Technologies

Holistic demonstration [India]

Samagra Jalanayan Abhivrudhi Pratyakshike (Kannada)

technologies_1084 - India

Completeness: 69%

1. General information

1.3 Conditions regarding the use of data documented through WOCAT

The compiler and key resource person(s) accept the conditions regarding the use of data documented through WOCAT:

Ja

2. Description of the SLM Technology

2.1 Short description of the Technology

Definition of the Technology:

Holistic demonstration includes integrated cultivation of Agri-Horti-Silvi technologies. Along with the Soil & water Conservation structures suitable to the site.

2.2 Detailed description of the Technology

Description:

Holistic demonstration was taken in the upper reach, middle reach and lower reach (2 hectares each) in a village in the watershed. The demonstration units includes soil & water consercvation structures also. Crop demonstration with integrated pest management, seed treatment, pitcher irrigation practices, varietal trails were implemented to increase the overall per capita income of the farmer. However, the suitable SWC was according to the site of lower reach/ upper reach or middle reach. The plot was accommodated with suitable field crops, horticultural species either on the bunds or in the fiels itself and some fodder crops, some forestry species etc.

Purpose of the Technology: The demonstration units now serve as the units of awareness brining in understanding the holistic approach and also to encourage the other farmers to replicate the same in their fields.

Establishment / maintenance activities and inputs: (1) site selection with concerned farmer, (2) design and preparation of estimates by the project staff, (3) discussion with the VWDC and community, (4) discussion regarding contribution with the farmer (5) layout and construction by the project staff with the contribution from the concerned farmers.

Natural / human environment: This technology was taken up in the semi arid condition and in the erratic rainfall condition.

2.3 Photos of the Technology

2.5 Country/ region/ locations where the Technology has been applied and which are covered by this assessment

Country:

India

Region/ State/ Province:

Karnataka

Further specification of location:

Chitapur taluk of Gulbarga district

Specify the spread of the Technology:
  • evenly spread over an area
If the Technology is evenly spread over an area, specify area covered (in km2):

0.12

If precise area is not known, indicate approximate area covered:
  • < 0.1 km2 (10 ha)
Comments:

Total area covered by the SLM Technology is 0.12 km2.

The technology area comprises of 2 ha area each in upper reach, middle reach and lower reach in a village of the watershed. In this area cultivation of agri-horti-silvi practices, agronomic trials, in-situ conservation etc were taken with active involvement of the the farmers.

2.6 Date of implementation

If precise year is not known, indicate approximate date:
  • more than 50 years ago (traditional)

2.7 Introduction of the Technology

Specify how the Technology was introduced:
  • through projects/ external interventions
Comments (type of project, etc.):

Mainly from the SWC specialist

3. Classification of the SLM Technology

3.1 Main purpose(s) of the Technology

  • improve production
  • reduce, prevent, restore land degradation

3.2 Current land use type(s) where the Technology is applied

Land use mixed within the same land unit:

Ja

Specify mixed land use (crops/ grazing/ trees):
  • Agro-silvopastoralism

Cropland

Cropland

  • Annual cropping
  • Perennial (non-woody) cropping
  • Tree and shrub cropping
Annual cropping - Specify crops:
  • cereals - sorghum
  • fodder crops - grasses
  • legumes and pulses - other
  • legumes and pulses - peas
  • seed crops - sesame, poppy, mustard, other
Perennial (non-woody) cropping - Specify crops:
  • medicinal, aromatic, pesticidal plants - perennial
Tree and shrub cropping - Specify crops:
  • citrus
  • fruits, other
  • mango, mangosteen, guava
  • pome fruits (apples, pears, quinces, etc.)
  • Tree croppisapota (cf. Sapotaceae family), drumstick (cf. Moringa oleifera), Tamarind, Gliricidia (Gliricidia sepium perennial, medium-sized (2-15 m high) legume tree) pongama (legume)
Number of growing seasons per year:
  • 2
Specify:

Longest growing period in days: 120 Longest growing period from month to month: Jun - Oct Second longest growing period in days: 120 Second longest growing period from month to month: Nov - Feb

Grazing land

Grazing land

Extensive grazing:
  • Semi-nomadic pastoralism
  • cattle
Forest/ woodlands

Forest/ woodlands

  • Tree plantation, afforestation
Type of tree:
  • Azadirachta indica
  • Bamboo bamboo
  • Tectona grandis
Products and services:
  • Timber
  • Fuelwood
  • Fruits and nuts
  • Nature conservation/ protection
Comments:

Major land use problems (compiler’s opinion): Crop land : Low yields due to erosion, less soil moisture, shallow to medium soils. Poor and erratic rainfall, water holding capacity is less.

