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Technologies
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Укрепление берегов рек с помощью камней и габионов [Tajikistan]

Strengthening of the river banks with stones and gabions (English)

technologies_1362 - Tajikistan

Completeness: 73%

1. General information

1.2 Contact details of resource persons and institutions involved in the assessment and documentation of the Technology

Key resource person(s)

SLM specialist:
SLM specialist:

Tajikistan

Name of project which facilitated the documentation/ evaluation of the Technology (if relevant)
Community Agriculture and Watershed Management project in Tajikistan (WB / CAWMP)

1.3 Conditions regarding the use of data documented through WOCAT

When were the data compiled (in the field)?

22/05/2011

The compiler and key resource person(s) accept the conditions regarding the use of data documented through WOCAT:

Ja

2. Description of the SLM Technology

2.1 Short description of the Technology

Definition of the Technology:

Укрепление берегов рек и противоселевые мероприятия с помощью камней и габионов

2.2 Detailed description of the Technology

Description:

Технология состоит в сборе камней , в основном среднего размера (20-40 см в диаметре) и укладке их особым способом в местах, подверженных наиболее сильному воздействия течения реки и размыванию для предотвращения от дальнейшего размывания земель, занятых поселениями или сельскохозяйственными полями. Традиционно применяется два типа укладки камней: (1) в виде габионов, то есть вертикальных стен из камней, скрепленных проволокой, (2) в виде каменной кладки на матах из ветвей деревьев и кустарников

Purpose of the Technology: Предотвращение размыва берегов речными и селевыми потоками

Establishment / maintenance activities and inputs: сбор камней\ветвей деревьев, их укладка особым способом, скрепление камней ветвями или проволокой

Natural / human environment: берега рек \ сельские поселения

2.3 Photos of the Technology

2.5 Country/ region/ locations where the Technology has been applied and which are covered by this assessment

Country:

Tajikistan

Region/ State/ Province:

Таджикистан

Further specification of location:

Таджикабадский район, джамоаты Ширинчашма и Шогадоев

2.6 Date of implementation

If precise year is not known, indicate approximate date:
  • more than 50 years ago (traditional)

2.7 Introduction of the Technology

Specify how the Technology was introduced:
  • as part of a traditional system (> 50 years)

3. Classification of the SLM Technology

3.1 Main purpose(s) of the Technology

  • protect a watershed/ downstream areas – in combination with other Technologies

3.2 Current land use type(s) where the Technology is applied

Cropland

Cropland

  • Annual cropping
Mixed (crops/ grazing/ trees), incl. agroforestry

Mixed (crops/ grazing/ trees), incl. agroforestry

  • Silvo-pastoralism
Comments:

Major land use problems (compiler’s opinion): размывание берегов речными и селевыми потоками, уменьшение полезной площади земель

Major land use problems (land users’ perception): размывание берегов речными и селевыми потоками, уменьшение полезной площади земель

Mixed: (eg agro-pastoralism, silvo-pastoralism): Yes

Future (final) land use (after implementation of SLM Technology): Other: Os: Settlements, infrastructure networks

Livestock is grazing on crop residues

Constraints of settlement / urban: риск сноса части территории

If land use has changed due to the implementation of the Technology, indicate land use before implementation of the Technology:

Other: Os: Settlements, infrastructure networks

3.3 Further information about land use

Water supply for the land on which the Technology is applied:
  • mixed rainfed-irrigated
Comments:

Water supply: смешанное богарно-орошаемое, смешанное богарно-орошаемое

Number of growing seasons per year:
  • 1

3.4 SLM group to which the Technology belongs

  • surface water management (spring, river, lakes, sea)

3.5 Spread of the Technology

Specify the spread of the Technology:
  • evenly spread over an area
If the Technology is evenly spread over an area, indicate approximate area covered:
  • 1-10 km2
Comments:

всего выполнено 6 подпроектов по берегоукреплению в рамках проекта Всемирного Банка CAWMP. В данном описании приводятся данные в основном для Таджикабадского района

3.6 SLM measures comprising the Technology

vegetative measures

vegetative measures

  • V1: Tree and shrub cover
structural measures

structural measures

  • S6: Walls, barriers, palisades, fences
management measures

management measures

  • M3: Layout according to natural and human environment
Comments:

Main measures: structural measures

Secondary measures: vegetative measures, management measures

Type of vegetative measures: урегулированный: -линейныи, в блоках

3.7 Main types of land degradation addressed by the Technology

soil erosion by water

soil erosion by water

  • Wr: riverbank erosion
Comments:

Main type of degradation addressed: Вр (Wr): эрозия берегов реки

Main causes of degradation: сильные / чрезмерные дожди (интенсивность/количество), наводнение

