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Освоение сильно каменистых склоновых земель под орошаемый абрикосовый сад. [Tajikistan]

Табдил додани замини сангоб ба зардолу бог

technologies_1055 - Tajikistan

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Completeness: 71%

1. General information

1.2 Contact details of resource persons and institutions involved in the assessment and documentation of the Technology

Key resource person(s)

SLM specialist:

Pjotr M Sosin

SLM specialist:

Sa'dy Odinashoev

Name of the institution(s) which facilitated the documentation/ evaluation of the Technology (if relevant)
Tajik Soil Insitute (Tajik Soil Institute) - Tajikistan
Name of the institution(s) which facilitated the documentation/ evaluation of the Technology (if relevant)
Tajik Academy of Agricultural Sciences (Tajik Academy of Agricultural Sciences) - Tajikistan

1.3 Conditions regarding the use of data documented through WOCAT

When were the data compiled (in the field)?

03/05/2011

The compiler and key resource person(s) accept the conditions regarding the use of data documented through WOCAT:

Ja

2. Description of the SLM Technology

2.1 Short description of the Technology

Definition of the Technology:

Освоение каменистых земель под орошаемое садоводство.

2.2 Detailed description of the Technology

Description:

Сильно каменистый конус выноса до внедрения технологии использовался как низкопродуктивное пастбище. На участке внедрения технологии проведена камнеуборка. Камни и глыбы использовались для строительства ограждения (забора) вокруг участка. Часть камней складировалась в кучи на территории участка. Вдоль верхней границы участка построен оросительный канал. Из него на территорию участка, по горизонтали мезорельефа, проведены оросительные арыки. Планировка поверхности участка не проводилась из за сильной каменистости. Деревъя абрикоса посажены вдоль оросительных арыков. Междурядьях сада возделываются многолетние травы -эспарцет, люцерна. Камни убранные с площади участка использовались для строительство забора вокруг участка. Забор необходим для того, чтобы предотвратить проникновения на территорию сада мелко и крупно рогатого скота.

Purpose of the Technology: Цель технологии, повышение продуктивности сильно каменистых, склоновых земель конуса выноса с применением орошения и возделыванием комбинированных культур-абрикосового сада и многолетних трав.

Establishment / maintenance activities and inputs: Камне уборка на участке, строительство ограждения, строительство оросительного канала, проведение оросительных арыков по площади участка, посадка деревьев, вспашка междурядье и посев многолетних трав.

Natural / human environment: Участок расположен в аридной зоне на сильно каменистой почве конуса выноса, на левом берегу реки Ванч. До освоения этих земел поверхность почвы на 60% было покрыта камнями. Растительность была представлена эфемерами, имеющие короткий период вегетации. Эти земли использовались под летние низкопродуктивные выпаса.

2.3 Photos of the Technology

Media Gallery

2.5 Country/ region/ locations where the Technology has been applied and which are covered by this assessment

Country:

Tajikistan

Region/ State/ Province:

Таджикистан

Further specification of location:

ГБАО, Ванж, Жовид

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2.6 Date of implementation

If precise year is not known, indicate approximate date:
  • 10-50 years ago

2.7 Introduction of the Technology

Specify how the Technology was introduced:
  • during experiments/ research
Comments (type of project, etc.):

Землепользователи принимали участие лишь в технической реализации технологии.

3. Classification of the SLM Technology

3.1 Main purpose(s) of the Technology

  • improve production

3.2 Current land use type(s) where the Technology is applied

Cropland

Cropland

  • Perennial (non-woody) cropping
  • Tree and shrub cropping
Mixed (crops/ grazing/ trees), incl. agroforestry

Mixed (crops/ grazing/ trees), incl. agroforestry

  • Agroforestry
Comments:

Future (final) land use (after implementation of SLM Technology): Mixed: Mf: Agroforestry

If land use has changed due to the implementation of the Technology, indicate land use before implementation of the Technology:

Grazing land: Ge: Extensive grazing land

3.3 Further information about land use

Water supply for the land on which the Technology is applied:
  • full irrigation
Comments:

Water supply: полностью орошаемое, полностью орошаемое

Number of growing seasons per year:
  • 1
Livestock density (if relevant):

1-10 УГ/км2

3.4 SLM group to which the Technology belongs

  • agroforestry
  • improved ground/ vegetation cover

3.5 Spread of the Technology

Specify the spread of the Technology:
  • evenly spread over an area
If the Technology is evenly spread over an area, indicate approximate area covered:
  • 0.1-1 km2
Comments:

Total area covered by the SLM Technology is 0.2 m2.