Major land use problems (land users’ perception): Crop land - Uncertain rainfall, more soil loss and poor yields.

Semi-nomadism / pastoralism: the village cattle are let free for grazing on the common land for some time in the day and they go back and then I is again stall feeding.

Plantation forestry: Yes

Other type of forest: others (scattered)

Type of cropping system and major crops comments: During kharif (monsoon) season the main crop is redgram (Tur), in addition few cereals were taken, followed by jowar in the major rabi (post-monsoon) crop. No cultivation was o\bserved in summer, farmer are now cultivating vegetable and fruit crop,

Trees/ shrubs species: Neem, Glyricdia, Pongamia, Bamboo
Fruit trees / shrubs species: Mango. Tamarind, Lime, Sapota, Clustard apple
Grass species: Napiar

3.4 Water supply

Water supply for the land on which the Technology is applied:
  • rainfed
Comments:

Water supply: Also mixed rainfed - irrigated and post-flooding (both ranked 2)

3.5 SLM group to which the Technology belongs

  • minimal soil disturbance
  • integrated pest and disease management (incl. organic agriculture)
  • irrigation management (incl. water supply, drainage)

3.6 SLM measures comprising the Technology

3.7 Main types of land degradation addressed by the Technology

soil erosion by water

soil erosion by water

  • Wt: loss of topsoil/ surface erosion
  • Wg: gully erosion/ gullying
Comments:

Main type of degradation addressed: Wg: gully erosion / gullying

Secondary types of degradation addressed: Wt: loss of topsoil / surface erosion

Main causes of degradation: other natural causes (avalanches, volcanic eruptions, mud flows, highly susceptible natural resources, extreme topography, etc.) specify, poverty / wealth (lack of captial)

Secondary causes of degradation: other human induced causes (specify) (other (migration)), labour availability (lack of labour, cost of labour), education, access to knowledge and support services (lack of knowledge)

3.8 Prevention, reduction, or restoration of land degradation

Specify the goal of the Technology with regard to land degradation:
  • reduce land degradation
  • restore/ rehabilitate severely degraded land
Comments:

Main goals: mitigation / reduction of land degradation

Secondary goals: rehabilitation / reclamation of denuded land

4. Technical specifications, implementation activities, inputs, and costs

4.1 Technical drawing of the Technology

Technical specifications (related to technical drawing):

Lower Reach holistic demonstration plot showing various soil & moisture conservation structures, field crops and bund stabilization by vegetation.

Location: Bennur-B nala watershed Chitapur taluk. Chitapur taluk, Gulbarga District (Karnataka state

Date: 20.4.2004

Technical knowledge required for field staff / advisors: high

Technical knowledge required for land users: high

Main technical functions: increase in organic matter, water harvesting / increase water supply, increase in soil fertility

Secondary technical functions: control of dispersed runoff: retain / trap, control of concentrated runoff: retain / trap, improvement of ground cover, sediment retention / trapping, sediment harvesting

Mixed cropping / intercropping
Material/ species: saplings
Quantity/ density: 100
Remarks: layout

Contour planting / strip cropping
Material/ species: sapplings
Quantity/ density: 360
Remarks: layout

Legume inter-planting
Quantity/ density: 200
Remarks: layout

Agronomic measure: others (vermicompost)
Material/ species: material

Minimum tillage
Remarks: material

Aligned: -contour
Vegetative material: G : grass
Number of plants per (ha): 100
Vertical interval between rows / strips / blocks (m): 1
Vertical interval within rows / strips / blocks (m): 0.5

Scattered / dispersed
Vegetative material: T : trees / shrubs
Number of plants per (ha): 500

Trees/ shrubs species: Neem, Glyricdia, Pongamia, Bamboo

Fruit trees / shrubs species: Mango. Tamarind, Lime, Sapota, Clustard apple

Grass species: Napiar

Slope (which determines the spacing indicated above): 3.00%

If the original slope has changed as a result of the Technology, the slope today is (see figure below): 2.00%

