1.2 参与该技术评估和文件编制的资源人员和机构的联系方式

有助于对技术进行记录/评估的项目名称（如相关）

有助于对技术进行记录/评估的机构名称（如相关）

1.3 关于使用通过WOCAT记录的数据的条件

编制者和关键资源人员接受有关使用通过WOCAT记录数据的条件。:

是

1.4 所述技术的可持续性声明

这里所描述的技术在土地退化方面是否存在问题，导致无法被认为是一种可持续的土地管理技术？:

否

2.1 技术简介

技术定义:

Water source protection involves protecting lakes, rivers, springs, or man-made reservoirs to avoid water pollution and damage by livestock and wild animals. In the past, the emphasis was on fencing and improving vegetation cover at the discharge point itself, but a recent focus is on groundwater recharge areas.

2.2 技术的详细说明

说明:

Water source protection involves protecting lakes, rivers, springs or man-made reservoirs to avoid water pollution and damage by livestock and wild animals. In the past this included fencing and enhancing vegetation cover at the discharge point – that is, where the water starts flowing. However, today, water source protection also focuses on improving groundwater recharge areas. The water source protection technology has many benefits. In addition to providing a clean and regular supply of drinking and irrigation water, it also enhances the vegetation cover of the catchment area.
Strategies target maintaining adequate water levels in underground water reservoirs to ensure a continuous flow of streams and springs. In Yakpugang Community Forest, the technology has been applied specifically in the southern mountainous part of the village. An area of 638 acres (255 hectares) has been established as the recharge zone, and three springs have been identified for source protection. Native tree species have been planted annually in the degraded watershed to improve forest conditions. The main purpose is to protect the quality and quantity of the water for both drinking and irrigation purposes. The technology is supported by an approach that involves collective efforts of the community who realize that if their drinking and irrigation water supply is to be sustainable, they must work together.
The main purpose is to ensure a continuous supply of water for drinking and irrigation to the community. This is achieved through managing the catchment areas where rainwater soaks through the ground to reach a groundwater reservoir, and one of the key interventions is protecting the water sources from wild animals and livestock.
The water source protection technology involves 1) meeting different stakeholders, 2) signing agreements between the stakeholders, 3) site selection and survey, 4) planting of native tree species, and 5) conducting annual monitoring and evaluation. Inputs like fencing materials, planting materials, and human resources are required for the implementation and maintenance of the technology.
The technology is liked because it helps provide a continuous supply of both clean drinking and irrigation water. Furthermore, protecting water sources by the community is rewarded in monetary form by the nearby town as part of the Payment for Environmental Services (PES). This incentive helps the community to generate income which is ploughed back into the improvement and maintenance of water sources. What is disliked is the reduction in grazing land since the land users are not allowed to graze their cattle inside the water source areas.

2.3 技术照片

2.5 已应用该技术的、本评估所涵盖的国家/地区/地点

国家:

不丹

区域/州/省:

Mongar Dzongkhag (District)

有关地点的进一步说明:

Yakpugang village

具体说明该技术的分布:

• 适用于特定场所/集中在较小区域

技术现场是否位于永久保护区？:

否

Map

×

2.6 实施日期

注明实施年份:

2007

如果不知道确切的年份，请说明大概的日期:

• 不到10年前（最近）

2.7 技术介绍

详细说明该技术是如何引入的:

• 通过项目/外部干预

注释（项目类型等）:

The project was conducted with technical assistance from SNV Bhutan and and funded through Blue Moon Funding with Watershed Management Division of the Department of Forests and Park Services. Later Mongar Regional Referral Hospital was also involved as one of the major water users.

3.1 该技术的主要目的

• 保护生态系统
• 结合其他技术保护流域/下游区域
• 降低灾害风险
• 适应气候变化/极端天气及其影响
• 创造有益的社会影响

3.2 应用该技术的当前土地利用类型

同一土地单元内混合使用的土地：:

否

农田

• 一年一作
• 乔木与灌木的种植

年作 - 具体指明作物:

• 蔬菜 - 叶菜（色拉、卷心菜、菠菜和其他）
• 蔬菜 - 根茎类蔬菜（胡萝卜、洋葱、甜菜等）

• Chillies

乔木和灌木种植 - 指定作物:

• 仁果类（苹果、梨子、柑橘等）
• 核果（桃、杏、樱桃、李子等）

每年的生长季节数:

• 1

具体说明:

Vegetables are cultivated in one growing season, however, fruit trees are perennial.

采用间作制度了吗？:

否

采用轮作制度了吗？:

是

如果是，请具体说明:

The cole crops are rotated with root vegetables and legumes.

水道、水体、湿地

• 排水管道、水道

主要产品/服务:

Irrigation channels for farming and drinking water pipes

3.3 由于技术的实施，土地使用是否发生了变化？

由于技术的实施，土地使用是否发生了变化？:

• 否（继续问题3.4）

3.4 供水

该技术所应用土地的供水:

• 混合雨水灌溉

注释:

The community was benefited greatly from the technology, and thus farming is mostly irrigated and rainfed is done, when rain falls in the area.

