1.2 Contact details of resource persons and institutions involved in the assessment and documentation of the Technology

Name of the institution(s) which facilitated the documentation/ evaluation of the Technology (if relevant)

CESVI (CESVI) - Tajikistan

1.3 Conditions regarding the use of data documented through WOCAT

The compiler and key resource person(s) accept the conditions regarding the use of data documented through WOCAT:

Ja

2.1 Short description of the Technology

Definition of the Technology:

The construction of a natural spring catchment pit for the collection and distribution of uncontaminated ground water.

2.2 Detailed description of the Technology

Description:

The technolgy consists of digging of a pit around the spring outlet and placing a 15cm perforated plastic pipe on a bed of gravel. The gravel acts as a natural sediment filter and protects the pipe from clogging. The pipe is buried in more gravel and covered with a plastic sheet to prevent animals from contaminating the spring source. The plastic pipe can be extended and attached to a flexible pipe to deliver clean ground water to the final destination.

Purpose of the Technology: There are two main aims of the technology, the first is to prevent contamination of the spring source from livestock which uses the spring head as a watering hole. The second goal is to optimise the springs capacity for irrigation and human consumption by capturing the water in the perforated pipe and channelling to the usage point.

Establishment / maintenance activities and inputs: The construction of the spring catchment is relatively straight forward. A 1m deep pit is dug around the spring head approximately 2m wide. A bed of washed gravel is placed in the foot of the pit, and a 15cm perforated plastic pipe is embedded into the gravel, this is attached to a flexible tube to transport the clean water away. The perforated pipe is covered in more clean gravel and covered with a heavy polythene sheet and covered in earth. The construction process can be completed in one day if the materials are available.
The only substantial maintenance required would be the cleaning of the pipe and gravel if it gets clogged with earth.

Natural / human environment: In many parts of Tajikistan water for human use and irrigation is scarce and plays a critical role in securing the livelihoods of the local population. The construction of the spring catchment increases not only the volume but also improves the quality of water available. This can and does have a dramatic effect on the productivity of the land and the health of the land users.

2.3 Photos of the Technology

2.5 Country/ region/ locations where the Technology has been applied and which are covered by this assessment

2.6 Date of implementation

If precise year is not known, indicate approximate date:

• less than 10 years ago (recently)

2.7 Introduction of the Technology

Specify how the Technology was introduced:

• through projects/ external interventions

Comments (type of project, etc.):

Spring Protection Project

3.1 Main purpose(s) of the Technology

• improved access to water

3.2 Current land use type(s) where the Technology is applied

Comments:

Major land use problems (compiler’s opinion): Lack of access to water. Contamination of the water due to animals using the spring.

Major land use problems (land users’ perception): Provides a better cleaner source of water for the land and the people.

Plantation forestry: Fruit tree orchards.

Problems / comments regarding forest use: The spring is located in natural woodland, however the water supply is directed towards the fruit orchards.

Forest products and services: fuelwood, fruits and nuts, protection against natural hazards

Future (final) land use (after implementation of SLM Technology): Forests / woodlands: Fn: Natural

3.3 Has land use changed due to the implementation of the Technology?

3.5 SLM group to which the Technology belongs

• water harvesting

3.6 SLM measures comprising the Technology

Comments:

Main measures: structural measures

3.7 Main types of land degradation addressed by the Technology

Comments:

Main type of degradation addressed: Bc: reduction of vegetation cover, Hs: change in quantity of surface water, Hp: decline of surface water quality

Secondary types of degradation addressed: Wt: loss of topsoil / surface erosion, Wm: mass movements / landslides

Main causes of degradation: other natural causes (avalanches, volcanic eruptions, mud flows, highly susceptible natural resources, extreme topography, etc.) specify (The land degradation was caused by uncontrolled natural spring run off.)

3.8 Prevention, reduction, or restoration of land degradation

Specify the goal of the Technology with regard to land degradation:

• prevent land degradation
• reduce land degradation

Comments:

Main goals: mitigation / reduction of land degradation

Secondary goals: prevention of land degradation

4.1 Technical drawing of the Technology

4.2 General information regarding the calculation of inputs and costs

other/ national currency (specify):

TJS

If relevant, indicate exchange rate from USD to local currency (e.g. 1 USD = 79.9 Brazilian Real): 1 USD =:

4.5

4.3 Establishment activities

	Activity	Timing (season)
1.	Digging of the spring head	Spring
2.	pipe positioning	Spring
3.	Gravel positioning and covering with plastic sheet	Spring
4.	Fill back the drainage	Spring

4.4 Costs and inputs needed for establishment

	Specify input	Unit	Quantity	Costs per Unit	Total costs per input	% of costs borne by land users
Labour	Digging of the spring head	Persons/day	2.0	25.0	50.0	100.0
Labour	Pipe positioning	Persons/day	2.0	25.0	50.0	100.0
Labour	Gravel positioning	Persons/day	2.0	25.0	50.0	100.0
Labour	Fill back the drainage	Persons/day	2.0	25.0	50.0	100.0
Equipment	Tools	Pieces	4.0	10.0	40.0	100.0
Equipment	Drill	Pieces	1.0	250.0	250.0
Construction material	Drainage pipe	meter	10.0	1.5	15.0
Construction material	Stone	tons	0.5	136.0	68.0
Construction material	Plastic sheet to cover	sq m	1.5	5.333333	8.0
Total costs for establishment of the Technology					581.0
Total costs for establishment of the Technology in USD					129.11

