1.2 参与该技术评估和文件编制的资源人员和机构的联系方式

有助于对技术进行记录/评估的项目名称（如相关）

Soil protection and rehabilitation for food security (ProSo(i)l)

有助于对技术进行记录/评估的机构名称（如相关）

CIAT International Center for Tropical Agriculture (CIAT International Center for Tropical Agriculture) - 肯尼亚

1.3 关于使用通过WOCAT记录的数据的条件

编制者和关键资源人员接受有关使用通过WOCAT记录数据的条件。:

是

1.4 所述技术的可持续性声明

这里所描述的技术在土地退化方面是否存在问题，导致无法被认为是一种可持续的土地管理技术？:

否

注释:

It is soil and water conservation and degraded land rehabilitation technology. Furthermore, the water harvested can be used for spate irrigation and growing food crops and livestock feed.

1.5 参考关于SLM方法（使用WOCAT记录的SLM方法）的调查问卷

2.1 技术简介

技术定义:

Water Spreading Weirs are designed to protect the degradation of agricultural fields and rangelands. They contribute to soil and water conservation and enhance the productive use of dry valleys for food crops and livestock fodder production via the harvest and spread of runoff water and fertile soils.

2.2 技术的详细说明

说明:

Water Spreading Weirs (WSWs) spread runoff water to the tips of the structure's wings, slowing down the speed of runoff and arresting the sediment pouring downstream. WSWs are applicable both on farmland and rangelands to improve the productive use of the land’s resources. They protect soil erosion and control gully development as well as increasing surface and sub-surface water availability. Activities such as mobilization of the community through awareness creation are among the numerous tasks implemented to put the technology in place. The community participates in site selection and participatory planning. Other stakeholders assist in area delineation, profiling the implementation area, and design. Labour and inputs such as surveying and construction materials, notably stone, sand, water, and cement, and equipment such as line levels, theodolites, spades, hoes, forks, string and measuring tapes etc. are required. On top of these, implementing the technology is supported by satellite images and ground validation exercises.
The main purpose of the technology is to reduce land degradation, harvest and use runoff water for spate irrigation and household uses, improve environmental resilience to the risks of drought, increase the depth and fertility of land behind the structure by capturing sediment washed away, allow infiltration of water and increase overall production of food and fodder crops. Also, the contribution to groundwater recharge is immense. Furthermore, it allows the agropastoral community to grow both cash and food crops which helps to ensure food security. Above all, the water harvested means people can remain in the area and that their livestock have access to drinking water for about three months after interception of rainfall. However, the agropastoralists may be discouraged by the size of the WSWs which can be from one hundred to over two hundred meters across. Care also must be taken that the structures do not cross livestock migration routes.

2.3 技术照片

2.4 技术视频

2.5 已应用该技术的、本评估所涵盖的国家/地区/地点

2.6 实施日期

注明实施年份:

2022

如果不知道确切的年份，请说明大概的日期:

• 不到10年前（最近）

2.7 技术介绍

详细说明该技术是如何引入的:

• 通过项目/外部干预

注释（项目类型等）:

The technology was put in place in partnership with the government bureau of agriculture and line office with the Capacity Development and Strengthening Drought Resilience (CDSDR) Project of the GIZ in the Somali Region.

3.1 该技术的主要目的

• 改良生产
• 减少、预防、恢复土地退化
• 结合其他技术保护流域/下游区域
• 降低灾害风险
• 创造有益的经济影响

3.2 应用该技术的当前土地利用类型

同一土地单元内混合使用的土地：:

是

具体说明混合土地使用（作物/放牧/树木）:

• 农牧业（包括农牧结合）

注释:

Agro-pastoralism is the common practices in Amadle kebele of south Jijiga district.

3.3 由于技术的实施，土地使用是否发生了变化？

由于技术的实施，土地使用是否发生了变化？:

• 否（继续问题3.4）

3.4 供水

该技术所应用土地的供水:

• 雨养

注释:

The rainfall distribution is erratic with violent erosive feature flooding the plain with severe damage when flowing downstream.

3.5 该技术所属的SLM组

• 农畜综合管理
• 横坡措施
• 灌溉管理（包括供水、排水）

3.6 包含该技术的可持续土地管理措施

注释:

The technology is Water Spreading Weirs, stop the run-off and distribute the water across the farmland.

3.7 该技术强调的主要土地退化类型

注释:

The technology/structure contributes strongly to soil and water management. The tremendous loss of both resources is immensely reduced by the application of water spreading weirs.

3.8 防止、减少或恢复土地退化

具体数量名该技术与土地退化有关的目标:

• 减少土地退化
• 修复/恢复严重退化的土地

注释:

The technology reduces the speed of runoff, stores the sediments, and distributes the water across the structure which creates an opportunity for spate irrigation and the use of residual moisture as supplemental sources of irrigation for growing early maturing crops.