Gradient along the rows / strips: 1.00%

Dam/ pan/ pond
Vertical interval between structures (m): 4
Spacing between structures (m): 50
Depth of ditches/pits/dams (m): 3
Width of ditches/pits/dams (m): 12
Length of ditches/pits/dams (m): 12
Height of bunds/banks/others (m): 3
Width of bunds/banks/others (m): 12
Length of bunds/banks/others (m): 12

Bund/ bank: semi-circular/V shaped trapezoidal
Vertical interval between structures (m): 4
Spacing between structures (m): 50
Depth of ditches/pits/dams (m): 0
Width of ditches/pits/dams (m): 3
Length of ditches/pits/dams (m): 50
Height of bunds/banks/others (m): 0.9
Width of bunds/banks/others (m): 3
Length of bunds/banks/others (m): 50

Structural measure: pit, sediment sand / trap
Vertical interval between structures (m): 1
Spacing between structures (m): 30-40
Depth of ditches/pits/dams (m): 0.3
Width of ditches/pits/dams (m): 0.3
Length of ditches/pits/dams (m): 6
Height of bunds/banks/others (m): 0.9
Width of bunds/banks/others (m): 3
Length of bunds/banks/others (m): 50

Structural measure: other (brushwood dam)
Vertical interval between structures (m): 1
Spacing between structures (m): 80
Depth of ditches/pits/dams (m): 0
Width of ditches/pits/dams (m): 1
Length of ditches/pits/dams (m): 6
Height of bunds/banks/others (m): 0.9
Width of bunds/banks/others (m): 0
Length of bunds/banks/others (m): 0

Slope (which determines the spacing indicated above): 1%

If the original slope has changed as a result of the Technology, the slope today is: 2%

Lateral gradient along the structure: 1%

For water harvesting: the ratio between the area where the harvested water is applied and the total area from which water is collected is: 1:10

Vegetation is used for stabilisation of structures.

Change of land use type: Multidimensional participatory holistic farming system, fallow to cultivable land

Author:

GK Ron, JPO KWDP Danida Bijapu

4.2 General information regarding the calculation of inputs and costs

other/ national currency (specify):

Rupees

If relevant, indicate exchange rate from USD to local currency (e.g. 1 USD = 79.9 Brazilian Real): 1 USD =:

46.0

Indicate average wage cost of hired labour per day:

0.73

4.3 Establishment activities

Activity Timing (season)
1. Digging of pits Sumer
2. Procurement of seed/ seedlings Before rainy season
3. Sowing of grass, shrub seeds After first shower
4. Planting of sappling After first shower
5. Survey/ layout April
6. Excavation of ditches may
7. Transportation of stones to the site May
8. Construction of bunds, farm pond may
9. Construction of brushwood dam, doh June
10. Training, capacity building of the farmer february - March
11. Establishment of sructural measures April-June
12. establishment of vegetative measures July-September

4.4 Costs and inputs needed for establishment

Specify input Unit Quantity Costs per Unit Total costs per input % of costs borne by land users
Labour Labour ha 1.0 510.0 510.0 10.0
Plant material Seeds ha 1.0 114.0 114.0 3.0
Plant material Seedlings ha 1.0 169.0 169.0 74.0
Fertilizers and biocides fertilizer ha 1.0 157.0 157.0
Fertilizers and biocides Biocides ha 1.0 76.0 76.0
Fertilizers and biocides Compost/manure ha 1.0 15.0 15.0 10.0
Construction material Stone ha 1.0 110.0 110.0 3.0
Construction material Wood ha 1.0 10.0 10.0 3.0
Construction material Earth ha 1.0 26.0 26.0 2.0
Other Pitcher pots ha 1.0 72.0 72.0
Total costs for establishment of the Technology 1259.0
Total costs for establishment of the Technology in USD 27.37
Comments:

Duration of establishment phase: 36 month(s)

4.5 Maintenance/ recurrent activities

Activity Timing/ frequency
1. Mulching Summer / each cropping season
2. Across slope ploughing Summer / each cropping season
3. In-situ maisture conservation before sowing /
4. Watering summer /once in 10 days
5. Weeding, mulching 2-3 months after planting /twice in a year
6. Re-seeding of grass/ shrub before first shower /up to 2 years
7. casualty replacement before first shower /1, 2, and 3rd years
8. fencing during sumer period /every summer season of 2nd, 3rd and 4th year
9. Repair of breaches in bund July to september/as required
10. Desilting of traps October-November/annual
11. Refresher interaction with farmer / seasonally
12. Rgular meetings / as and when required