If land user bore less than 100% of costs, indicate who covered the remaining costs:

CESVI

Comments:

Duration of establishment phase: 1 month(s)

4.5 Maintenance/ recurrent activities

	Activity	Timing/ frequency
1.	Cleaning the water channel after drainage	Spring

4.6 Costs and inputs needed for maintenance/ recurrent activities (per year)

	Specify input	Unit	Quantity	Costs per Unit	Total costs per input	% of costs borne by land users
Labour	Cleaning the water channel	Persons/day	2.0	25.0	50.0	100.0
Equipment	Tools	Pieces	2.0	10.0	20.0	100.0
Total costs for maintenance of the Technology					70.0
Total costs for maintenance of the Technology in USD					15.56

Comments:

Machinery/ tools: Shovel

Costs are based upon one spring at a depth of 1m at 2010 prices.

4.7 Most important factors affecting the costs

Describe the most determinate factors affecting the costs:

The cost is determined by the depth of the spring head. If it needs to be deeper it requires additonal labour and material costs.

5.1 Climate

5.2 Topography

5.3 Soils

If available, attach full soil description or specify the available information, e.g. soil type, soil PH/ acidity, Cation Exchange Capacity, nitrogen, salinity etc.

Soil fertility is low

Soil drainage / infiltration is medium

Soil water storage capacity is medium

5.4 Water availability and quality

Comments and further specifications on water quality and quantity:

Availability of surface water is good at the location of the spring, but medium where the water is needed for the lands.

5.5 Biodiversity

5.6 Characteristics of land users applying the Technology

Indicate other relevant characteristics of the land users:

Land users applying the Technology are mainly Leaders / privileged

Population density: 10-50 persons/km2

Annual population growth: 1% - 2%

80% of the land users are poor.
20% of the land users are poor.

5.7 Average area of land used by land users applying the Technology

5.8 Land ownership, land use rights, and water use rights

Land ownership:

• state

Land use rights:

• communal (organized)

Water use rights:

• communal (organized)

5.9 Access to services and infrastructure

6.1 On-site impacts the Technology has shown

Socio-economic impacts

Water availability and quality

Socio-cultural impacts

Ecological impacts

Water cycle/ runoff

Climate and disaster risk reduction

6.2 Off-site impacts the Technology has shown

6.3 Exposure and sensitivity of the Technology to gradual climate change and climate-related extremes/ disasters (as perceived by land users)

Gradual climate change

Gradual climate change

	Season	increase or decrease	How does the Technology cope with it?
annual temperature		increase	well

Climate-related extremes (disasters)

Meteorological disasters

	How does the Technology cope with it?
local rainstorm	well
local windstorm	well

Climatological disasters

	How does the Technology cope with it?
drought	well

Hydrological disasters

	How does the Technology cope with it?
general (river) flood	not known

Other climate-related consequences

Other climate-related consequences

	How does the Technology cope with it?
reduced growing period	well

6.4 Cost-benefit analysis

How do the benefits compare with the establishment costs (from land users’ perspective)?

How do the benefits compare with the maintenance/ recurrent costs (from land users' perspective)?

6.5 Adoption of the Technology

• single cases/ experimental

If available, quantify (no. of households and/ or area covered):

1 houshold

Of all those who have adopted the Technology, how many did so spontaneously, i.e. without receiving any material incentives/ payments?

• 0-10%

Comments:

Comments on spontaneous adoption: In the course of the project 24 springs will be refurbished (2011-2013).

There is no trend towards spontaneous adoption of the Technology

Comments on adoption trend: The technology is new and in its infancy.

6.7 Strengths/ advantages/ opportunities of the Technology

Strengths/ advantages/ opportunities in the land user’s view
Pleased at the increase in water and ability to improve the yield of his crops.

Strengths/ advantages/ opportunities in the compiler’s or other key resource person’s view
Increased access to water through controlled piping. How can they be sustained / enhanced? Provision of guidance of which pipes to use.
Reduced the contamination at the spring head by animals.
It is quick and cheap to install. How can they be sustained / enhanced? provide further training and support on maintenance.
It is easy to teach people how to install it.

6.8 Weaknesses/ disadvantages/ risks of the Technology and ways of overcoming them

Weaknesses/ disadvantages/ risks in the land user’s view	How can they be overcome?
Difficult at times to find good cheap plastic pipe.

Weaknesses/ disadvantages/ risks in the compiler’s or other key resource person’s view	How can they be overcome?
It incurs an initial financial outlay, which may be considerable if the spring is located far from where the water is needed.

7.1 Methods/ sources of information