3.6 SLM measures comprising the Technology

vegetative measures

vegetative measures

  • V1: Tree and shrub cover
  • V2: Grasses and perennial herbaceous plants
structural measures

structural measures

  • S6: Walls, barriers, palisades, fences
management measures

management measures

  • M1: Change of land use type
Comments:

Main measures: vegetative measures

Secondary measures: structural measures, management measures

Type of agronomic measures: смешанное возделывание / междурядное возделывание, посадка бобовых в междурядьях, минимальная обработка

Type of vegetative measures: урегулированный: -контур

3.7 Main types of land degradation addressed by the Technology

soil erosion by water

soil erosion by water

  • Wt: loss of topsoil/ surface erosion
biological degradation

biological degradation

  • Bc: reduction of vegetation cover
Comments:

Main type of degradation addressed: Вв (Wt): потеря верхнего слоя почвы / поверхностная эрозия

Secondary types of degradation addressed: Бр (Bc): уменьшение растительного покрова

Main causes of degradation: чрезмерный выпас, засуха, интенсивная эксплуатация населением

3.8 Prevention, reduction, or restoration of land degradation

Specify the goal of the Technology with regard to land degradation:
  • reduce land degradation
Comments:

Main goals: mitigation / reduction of land degradation

4. Technical specifications, implementation activities, inputs, and costs

4.1 Technical drawing of the Technology

Author:

Сосин Пётр, Душанбе, пр. Рудаки 21а.

4.2 Technical specifications/ explanations of technical drawing

Схема размещения абрикосового сада на конусе выноса.

Location: Джамоат Джовид. Ванч, ГБАО

Date: 2010,06,16

Technical knowledge required for field staff / advisors: средний

Technical knowledge required for land users: средний

Main technical functions: улучшение земляного покрова

Secondary technical functions: улучшение структуры верхнего слоя почвы (прессование), повышение органического вещества

Aligned: -contour
Vegetative material: Ф: фруктовые деревья / кустарники, К: многолетние культуры

Wall/ barrier
Vertical interval between structures (m): 1
Spacing between structures (m): 3000
Width of ditches/pits/dams (m): 0,5
Length of ditches/pits/dams (m): 3000

Change of land use type

4.3 General information regarding the calculation of inputs and costs

other/ national currency (specify):

Сомони

Indicate exchange rate from USD to local currency (if relevant): 1 USD =:

4.5

Indicate average wage cost of hired labour per day:

7.00

4.4 Establishment activities

Activity Type of measure Timing
1. Строительство забора Structural 1 год
2. Строительство оросительного канала Structural 1 год
3. Приобретение саженцев Structural 15 дней
4. Посадка саженцев Structural 2 месяц
5. Камнеуборка на площади 20га Structural

4.5 Costs and inputs needed for establishment

Specify input Unit Quantity Costs per Unit Total costs per input % of costs borne by land users
Labour None None 3000.0 15.0 45000.0 30.0
Labour None None 1300.0 23.07692 30000.0 10.0
Labour None None 6400.0 1.0 6400.0 100.0
Labour None None 20.0 2625.0 52500.0 30.0
Plant material None None 6400.0 5.0 32000.0
Total costs for establishment of the Technology 165900.0

5. Natural and human environment

5.1 Climate

Annual rainfall
  • < 250 mm
  • 251-500 mm
  • 501-750 mm
  • 751-1,000 mm
  • 1,001-1,500 mm
  • 1,501-2,000 mm
  • 2,001-3,000 mm
  • 3,001-4,000 mm
  • > 4,000 mm
Agro-climatic zone
  • arid

Thermal climate class: subtropics

5.2 Topography

Slopes on average:
  • flat (0-2%)
  • gentle (3-5%)
  • moderate (6-10%)
  • rolling (11-15%)
  • hilly (16-30%)
  • steep (31-60%)
  • very steep (>60%)
Landforms:
  • plateau/plains
  • ridges
  • mountain slopes
  • hill slopes
  • footslopes
  • valley floors
Altitudinal zone:
  • 0-100 m a.s.l.
  • 101-500 m a.s.l.
  • 501-1,000 m a.s.l.
  • 1,001-1,500 m a.s.l.
  • 1,501-2,000 m a.s.l.
  • 2,001-2,500 m a.s.l.
  • 2,501-3,000 m a.s.l.
  • 3,001-4,000 m a.s.l.
  • > 4,000 m a.s.l.

