland after five years without being converted.
A structure in the middle of a field is impractical in terms of tracks for machinery.	Sometimes it may be beneficial to green the entire field or subdivide the field with a linear structure.

7.1 信息的方法/来源

7.3 链接到网络上的相关信息

标题/说明:

LfULG (2010): Erosionsschutz in reliefbedingten Abflussbahnen, Schriftenreihe, Heft 13

URL:

https://www.boden.sachsen.de/erosionsschutz-in-reliefbedingten-abflussbahnen-18074.html

标题/说明:

United States Department of Agriculture (2020): Grassed Waterway - Conservation Practice Standard

URL:

https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/resources/guides-and-instructions/grassed-waterway-ac-412-conservation-practice-standard

标题/说明:

LfULG (2015): Begrünung von erosionsgefährdeten Abflussbahnen. Broschüre

URL:

https://publikationen.sachsen.de/bdb/artikel/23739

标题/说明:

Fiener & Auerswald (2006): Seasonal variation of grassed waterway effectiveness in reducing runoff and sediment delivery from agricultural watersheds in temperate Europe. Soil and Tillage Research 87, 48–58.

URL:

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.still.2005.02.035

标题/说明:

Wasserhaushaltsportal Sachsen: KLiWES 2.1 IST-Zustand 1988-2015

URL:

https://whh-kliwes.de/mapview