4.6 Costs and inputs needed for maintenance/ recurrent activities (per year)

Specify input Unit Quantity Costs per Unit Total costs per input % of costs borne by land users
Labour Labour ha 1.0 51.0 51.0 100.0
Plant material Seeds ha 1.0 11.1 11.1 100.0
Plant material Seedlings ha 1.0 16.9 16.9 100.0
Fertilizers and biocides Fertilizer ha 1.0 15.7 15.7
Fertilizers and biocides Biocides ha 1.0 7.6 7.6
Construction material Stone ha 1.0 11.0 11.0 100.0
Construction material Wood ha 1.0 1.0 1.0 100.0
Construction material Earth ha 1.0 2.6 2.6 100.0
Other Pitcher pots ha 1.0 7.2 7.2 100.0
Total costs for maintenance of the Technology 124.1
Total costs for maintenance of the Technology in USD 2.7

4.7 Most important factors affecting the costs

Describe the most determinate factors affecting the costs:

Non availability of stones, boulders

5. Natural and human environment

5.1 Climate

Annual rainfall
  • < 250 mm
  • 251-500 mm
  • 501-750 mm
  • 751-1,000 mm
  • 1,001-1,500 mm
  • 1,501-2,000 mm
  • 2,001-3,000 mm
  • 3,001-4,000 mm
  • > 4,000 mm
Specifications/ comments on rainfall:

750-800 mm

5.2 Topography

Slopes on average:
  • flat (0-2%)
  • gentle (3-5%)
  • moderate (6-10%)
  • rolling (11-15%)
  • hilly (16-30%)
  • steep (31-60%)
  • very steep (>60%)
Landforms:
  • plateau/plains
  • ridges
  • mountain slopes
  • hill slopes
  • footslopes
  • valley floors
Altitudinal zone:
  • 0-100 m a.s.l.
  • 101-500 m a.s.l.
  • 501-1,000 m a.s.l.
  • 1,001-1,500 m a.s.l.
  • 1,501-2,000 m a.s.l.
  • 2,001-2,500 m a.s.l.
  • 2,501-3,000 m a.s.l.
  • 3,001-4,000 m a.s.l.
  • > 4,000 m a.s.l.
Comments and further specifications on topography:

Altitudinal zone: 101-500 m a.s.l. (422.8 m a.s.l.)
Landforms: Plateu/plains (3-4% slope, ranked 1), ridges (ranked 2)
Slopes on average: Gentle (3-4%)

5.3 Soils

Soil depth on average:
  • very shallow (0-20 cm)
  • shallow (21-50 cm)
  • moderately deep (51-80 cm)
  • deep (81-120 cm)
  • very deep (> 120 cm)
Soil texture (topsoil):
  • coarse/ light (sandy)
  • medium (loamy, silty)
Topsoil organic matter:
  • low (<1%)
If available, attach full soil description or specify the available information, e.g. soil type, soil PH/ acidity, Cation Exchange Capacity, nitrogen, salinity etc.

Soil depth on average: Moderately deep (60 cm, ranked 1) and deep (ranked 2)
Soil fertility: Medium (eroded soils)
Topsoil organic matter: Low (absence of vegetation)
Soil drainage/infiltration: Poor (high run-off from stony surface)
Soil water storage capacity: Very low

5.6 Characteristics of land users applying the Technology

Market orientation of production system:
  • subsistence (self-supply)
  • mixed (subsistence/ commercial)
Off-farm income:
  • less than 10% of all income
Relative level of wealth:
  • very poor
  • poor
Indicate other relevant characteristics of the land users:

Population density: 50-100 persons/km2
Annual population growth: 0.5% - 1%
7% of the land users are average wealthy and own 26% of the land.
65% of the land users are poor and own 58% of the land.
28% of the land users are poor and own 16% of the land.
Off-farm income specification: Off season employment

5.7 Average area of land used by land users applying the Technology

  • < 0.5 ha
  • 0.5-1 ha
  • 1-2 ha
  • 2-5 ha
  • 5-15 ha
  • 15-50 ha
  • 50-100 ha
  • 100-500 ha
  • 500-1,000 ha
  • 1,000-10,000 ha
  • > 10,000 ha
Comments:

Average area of land owned or leased by land users applying the Technology:
Cropland: 0.5-1 ha: Joint farmers, land shared by brothers (ranked 1), 1-2 ha (ranked 2), 2-5 ha (ranked 3)
Grazing land: 0.5-1 ha: Not much grazing land is available in the village.