4.1 该技术的技术图纸

4.2 有关投入和成本计算的一般信息

具体说明成本和投入是如何计算的:

• 每个技术单元

具体说明成本计算所用货币:

• 美元

4.3 技术建立活动

	活动	时间（季度）
1.	Assessing the field (observation)
2.	Consult the local community along with agricultural partners at different levels
3.	Surveying and profile data collection
4.	Develop design and get approval
5.	Outsource the engineering/masonry works
6.	Train the masonry workers
7.	Supply materials
8.	Implement (execute the excavation and the masonry work)
9.	Monitor the development (construction supervision)

注释:

Note: 1 USD = 53.481 Ethiopian birr (ETB) when this data is collected.

4.4 技术建立所需要的费用和投入

如果您无法分解上表中的成本，请估算建立该技术所需要的总成本。:

27490.0

如果土地使用者负担的费用少于100%，请注明由谁负担其余费用:

So far, the project entirely cover the investment and maintenance costs.

注释:

According to the project and regional bureau of agriculture experts, a single structure costs 27, 490 USD. However, in one cascade (dry valley treatment unit) about 8-10 structures are necessary to successfully address the objective of the technology (Soil and Water Management) and ensure productive use of the land from soil arrest and residue of moisture captured in the area. It also enables the use of runoff for spate irrigation.

4.5 维护/经常性活动

	活动	时间/频率
1.	Assess and identify the damage	During the off-season for ease of access to the sites
2.	Estimate the level and cost of damage	During the off-season
3.	Supply materials
4.	Employ the masonry worker
5.	Construct /maintain the damaged parts	Before the short/long rainy season.

注释:

Maintenance costs are largely associated with the degree of damage and cost of materials and masonry worker or labor costs that consistently changing in current Ethiopia.

4.6 维护/经常性活动所需要的费用和投入（每年）

如果您无法分解上表中的成本，请估算维护该技术所需要的总成本。:

12154.0

如果土地使用者负担的费用少于100%，请注明由谁负担其余费用:

The cost is borne by the project.

注释:

The technical experts give only an estimate of both initial investment and maintenance costs. Variations in materials and labor costs are frequent beyond the imagination. However, maintenance depends on the degree of damage. It seems that maintenance cost estimation takes the highest sides which may dishearten the adoption of the technology in the absence of projects.

4.7 影响成本的最重要因素

描述影响成本的最决定性因素:

Economic crisis and frequently escalating material costs along with rising financial inflation.

5.1 气候

5.2 地形

说明该技术是否专门应用于:

• 凹陷情况

关于地形的注释和进一步规范:

The topography where WSW technology/structures are put in place is mostly on gentle slopes across the dry valley drainage line.

5.3 土壤

如有可能，附上完整的土壤描述或具体说明可用的信息，例如土壤类型、土壤酸碱度、阳离子交换能力、氮、盐度等。:

The soil ranges from black silty loam to brown silty and fragile soils that are highly vulnerable to flood. It easily detached and moved away with runoff.

5.4 水资源可用性和质量

水的盐度有问题吗？:

是

具体说明:

As the weather of the area is often too hot salinity is not uncommon in the aquifer.

该区域正在发生洪水吗？:

是

规律性:

偶然

关于水质和水量的注释和进一步规范:

Rainfall is characterized by erratic and erosive nature. Therefore, flooding is common when heavy rain is intercepted.

5.5 生物多样性

关于生物多样性的注释和进一步规范:

Less biodiversity of plant species. Acacias are the common trees, and opuntia and euphorbia species are also common plants in the area. A wild species that may be considered invasive is common in the area. The lower growing weed (wild species) locally known as Weylowed is suggested introduced from Yemen to the Somali part with onion.

5.6 应用该技术的土地使用者的特征

说明土地使用者的其他有关特征:

It is the community who are benefiting from the technology. Furthermore, this respondent is a regional SLM specialist. Therefore, specific information on age and gender is not given here though the community was also consulted.

5.7 应用该技术的土地使用者使用的平均土地面积

5.8 土地所有权、土地使用权和水使用权

土地所有权:

• 社区/村庄
• 个人，未命名

土地使用权:

• 社区（有组织）
• 个人

用水权:

• 社区（有组织）
• 个人

土地使用权是否基于传统的法律制度？:

是

具体说明:

Land use right is based on clan and extended family.

注释:

The land is also owned by individuals. However, there is no land measurement and certification in this region.

5.9 进入服务和基础设施的通道

6.1 该技术的现场影响

社会经济效应

生产

水资源可用性和质量

收入和成本

社会文化影响

生态影响

水循环/径流

土壤

生物多样性:植被、动物

减少气候和灾害风险

对现场影响的评估（测量）进行具体说明:

As the intervention is in its early phase, it is difficult to give an assumption before and after the application of SLM (technology or physical structure). However, a 40 years old woman known as Run Muhamed gave us her insight into the productivity of the land by comparing the hindsight vs the current harvest under highly erratic and erosive rainfall distribution. Accordingly, over the years the harvest per hectare diminished from 0.75 ton/ha to 0.1 ton/ha. This signals the effect of climate change/climate variability and land degradation on crop production. Her household is one of the owners of the land among the other four members of the extended family where the WSW was put in place.