Secondary causes of degradation: чрезмерное использование растительного покрова для бытовых целей, другие природные причины (лавина, извержение вулкана, сели, высоко уязвимые природные ресурсы, экстремальная топография и т.д.) укажите какие (сели)

3.8 Prevention, reduction, or restoration of land degradation

Specify the goal of the Technology with regard to land degradation:
  • prevent land degradation
Comments:

Main goals: prevention of land degradation

Secondary goals: mitigation / reduction of land degradation, rehabilitation / reclamation of denuded land

4. Technical specifications, implementation activities, inputs, and costs

4.2 Technical specifications/ explanations of technical drawing

Technical knowledge required for field staff / advisors: средний (должен иметь инженерное образование (гидротехническое))

Technical knowledge required for land users: средний (должен иметь успешный опыт создания такого рода сооружений)

Main technical functions: стабилизация почвы (например, с помощью корней деревьев против оползней)

Secondary technical functions: контроль над концентрированными стоками: запруда / замедление, контроль над концентрированными стоками: дрена / отводка

Aligned: -linear
Vegetative material: Д: деревья / кустарники

In blocks
Vegetative material: Д: деревья / кустарники

Trees/ shrubs species: деревья и кустарники высаживаются после установлния габионов

Wall/ barrier
Height of bunds/banks/others (m): 1-3
Width of bunds/banks/others (m): 0,5-5
Length of bunds/banks/others (m): 5-20

Construction material (earth): при создании каменной кладки на матах из веток землей и наносами постепенно забиваются маты

Construction material (stone): основной материал, противостоящий водным и селевым потокам

Construction material (wood): ветки деревьев используются для создания матов и скрепления камней

Construction material (other): металлическая проволока используется для скрепления камней

Vegetation is used for stabilisation of structures.

Change of land use practices / intensity level: опасные ранее земли введены в использование

Layout change according to natural and human environment: сбережение участков земель, ранее опасных для поселения и сельского хозяйства

4.4 Establishment activities

Activity Type of measure Timing
1. сбор черенков Vegetative
2. черенки тополя или ивы и облепихи Vegetative
3. посадка черенков Vegetative
4. сбор и транспортировка камней Structural
5. сбор и транспортировка веток деревьев Structural
6. укладка растительных матов и\или камней Structural
7. скрепление камней в габионах Structural
8. Проектирование сооружения Management
9. Организация работ Management

4.6 Maintenance/ recurrent activities

Activity Type of measure Timing/ frequency
1. замена разрушенных участков камней и крепления Structural
2. посадка черенков Structural
3. Контроль состояния сооружений Management
4. Ремонтные мероприятия Management

4.7 Costs and inputs needed for maintenance/ recurrent activities (per year)

Comments:

Затраты в размере 200-800 долларов США рассчитаны на 1 погонный метр среднестатистического сооружения при полностью ручном труде

4.8 Most important factors affecting the costs

Describe the most determinate factors affecting the costs:

время года, дальность транспортировки камней, высота сооружения, ширина толщина сооружения, возможность механизации работ

5. Natural and human environment

5.1 Climate

Annual rainfall
  • < 250 mm
  • 251-500 mm
  • 501-750 mm
  • 751-1,000 mm
  • 1,001-1,500 mm
  • 1,501-2,000 mm
  • 2,001-3,000 mm
  • 3,001-4,000 mm
  • > 4,000 mm
Agro-climatic zone
  • sub-humid
  • semi-arid

Thermal climate class: temperate

5.2 Topography

Slopes on average:
  • flat (0-2%)
  • gentle (3-5%)
  • moderate (6-10%)
  • rolling (11-15%)
  • hilly (16-30%)
  • steep (31-60%)
  • very steep (>60%)
Landforms:
  • plateau/plains
  • ridges
  • mountain slopes
  • hill slopes
  • footslopes
  • valley floors
Altitudinal zone:
  • 0-100 m a.s.l.
  • 101-500 m a.s.l.
  • 501-1,000 m a.s.l.
  • 1,001-1,500 m a.s.l.
  • 1,501-2,000 m a.s.l.
  • 2,001-2,500 m a.s.l.
  • 2,501-3,000 m a.s.l.
  • 3,001-4,000 m a.s.l.
  • > 4,000 m a.s.l.

