1.2 参与该技术评估和文件编制的资源人员和机构的联系方式

有助于对技术进行记录/评估的项目名称（如相关）

Book project: where people and their land are safer - A Compendium of Good Practices in Disaster Risk Reduction (DRR) (where people and their land are safer)

有助于对技术进行记录/评估的机构名称（如相关）

CARITAS (Switzerland) - 瑞士

1.3 关于使用通过WOCAT记录的数据的条件

编制者和关键资源人员接受有关使用通过WOCAT记录数据的条件。:

是

1.4 所述技术的可持续性声明

这里所描述的技术在土地退化方面是否存在问题，导致无法被认为是一种可持续的土地管理技术？:

否

1.5 参考关于SLM方法（使用WOCAT记录的SLM方法）的调查问卷

2.1 技术简介

技术定义:

Water points for daily use in pastures, reducing erosion and enhancing productivity of cattle and other livestock.

2.2 技术的详细说明

说明:

Bringing water from springs or other sources to water points in pastures greatly increases livestock productivity and improves reproductive performance. Difficult and distant access to water exhausts the animals, reducing production of meat and milk and reproductive capacities by up to 50%.
By providing water points in pastures, negative effects on livestock productivity can be reduced to a minimum. In order to implement the technology, water sources with perennial flow have to be identified with the shortest possible distance to and from the different grazing grounds. As a next step, in Tajikistan, water and land ownership and user rights must be regulated. Rights to pasture users are either given by the community or individual land and water owners. If the water source and a location for construction are found within a reasonable distance of the different pasture grounds, a drinking water system for livestock can be designed and constructed. Construction involves spring water collection , laying of pipes
and finally installation of the water point. Besides the direct benefits (i.e. increased productivity and reproduction), the water points in the pastures reduce erosion from cattle tracks in often critical locations such as steep slopes surrounding springs. Water points also protect springs from being destroyed or spoiled by the animals. Thus the technology has a risk reduction benefit. A potential negative effect of the technology is a reduction of biodiversity, as extracting water from catchment springs may result in fewer natural fauna and flora in the micro-environments around the springs.

2.3 技术照片

2.4 技术视频

2.5 已应用该技术的、本评估所涵盖的国家/地区/地点

2.6 实施日期

注明实施年份:

2014

2.7 技术介绍

详细说明该技术是如何引入的:

• 通过项目/外部干预

注释（项目类型等）:

By a Caritas Switzerland project

3.1 该技术的主要目的

• 改良生产
• 减少、预防、恢复土地退化
• 结合其他技术保护流域/下游区域
• 降低灾害风险
• 创造有益的经济影响
• 创造有益的社会影响

3.2 应用该技术的当前土地利用类型

注释:

Livestock density (if relevant):

high

3.4 供水

该技术所应用土地的供水:

• 雨养

注释:

Number of growing seasons per year:

2

3.5 该技术所属的SLM组

• 畜牧业和牧场管理
• 地表水管理（泉、河、湖、海）

3.6 包含该技术的可持续土地管理措施

3.7 该技术强调的主要土地退化类型

3.8 防止、减少或恢复土地退化

具体数量名该技术与土地退化有关的目标:

• 减少土地退化

注释:

Water points in daily pastures lead to less movements of herds from and to natural water sources, as water is brought to the animals. Densitiy of animals around natural water sources lead to damages by tampling through compaction of land, while overgrazing leads to vegetation losses, that lead to increased washing or blowing out of soil. Trampling can as well destroy a natural water source and make it unusable.

4.1 该技术的技术图纸

4.2 有关投入和成本计算的一般信息

具体说明成本和投入是如何计算的:

• 每个技术单元

其它/国家货币（具体说明）:

Tajik Somoni

如相关，注明美元与当地货币的汇率（例如1美元=79.9巴西雷亚尔）：1美元=:

8.0

4.3 技术建立活动

	活动	时间（季度）
1.	Identify water sources (spring detection)	early spring and late autumne (observe at least over two years)
2.	Identify where a potential water point should be placed in the pasture area	N/A
3.	Identify the land ownership	N/A
4.	Design of the system	N/A
5.	Tapping and protecting the spring	summer
6.	Digging trenches and lay pipes	Spring
7.	Connecting the tubes to spring catchment	N/A
8.	Construct water point	N/A

4.4 技术建立所需要的费用和投入

	对投入进行具体说明	单位	数量	单位成本	每项投入的总成本	土地使用者承担的成本%
劳动力	Labour	person/days	77.0	45.0	3465.0	20.0
设备	Material Transport Dushanbe-Muminabad	trips (truck with diver)	1.0	3050.0	3050.0
设备	Transport in the district Center to construction place	trips (truck with driver)	3.0	150.0	450.0
植物材料	Tubes	m	1820.0	4.0	7280.0
植物材料	Cement	kg	1800.0	1.06	1908.0
植物材料	Gravel	m3	6.0	180.0	1080.0
施工材料	Tubes	m	1820.0	4.0	7280.0
施工材料	Cement	kg	1800.0	1.06	1908.0
施工材料	Gravel	m3	6.0	180.0	1080.0
技术建立所需总成本					27501.0
技术建立总成本，美元					3437.63

如果您无法分解上表中的成本，请估算建立该技术所需要的总成本。:

15000.0

如果土地使用者负担的费用少于100%，请注明由谁负担其余费用:

Integrated Watershed Management Project, Caritas Switzerland

4.5 维护/经常性活动

	活动	时间/频率
1.	Close/open water point during winter time / spring	twice per year
2.	Small repairs	twice per year

注释:

Water points from cement are not that intensive for maintenance, Herders will take care of the water points as they are daily there. It is important that the tube system is fully covered with soil so that the animals will not destroy any open laying tubes.

