Stall feeding of Friesian cow by cut and carry for livestock management [Uganda]
- Creation:
- Update:
- Compiler: Kamugisha Rick Nelson
- Editors: Bernard Fungo, Richard Otto Kawawa, Sunday Balla Amale, JOY TUKAHIRWA
- Reviewers: Rima Mekdaschi Studer, Stephanie Jaquet, Renate Fleiner, Nicole Harari, John Stephen Tenywa, Donia Mühlematter, Alexandra Gavilano
Gokwo dyang
technologies_2816 - Uganda
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- Stall feeding of Friesian cow by cut and carry for livestock management: 16 يوليو، 2018 (inactive)
- Stall feeding of Friesian cow by cut and carry for livestock management: 22 مارس، 2019 (inactive)
- Stall feeding of Friesian cow by cut and carry for livestock management: 22 أغسطس، 2019 (public)
- Stall feeding of Friesian cow by cut and carry for livestock management: 14 يونيو، 2018 (inactive)
- Stall feeding of Friesian cow for manure: 22 مايو، 2018 (inactive)
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Expand all Collapse all1. معلومات عامة
1.2 Contact details of resource persons and institutions involved in the assessment and documentation of the Technology
Key resource person(s)
land user:
Olanya Simon
Farmer
Uganda
Uganda
Name of project which facilitated the documentation/ evaluation of the Technology (if relevant)
Scaling-up SLM practices by smallholder farmers (IFAD)Name of the institution(s) which facilitated the documentation/ evaluation of the Technology (if relevant)
CDE Centre for Development and Environment (CDE Centre for Development and Environment) - Switzerland1.3 Conditions regarding the use of data documented through WOCAT
The compiler and key resource person(s) accept the conditions regarding the use of data documented through WOCAT:
نعم
1.4 Declaration on sustainability of the described Technology
Is the Technology described here problematic with regard to land degradation, so that it cannot be declared a sustainable land management technology?
لا
2. Description of the SLM Technology
2.1 Short description of the Technology
Definition of the Technology:
Zero grazing by cut and carry feeding. The cows do not graze but are confined inside the stall, feed and water is provided for the animals.
2.2 Detailed description of the Technology
Description:
Due to land fragmentation and conflicts, traditional grazing systems where animals are reared in open grasslands is no longer feasible and sustainable since grassland is limited and stray animals would destroy neighboring crops. Now small holders with limited land but diversified livelihoods have to utilize the available land in full capacity and sustainable ways. For dairy farmers, stall feeding is an innovative and promising system.
In this practice, a Friesian cow and its calf are confined inside the built stall. The stall has four partitions. A Calf room, milking pallor, feeding and drinking area and sleeping room. Within the feeding area is placed a wooden box of width 0.5m, length 1.5m and height 0.3m; into which feed is put for the animal. A half drum that can hold 80 liters of water is also put inside the feeding area. Both the wooden feeder and half drum are raised to a height of 0.5 m above the ground surface to prevent contamination of the feed with dung and urine; and also ensure efficient feed intake.
The farmer cultivated 1 acre of Napier grass (elephant grass), which provides adequate feed for the demands of the cow (75-100 kg of fresh grass per day). The Napier grass is cut, chopped and put inside the wooden box, while water is fetched from the stream and put into the half drum.
Through this method, the animal movement is restricted. This reduces the exposure to parasites such as ticks, and contagious diseases such as East Coast Fever. This practice also reduces land conflicts that would be caused by stray animals destroying crops of neighbors. The animal does not waste energy to look for pasture and water, hence milk productivity is enhanced. Manure is also deposited within the feeding area and thus easy to collect, decompose and apply in both farmers’ crop and pasture fields. Animals do not need to be attended to, hence farmer has more time to rest and carry out other activities.
However, a lot of labor is required for cutting and chopping the grass, and carrying the feeds and water especially during the dry season. Treatment of animals and maintenance of the stall is costly and if management is poor, parasites and diseases can also build up within the stall. Stall feeding requires feed preservation in the form of fermented pasture (silage) and/or dried pasture (hay); stored and to be used for feeding the animals during dry seasons when pasture is dry and of poor quality.
To sustain this technology, the land users can supplement the feed through cultivating multipurpose tree species (Calliandra spp and Grivellia spp), leguminous forages such as lablab spp and macuna beans. Non-conventional feeds such as kitchen wastes (cassava, sweet potato and banana peelings) can also supplement the cut and carried Napier grass.