3.5 该技术所属的SLM组

• 改良的地面/植被覆盖
• 灌溉管理（包括供水、排水）
• 地表水管理（泉、河、湖、海）

3.6 包含该技术的可持续土地管理措施

植物措施

• V1：乔木和灌木覆盖层
• V2：草和多年生草本植物

3.7 该技术强调的主要土地退化类型

土壤水蚀

• Wt：表土流失/地表侵蚀
• Wg：冲沟侵蚀/沟蚀

水质恶化

• Ha：干旱化
• Hs：地表水良变化
• Hp：地表水水质下降

3.8 防止、减少或恢复土地退化

具体数量名该技术与土地退化有关的目标:

• 防止土地退化
• 减少土地退化

4.1 该技术的技术图纸

技术规范（与技术图纸相关）:

GIS map of the recharge zone of the Yakpugang spings
Yakpugang village, Mongar Gewog (Block), Mongar Dzongkhag (District), Bhutan

作者:

Ugyen Norten

日期:

07/10/2023

4.2 有关投入和成本计算的一般信息

具体说明成本和投入是如何计算的:

• 每个技术单元

如相关，注明美元与当地货币的汇率（例如1美元=79.9巴西雷亚尔）：1美元=:

82.08

4.3 技术建立活动

注释:

The establishment activities were done with the technical assistance from SNV Bhutan and the Department of Forests and Park Services since the water source falls under the community forest.

4.4 技术建立所需要的费用和投入

如果您无法分解上表中的成本，请估算建立该技术所需要的总成本。:

258500.0

如果土地使用者负担的费用少于100%，请注明由谁负担其余费用:

The project was funded through Blue Moon in collaboration with Watershed Management Division of the Department of Forests and Park Services and Global Environment Facility (GEF) was also involved.

4.5 维护/经常性活动

4.6 维护/经常性活动所需要的费用和投入（每年）

注释:

Since the water source is a community asset, an individual from each household goes to the water source area for annual maintenance. This happens three times a year, and no cost goes into it except labour contribution from each household during which they bring their own tools and food.

4.7 影响成本的最重要因素

描述影响成本的最决定性因素:

None.

5.1 气候

5.2 地形

说明该技术是否专门应用于:

• 凹陷情况

5.3 土壤

5.4 水资源可用性和质量

该区域正在发生洪水吗？:

否

关于水质和水量的注释和进一步规范:

Water quantity and quality have been greatly improved with the intervention of water source protection. These three water sources provide drinking water to Mongar town and Mongar hospital.

5.5 生物多样性

5.6 应用该技术的土地使用者的特征

5.7 应用该技术的土地使用者使用的平均土地面积

5.8 土地所有权、土地使用权和水使用权

土地所有权:

• 个人，有命名

土地使用权:

• 个人

用水权:

• 社区（有组织）

土地使用权是否基于传统的法律制度？:

是

具体说明:

The traditional legal system in our country is as per the Land Act and Land Rules and Regulations which dictate the land use in the country.

5.9 进入服务和基础设施的通道

6.1 该技术的现场影响

社会经济效应

生产

水资源可用性和质量

收入和成本

社会文化影响

生态影响

水循环/径流

减少气候和灾害风险

6.2 该技术的场外影响已经显现

6.3 技术对渐变气候以及与气候相关的极端情况/灾害的暴露和敏感性（土地使用者认为的极端情况/灾害）

渐变气候

渐变气候

气候有关的极端情况（灾害）

气象灾害

气候灾害

水文灾害

6.4 成本效益分析

技术收益与技术建立成本相比如何（从土地使用者的角度看）？

技术收益与技术维护成本/经常性成本相比如何（从土地使用者的角度看）？

注释:

The income earned from the project goes into community development and the community forest, and the expense for the project is already funded.

6.5 技术采用

• > 50%

如若可行，进行量化（住户数量和/或覆盖面积）:

102 households

在所有采用这项技术的人当中，有多少人是自发的，即未获得任何物质奖励/付款？:

• 0-10%

6.6 适应

最近是否对该技术进行了修改以适应不断变化的条件？:

否

6.7 该技术的优点/长处/机会

6.8 技术的弱点/缺点/风险及其克服方法

7.1 信息的方法/来源

7.2 参考可用出版物

标题、作者、年份、ISBN:

Norten, U. (2021). Impact of Water Management strategies- Payment for Ecosystem Services (PES) in Bhutan. International Journal of Science and Innovative Research, 2(8), 109-144.

可以从哪里获得?成本如何?

https://ijesir.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/11/0100072IJESIRnew.pdf

标题、作者、年份、ISBN:

WWF. (2017). Valuing Ecosystem Services in Chamkharchhu Sub Basin: Mapping Sediment Using InVEST. WWF.

可以从哪里获得?成本如何?

https://wwfasia.awsassets.panda.org/downloads/final_invest_report_final_draft_may_17_spread_compressed_2.pdf

7.3 链接到网络上的相关信息

标题/说明:

Source Water Protection

URL:

https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/programs-initiatives/source-water-protection

标题/说明:

Water Source Protection

URL:

https://sswm.info/arctic-wash/module-4-technology/further-resources-water-sources/water-source-protection

标题/说明:

Basic Information about Source Water Protection

URL:

https://www.epa.gov/sourcewaterprotection/basic-information-about-source-water-protection

标题/说明:

Conserving water resources with PES, an example from Yakpugang

URL:

https://kuenselonline.com/conserving-water-resources-with-pes-an-example-from-yakpugang/