6.2 该技术的场外影响已经显现

对场外影响（测量）的评估进行具体说明:

The intervention believed to improve the existing negative consequences of degradation through promoting soil and water management and reducing risks of crop failure.

6.3 技术对渐变气候以及与气候相关的极端情况/灾害的暴露和敏感性（土地使用者认为的极端情况/灾害）

渐变气候

渐变气候

	季节	增加或减少	该技术是如何应对的？
年温度		增加	适度
年降雨量		减少	好

气候有关的极端情况（灾害）

气象灾害

	该技术是如何应对的？
局地暴雨	适度
当地沙尘暴/尘暴	不好

气候灾害

	该技术是如何应对的？
干旱	适度

水文灾害

	该技术是如何应对的？
山洪暴发	适度

注释:

After an extended dry year, like this season, the technology is overloaded with a flash flood. The soil was frequently exposed to the sun and the prevailing heat waves in the area were easily detached by torrential rain. Then the soil and water were partly arrested whereas an immense amount washed away. It seldom could topple the structure if not the cascade comprises eight to ten structures with relatively short intervals to support one another. Furthermore, the dry valley soil is very fragile let alone exposed to a long-term drought that is associated with a heavy shower at the beginning of a short season like this season.

6.4 成本效益分析

技术收益与技术建立成本相比如何（从土地使用者的角度看）？

技术收益与技术维护成本/经常性成本相比如何（从土地使用者的角度看）？

6.5 技术采用

• 单例/实验

注释:

It is a technology implemented at the community or extended family level. It is too early to evaluate the adoption trend at this particular time.

6.6 适应

最近是否对该技术进行了修改以适应不断变化的条件？:

否

6.7 该技术的优点/长处/机会

土地使用者眼中的长处/优势/机会
The technology/structure reduce soil and water erosion.
Harvest water and make the people and livestock beneficiaries from the still water for crop production, drinking, and household uses.
Increase soil moisture and risks of crop failure because of shortage of rainfall.

编制者或其他关键资源人员认为的长处/优势/机会
Rehabilitate both degraded agricultural and grazing lands.
Improve agropastoralist access to livestock feed and benefit from the positive impact caused by the technology.
Eventually, contributes to the improvement of ecology and overall ecosystem functioning.

6.8 技术的弱点/缺点/风险及其克服方法

土地使用者认为的弱点/缺点/风险	如何克服它们？
High initial investment cost.	Enhance the in-kind contribution of the land users, and increase matching funds from the government as cost-sharing with other projects.
Agropastoralist complains about the space it occupies in their farmland regardless of the benefit they accrue over a long period.	Increase the awareness of the community on the productive uses of the degrading land based on the evidence.
The structure may fall over the livestock migration/travel routes that are not acknowledged by some members of the community.	During masonry work, precaution is essential to calm down the possible complaints that could emerge because of the raised structure by leveling the crossover roads/paths.

编制者或其他关键资源人员认为的弱点/缺点/风险	如何克服它们？
An inadequate number of structures in a cascade subjected to ineffective soil and water management and distribution of rainwater to support as supplementary sources of moisture for crop production.	Increase the number of structures per conceptual statement and standardize the intervals between the structures.
Excessive land users' desire that is unassociated with a tangible contribution to the development of the technology from their side.	Further building land users understanding of SLM technologies and their benefits so that they can build a sense of ownership and accountability to contribute and complement the external efforts.
Land users give emphasis mainly on the immediate benefits of the technology (harvesting water for livestock drinking and household use) than the objectives of rehabilitating the dry valley for productive use of it such as crop and livestock feed production.	Acknowledging the immediate benefits, and the mainstreaming work regarding the pillar objectives of the project intervention.
The initial investment, as well as maintenance costs, are either expensive or overestimated by local actors. Such a higher cost may discourage land users in the absence of projects or SLM funds.	It would be good to be pragmatic in cost estimation. Furthermore, adapting the technology using local materials may promote the adoption and sustainability of the structure for widespread use.

7.1 信息的方法/来源

7.2 参考可用出版物

标题、作者、年份、ISBN:

Mekdaschi & Linger, 2013. Freie Universitat Berlin

可以从哪里获得?成本如何?

https://www.geo.fu-berlin.de/en/v/iwrm/Introduction/Principles/index.html

7.3 链接到网络上的相关信息

标题/说明:

Water-spreading weirs

URL:

https://www.unccd.int/best-practice/water-spreading-weirs

标题/说明:

Water Spreading Weir - NATURAL RESOURCE MANAGEMENT

URL:

https://nrmdblog.wordpress.com/2016/12/12/water-spreading-weir/

7.4 一般注释

The questionnaire is inclusive and more relevant to evaluate such physical structures as a technology. However, successive drought seasons experienced in the area subject the fragile soil to be easily detached and immensely moved by the early rains past the structure. This may affect the valuation of the efficiency of the technology since dry areas are also characterized by a flash flood that could certainly mask the benefits of such a good technology.