2.3 Photos of the Technology
2.4 Videos of the Technology
Comments, short description:
Video showing Stall feeding for fresian cow for animal manure
Date:
26/05/2017
الموقع:
Kosh village , Goma parish Unyona sub-county , Nwoya District
Name of videographer:
Issa Aiga
2.5 Country/ region/ locations where the Technology has been applied and which are covered by this assessment
بلد:
Uganda
Region/ State/ Province:
Northern Region,Uganda
Specify the spread of the Technology:
- evenly spread over an area
If precise area is not known, indicate approximate area covered:
- < 0.1 km2 (10 ha)
Comments:
Map showing the technology site in Northern Uganda
Barn, area where napier grass is planted, cut and carried.
Map
×2.6 Date of implementation
Indicate year of implementation:
2014
If precise year is not known, indicate approximate date:
- less than 10 years ago (recently)
2.7 Introduction of the Technology
Specify how the Technology was introduced:
- through projects/ external interventions
3. Classification of the SLM Technology
3.1 Main purpose(s) of the Technology
- create beneficial economic impact
- create beneficial social impact
3.2 Current land use type(s) where the Technology is applied
![الأراضي الزراعية](/static/assets/img/pictos/land_1.png)
الأراضي الزراعية
- Annual cropping
- Tree and shrub cropping
- lablab spp and macuna bean
- Calliandra spp and Grivellia spp
Number of growing seasons per year:
- 2
![أراضي الرعي](/static/assets/img/pictos/land_5.png)
أراضي الرعي
Intensive grazing/ fodder production:
- Cut-and-carry/ zero grazing
Animal type:
- cattle - dairy
- cow =1 . calf =1
- Fresian cow, milk production, manure and calf.
3.3 Has land use changed due to the implementation of the Technology?
![الأراضي الزراعية](/static/assets/img/pictos/land_1.png)
الأراضي الزراعية
3.4 Water supply
Water supply for the land on which the Technology is applied:
- rainfed
Comments:
Use tap water from neighbour(brother) who pump under ground using generator.
Number of growing seasons per year:
2
3.5 SLM group to which the Technology belongs
- integrated crop-livestock management
- integrated soil fertility management
- Stall feeding
3.6 SLM measures comprising the Technology
![agronomic measures](/static/assets/img/pictos/swc_2_agro.png)
agronomic measures
- A2: Organic matter/ soil fertility
![management measures](/static/assets/img/pictos/swc_4_manag.png)
management measures
- M1: Change of land use type
- M2: Change of management/ intensity level
![other measures](/static/assets/img/landuse_empty.png)
other measures
Comments:
Cut and carry
3.7 Main types of land degradation addressed by the Technology
![chemical soil deterioration](/static/assets/img/pictos/degra_2_chem.png)
chemical soil deterioration
- Cn: fertility decline and reduced organic matter content (not caused by erosion)
![physical soil deterioration](/static/assets/img/pictos/degra_1_phys.png)
physical soil deterioration
- Pc: compaction
- Pu: loss of bio-productive function due to other activities
3.8 Prevention, reduction, or restoration of land degradation
Specify the goal of the Technology with regard to land degradation:
- reduce land degradation
4. Technical specifications, implementation activities, inputs, and costs
4.1 Technical drawing of the Technology
Technical specifications (related to technical drawing):
The stall should be 3 m tall, approximately with 4 rooms 1st floor for calf, second one for milking 3rd for sleeping and the 4th for feeding and drinking water.
The Inputs required for this technology include: concrete wall built with cement, , wood (makonko), grass or iron roof, wooden box of about 1.5x0.5 m, half drum of about 80 litres both raised at 50cm above the floor, rake , tauplin and polythene paper.
Slope: Gentle slope.