4.6 维护/经常性活动所需要的费用和投入（每年）

	对投入进行具体说明	单位	数量	单位成本	每项投入的总成本	土地使用者承担的成本%
劳动力	Clean outlet of water point to reduce erosion	days	2.0	45.0	90.0
劳动力	Control spring catchment (illegal cutting of trees, any other changes in vegetation to assess output of spring) and line	days	2.0	45.0	90.0
劳动力	Control water line - walk along the tubes and control for leackeges)	days	1.0	45.0	45.0
设备	showel	item	1.0	150.0	150.0
施工材料	Water Tab	item	1.0	500.0	500.0	100.0
施工材料	Gravel bed around water point	kg	20.0	20.0	400.0
施工材料	Replacement of tubes	m	200.0	4.0	800.0
技术维护所需总成本					2075.0
技术维护总成本，美元					259.38

如果您无法分解上表中的成本，请估算维护该技术所需要的总成本。:

2075.0

4.7 影响成本的最重要因素

描述影响成本的最决定性因素:

Cost for pipes and cement, i.e. the distance of the next suitable spring to the pasture area;
land ownership: state owned land rented to the Pasture Union

5.1 气候

5.2 地形

说明该技术是否专门应用于:

• 凸形情况

5.3 土壤

5.4 水资源可用性和质量

水的盐度有问题吗？:

否

该区域正在发生洪水吗？:

是

规律性:

频繁

5.5 生物多样性

5.6 应用该技术的土地使用者的特征

说明土地使用者的其他有关特征:

cattle and livestock grazing is a male task, animals at home are taken care by women

5.7 应用该技术的土地使用者使用的平均土地面积

5.8 土地所有权、土地使用权和水使用权

土地所有权:

• 州

土地使用权:

• 社区（有组织）

用水权:

• 社区（有组织）

注释:

water is owned by the pasture user union

5.9 进入服务和基础设施的通道

6.1 该技术的现场影响

社会经济效应

生产

水资源可用性和质量

收入和成本

生态影响

水循环/径流

减少气候和灾害风险

6.2 该技术的场外影响已经显现

对场外影响（测量）的评估进行具体说明:

none

6.3 技术对渐变气候以及与气候相关的极端情况/灾害的暴露和敏感性（土地使用者认为的极端情况/灾害）

渐变气候

渐变气候

	季节	增加或减少	该技术是如何应对的？
年降雨量		减少	适度

气候有关的极端情况（灾害）

气候灾害

	该技术是如何应对的？
寒潮	非常不好

注释:

Water points need to be closed during winter time, otherwise the tubes will get destroyed due to freezing.

6.4 成本效益分析

技术收益与技术建立成本相比如何（从土地使用者的角度看）？

技术收益与技术维护成本/经常性成本相比如何（从土地使用者的角度看）？

注释:

Land users did not bear the full costs they benefit strongly from the beginning

6.5 技术采用

• 11-50%

如若可行，进行量化（住户数量和/或覆盖面积）:

20 water points have been established that are used by more than one village herds

在所有采用这项技术的人当中，有多少人是自发的，即未获得任何物质奖励/付款？:

• 0-10%

注释:

The project subsidized the construction of water points. Livestock breeders from other districts have participated by observing the use of technology

6.6 适应

最近是否对该技术进行了修改以适应不断变化的条件？:

否

6.7 该技术的优点/长处/机会

土地使用者眼中的长处/优势/机会
Improved water management has improved livestock production by controlled grazing and access to water at daily pasture points.
Transporting livestock from steep valley locations to water drinking points was previously labour intensive, a farming activity which has improved due to dedicated water points.
Water quality at drinking points is good enough to be used by farmer and herders as well.

编制者或其他关键资源人员认为的长处/优势/机会
Erosion by livestock has been reduced as livestock grazing is more controlled and distributed compared to before the project interventions.

6.8 技术的弱点/缺点/风险及其克服方法

土地使用者认为的弱点/缺点/风险	如何克服它们？
Water points and farms are remote, and construction requires machinery and a challenging transport of materials to upper pasture zones.

编制者或其他关键资源人员认为的弱点/缺点/风险	如何克服它们？
Investment costs are still considered to be too high to be fully borne by pasture users	Pasture User Union have been formed which collects fees. The unions help to save money for technology investments.

7.1 信息的方法/来源

7.2 参考可用出版物

标题、作者、年份、ISBN:

n/a

7.3 链接到网络上的相关信息

标题/说明:

Disaster RIsk Management in Tajikistan

URL:

https://www.caritas.ch/de/was-wir-tun/engagement-weltweit/klimaschutz-und-katastrophenpraevention/