5.8 Land ownership, land use rights, and water use rights

Land ownership:
  • individual, titled
Land use rights:
  • individual

6. Impacts and concluding statements

6.1 On-site impacts the Technology has shown

Socio-economic impacts

Production

crop production

decreased
increased
Comments/ specify:

Drought from last 3 years

fodder production

decreased
increased

fodder quality

decreased
increased

wood production

decreased
increased

production area

decreased
increased
Comments/ specify:

SWC takes small piece of cultivable land

Income and costs

farm income

decreased
increased

Socio-cultural impacts

community institutions

weakened
strengthened
Comments/ specify:

Village watershed development committee, users groups etc.

national institutions

weakened
strengthened

SLM/ land degradation knowledge

reduced
improved

conflict mitigation

worsened
improved
Comments/ specify:

Project support is expected by most of the farmers at a time.

Ecological impacts

Soil

soil moisture

decreased
increased

soil cover

reduced
improved
Comments/ specify:

Area was previously barren

soil loss

increased
decreased
Comments/ specify:

Good vegetative cover

Biodiversity: vegetation, animals

biomass/ above ground C

decreased
increased
Comments/ specify:

Ground cover established with vegetative hedges.

Climate and disaster risk reduction

wind velocity

increased
decreased
Other ecological impacts

Soil fertility

decreased
increased
Comments/ specify:

Introduction of legume species (glyricidia)

Biodiversity

decreased
increased

Waterlogging

increased
decreased
Comments/ specify:

Not a genereal problem. But only on this plot.

6.2 Off-site impacts the Technology has shown

reliable and stable stream flows in dry season

reduced
increased

downstream flooding

increased
reduced
Comments/ specify:

In-situ conservation

wind transported sediments

increased
reduced
Comments/ specify:

Establishment of ground covers

6.4 Cost-benefit analysis

How do the benefits compare with the establishment costs (from land users’ perspective)?
Short-term returns:

neutral/ balanced

Long-term returns:

positive

How do the benefits compare with the maintenance/ recurrent costs (from land users' perspective)?
Short-term returns:

positive

Long-term returns:

positive

6.5 Adoption of the Technology

If available, quantify (no. of households and/ or area covered):

452

Of all those who have adopted the Technology, how many did so spontaneously, i.e. without receiving any material incentives/ payments?
  • 0-10%
Comments:

60% of land user families have adopted the Technology with external material support

417 land user families have adopted the Technology with external material support

Comments on acceptance with external material support: survey results

5% of land user families have adopted the Technology without any external material support

35 land user families have adopted the Technology without any external material support

Comments on spontaneous adoption: survey results

There is a moderate trend towards spontaneous adoption of the Technology

Comments on adoption trend: Overall returns fro\m the piece of land is increased owing to horticulture and agriculture crops. Biomass increases. This is seen by other farmers and they are motivated to go for its adaption.

6.7 Strengths/ advantages/ opportunities of the Technology

Strengths/ advantages/ opportunities in the land user’s view
Economic sustainability

How can they be sustained / enhanced? vegetative and green manure vermicompost etc.
Strengths/ advantages/ opportunities in the compiler’s or other key resource person’s view
Effective SWC

How can they be sustained / enhanced? maibntenance by the individual farmers
water harvesting

How can they be sustained / enhanced? Desilting structure
Integrated approach

How can they be sustained / enhanced? regular contact
increased production

How can they be sustained / enhanced? Integrated cultivation

6.8 Weaknesses/ disadvantages/ risks of the Technology and ways of overcoming them

Weaknesses/ disadvantages/ risks in the land user’s view How can they be overcome?
Production (benefits) adversly affected due to drought. Due to longer dry spel in the area (last three years)
Weaknesses/ disadvantages/ risks in the compiler’s or other key resource person’s view How can they be overcome?
Non-availability of agricultural improved seed material at local level by linkage of VWDCs with the Agricultural Research Station and Krishi Vignyan Kendra.
conflicts demands by more number of farmers could not be met by the project at a time.

7. References and links

7.1 Methods/ sources of information

Links and modules

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