5.3 Soils

Soil depth on average:
  • very shallow (0-20 cm)
  • shallow (21-50 cm)
  • moderately deep (51-80 cm)
  • deep (81-120 cm)
  • very deep (> 120 cm)

5.4 Water availability and quality

Availability of surface water:

excess

5.6 Characteristics of land users applying the Technology

Market orientation of production system:
  • mixed (subsistence/ commercial
Off-farm income:
  • > 50% of all income
Relative level of wealth:
  • poor
Individuals or groups:
  • groups/ community
Level of mechanization:
  • manual work
  • mechanized/ motorized
Gender:
  • women
  • men
Indicate other relevant characteristics of the land users:

Land users applying the Technology are mainly common / average land users

Population density: 50-100 persons/km2

Annual population growth: 2% - 3%

5.7 Average area of land owned or leased by land users applying the Technology

  • < 0.5 ha
  • 0.5-1 ha
  • 1-2 ha
  • 2-5 ha
  • 5-15 ha
  • 15-50 ha
  • 50-100 ha
  • 100-500 ha
  • 500-1,000 ha
  • 1,000-10,000 ha
  • > 10,000 ha
Is this considered small-, medium- or large-scale (referring to local context)?
  • small-scale
Comments:

Average area of land owned or leased by land users applying the Technology: < 0.5 ha, 0.5-1 ha, 1-2 ha

5.8 Land ownership, land use rights, and water use rights

Land ownership:
  • communal/ village
  • individual, titled
Land use rights:
  • communal (organized)
  • individual

5.9 Access to services and infrastructure

health:
  • poor
  • moderate
  • good
education:
  • poor
  • moderate
  • good
technical assistance:
  • poor
  • moderate
  • good
employment (e.g. off-farm):
  • poor
  • moderate
  • good
markets:
  • poor
  • moderate
  • good
energy:
  • poor
  • moderate
  • good
roads and transport:
  • poor
  • moderate
  • good
drinking water and sanitation:
  • poor
  • moderate
  • good
financial services:
  • poor
  • moderate
  • good

6. Impacts and concluding statements

6.1 On-site impacts the Technology has shown

Socio-economic impacts

Production

production area

decreased
increased
Income and costs

workload

increased
decreased

Socio-cultural impacts

food security/ self-sufficiency

reduced
improved

community institutions

weakened
strengthened

conflict mitigation

worsened
improved

Ecological impacts

Soil

soil loss

increased
decreased
Climate and disaster risk reduction

flood impacts

increased
decreased

6.2 Off-site impacts the Technology has shown

damage on neighbours' fields

increased
reduced

6.3 Exposure and sensitivity of the Technology to gradual climate change and climate-related extremes/ disasters (as perceived by land users)

Gradual climate change

Gradual climate change
Season Type of climatic change/ extreme How does the Technology cope with it?
annual temperature increase well

Climate-related extremes (disasters)

Meteorological disasters
How does the Technology cope with it?
local rainstorm not well
local windstorm well
Climatological disasters
How does the Technology cope with it?
drought well
Hydrological disasters
How does the Technology cope with it?
general (river) flood not well

Other climate-related consequences

Other climate-related consequences
How does the Technology cope with it?
reduced growing period well

6.4 Cost-benefit analysis

How do the benefits compare with the establishment costs (from land users’ perspective)?
Long-term returns:

positive

How do the benefits compare with the maintenance/ recurrent costs (from land users' perspective)?
Long-term returns:

positive

Comments:

Экономическую пользу трудно оценить, поскольку предотвращенные риски могут быть очень затратными по восстановительным мероприятиям при критических ситуациях

6.5 Adoption of the Technology

  • more than 50%
Of all those who have adopted the Technology, how many have did so spontaneously, i.e. without receiving any material incentives/ payments?
  • 0-10%
Comments:

100% of land user families have adopted the Technology with external material support

76 land user families have adopted the Technology with external material support

Comments on acceptance with external material support: указано количество семей, применивших эту технологию в рамках проекта CAWMP

There is a moderate trend towards spontaneous adoption of the Technology

Comments on adoption trend: эти технологии традиционны в Таджикистане, но высокозатратны, поэтому нужны стимулирующие средства на ее применение

6.7 Strengths/ advantages/ opportunities of the Technology

Strengths/ advantages/ opportunities in the land user’s view
меньше опасность критических ситуаций
Strengths/ advantages/ opportunities in the compiler’s or other key resource person’s view
относительная дешевизна местных материалов (фактически оплачивается только их транспортировка)

How can they be sustained / enhanced? всегда
инженерная простота сооружений

How can they be sustained / enhanced? пока есть опытные мастера и инженеры
возможность снизить риски землепользования на критических участках

How can they be sustained / enhanced? пока поддерживаются существующие сооружения

6.8 Weaknesses/ disadvantages/ risks of the Technology and ways of overcoming them

Weaknesses/ disadvantages/ risks in the land user’s view How can they be overcome?
сооружения могут быть уничтожены сильным селем или паводком делать сооружения крепче
Weaknesses/ disadvantages/ risks in the compiler’s or other key resource person’s view How can they be overcome?
сооружения могут быть уничтожены сильным селем или паводком делать сооружения крепче, применять более совершенные технологии укрепления

7. References and links

7.2 References to available publications

Title, author, year, ISBN:

база данных проекта Community agriculture and Watershed Management project

Available from where? Costs?

Группа управления проектом, бесплатно

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