5.3 Soils

Soil depth on average:
  • very shallow (0-20 cm)
  • shallow (21-50 cm)
  • moderately deep (51-80 cm)
  • deep (81-120 cm)
  • very deep (> 120 cm)
Soil texture (topsoil):
  • medium (loamy, silty)
Topsoil organic matter:
  • medium (1-3%)

5.4 Water availability and quality

Ground water table:

> 50 m

Water quality (untreated):

good drinking water

5.5 Biodiversity

Species diversity:
  • low

5.6 Characteristics of land users applying the Technology

Market orientation of production system:
  • subsistence (self-supply)
Off-farm income:
  • 10-50% of all income
Relative level of wealth:
  • average
Individuals or groups:
  • individual/ household
Level of mechanization:
  • manual work
  • animal traction
Gender:
  • women
  • men
Indicate other relevant characteristics of the land users:

Land users applying the Technology are mainly disadvantaged land users

Population density: 10-50 persons/km2

Annual population growth: 2% - 3%

5.7 Average area of land owned or leased by land users applying the Technology

  • < 0.5 ha
  • 0.5-1 ha
  • 1-2 ha
  • 2-5 ha
  • 5-15 ha
  • 15-50 ha
  • 50-100 ha
  • 100-500 ha
  • 500-1,000 ha
  • 1,000-10,000 ha
  • > 10,000 ha
Is this considered small-, medium- or large-scale (referring to local context)?
  • small-scale

5.8 Land ownership, land use rights, and water use rights

Land ownership:
  • state
Land use rights:
  • leased
Comments:

Земля является собственностью госудаства, землепользователи арендуют участки

5.9 Access to services and infrastructure

health:
  • poor
  • moderate
  • good
education:
  • poor
  • moderate
  • good
technical assistance:
  • poor
  • moderate
  • good
employment (e.g. off-farm):
  • poor
  • moderate
  • good
markets:
  • poor
  • moderate
  • good
energy:
  • poor
  • moderate
  • good
roads and transport:
  • poor
  • moderate
  • good
drinking water and sanitation:
  • poor
  • moderate
  • good
financial services:
  • poor
  • moderate
  • good

6. Impacts and concluding statements

6.1 On-site impacts the Technology has shown

Socio-economic impacts

Production

fodder production

decreased
increased
Water availability and quality

demand for irrigation water

increased
decreased
Income and costs

farm income

decreased
increased

economic disparities

increased
decreased

Socio-cultural impacts

food security/ self-sufficiency

reduced
improved

recreational opportunities

reduced
improved

situation of socially and economically disadvantaged groups

worsened
improved

Ecological impacts

Water cycle/ runoff

surface runoff

increased
decreased
Soil

soil moisture

decreased
increased

soil organic matter/ below ground C

decreased
increased
Biodiversity: vegetation, animals

biomass/ above ground C

decreased
increased

habitat diversity

decreased
increased
Other ecological impacts

6.3 Exposure and sensitivity of the Technology to gradual climate change and climate-related extremes/ disasters (as perceived by land users)

Gradual climate change

Gradual climate change
Season Type of climatic change/ extreme How does the Technology cope with it?
annual temperature increase well

Climate-related extremes (disasters)

Meteorological disasters
How does the Technology cope with it?
local rainstorm not well
Climatological disasters
How does the Technology cope with it?
drought well

Other climate-related consequences

Other climate-related consequences
How does the Technology cope with it?
reduced growing period well

6.4 Cost-benefit analysis

How do the benefits compare with the establishment costs (from land users’ perspective)?
Short-term returns:

negative

Long-term returns:

positive

How do the benefits compare with the maintenance/ recurrent costs (from land users' perspective)?
Short-term returns:

slightly negative

Long-term returns:

very positive

6.5 Adoption of the Technology

  • 10-50%
Of all those who have adopted the Technology, how many have did so spontaneously, i.e. without receiving any material incentives/ payments?
  • 0-10%
Comments:

40% of land user families have adopted the Technology with external material support

30 land user families have adopted the Technology with external material support

There is a little trend towards spontaneous adoption of the Technology

Comments on adoption trend: Широкое внедрение технологии тормозится дефицитом денежных средств.

6.7 Strengths/ advantages/ opportunities of the Technology

Strengths/ advantages/ opportunities in the land user’s view
Не требует специальных инженерных сооружений

How can they be sustained / enhanced? В течении использования технологии
Для ограждения используется местный материал

How can they be sustained / enhanced? В течении использования технологии
Strengths/ advantages/ opportunities in the compiler’s or other key resource person’s view
Не требует специальных инженерных сооружений

How can they be sustained / enhanced? В течении использования технологии
Не используются дополнительные материалы и оборудование

How can they be sustained / enhanced? В течении использования технологии
Для ограждения используется местный материал

How can they be sustained / enhanced? В течении использования технологии

6.8 Weaknesses/ disadvantages/ risks of the Technology and ways of overcoming them

Weaknesses/ disadvantages/ risks in the compiler’s or other key resource person’s view How can they be overcome?
Функционирование технологии зависит от обеспеченности оросительной водой Внедрить водосберегающую технологию

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