Author:
Kaheru
Date:
26/05/2017
4.2 General information regarding the calculation of inputs and costs
Specify how costs and inputs were calculated:
- per Technology area
Indicate size and area unit:
1.5 acres
other/ national currency (specify):
UGX
If relevant, indicate exchange rate from USD to local currency (e.g. 1 USD = 79.9 Brazilian Real): 1 USD =:
3803,0
Indicate average wage cost of hired labour per day:
5000
4.3 Establishment activities
Activity | Timing (season) | |
---|---|---|
1. | looking for land where to plant pasture | During the first rainy season |
2. | Looking for labour to clear the land, planting | Once in a year(April-June) |
3. | Looking for seed | once before establsihment |
4. | Planting the pasture | Daily after establishment |
5. | Initial construction of the stall | Once before establishment |
6. | Initial construction of of feeding and drinking troughs | Once before establishment |
7. | Putting the cow/s in the stall | Once after establishment |
8. | Feeding and watering | Daily |
4.4 Costs and inputs needed for establishment
Specify input | Unit | Quantity | Costs per Unit | Total costs per input | % of costs borne by land users | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Labour | labour for transporting wood and cement | Persons | 25,0 | 5000,0 | 125000,0 | 70,0 |
Labour | Labour for preparing and planting fields | Persons | 45,0 | 5000,0 | 225000,0 | 30,0 |
Labour | Labour for constructing stall | persons | 12,0 | |||
Equipment | Hoe | Pieces | 2,0 | 10000,0 | 20000,0 | 100,0 |
Equipment | Panga | Pieces | 1,0 | 7000,0 | 7000,0 | 100,0 |
Equipment | Spranger | Pieces | 1,0 | 10000,0 | 10000,0 | 100,0 |
Plant material | Elephant grass | bundles | 5,0 | 100000,0 | 500000,0 | 100,0 |
Plant material | lab lab | Pieces | 4,0 | 5000,0 | 20000,0 | 100,0 |
Plant material | Mucuna | Pieces | 1,0 | 20000,0 | 20000,0 | 100,0 |
Construction material | Timber | Pieces | 40,0 | 3000,0 | 120000,0 | 100,0 |
Construction material | Cement | bags | 10,0 | 30000,0 | 300000,0 | 100,0 |
Construction material | Logs | Pieces | 60,0 | 3000,0 | 180000,0 | 100,0 |
Construction material | Nails | kgs | 10,0 | 3500,0 | 35000,0 | 100,0 |
Other | Grass to thatch the stall | bundles | 24,0 | 2000,0 | 48000,0 | 100,0 |
Total costs for establishment of the Technology | 1610000,0 | |||||
Total costs for establishment of the Technology in USD | 423,35 |
Comments:
Some seed like Macuna and brucheria was provided for free
4.5 Maintenance/ recurrent activities
Activity | Timing/ frequency | |
---|---|---|
1. | Weeding pasture | Three times per year |
2. | Repairing of stall | once after establishment and when need |
3. | Treatment of cow | When need arises(sick) |
4. | Insemination | Once in two years |
5. | Spraying | Twice per week |
6. | Reseeding | During the rainy season |
7. | Replanting of pasture | During the rainy season |
8. | Cutting and carrying the grass to the animal | Daily after establishment |
9. | Collection of manure | Daily |
10. | Applying manure to the garden | Daily |
11. | Making silage and hay | During the wet season |
4.6 Costs and inputs needed for maintenance/ recurrent activities (per year)
Specify input | Unit | Quantity | Costs per Unit | Total costs per input | % of costs borne by land users | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Labour | Labour on daily basis | Persons | 3,0 | 5000,0 | 15000,0 | 70,0 |
Labour | Hired labour on monthly basis | Persons | 2,0 | 150000,0 | 300000,0 | 30,0 |
Equipment | Hoe | Pieces | 10,0 | 10000,0 | 100000,0 | 100,0 |
Equipment | Rake | Pieces | 2,0 | 7000,0 | 14000,0 | 100,0 |
Equipment | Tauplin | Pieces | 1,0 | 35000,0 | 35000,0 | 100,0 |
Equipment | Polythene | Rolls | 1,0 | 25000,0 | 25000,0 | 100,0 |
Plant material | pasture for planting | Bundles | 43,0 | 10000,0 | 430000,0 | 100,0 |
Other | Pesticides (monthly) | litres | 2,0 | 12000,0 | 24000,0 | 100,0 |
Total costs for maintenance of the Technology | 943000,0 | |||||
Total costs for maintenance of the Technology in USD | 247,96 |
4.7 Most important factors affecting the costs
Describe the most determinate factors affecting the costs:
Labour costs for establishing and maintaining the technology.
5. Natural and human environment
5.1 Climate
Annual rainfall
- < 250 mm
- 251-500 mm
- 501-750 mm
- 751-1,000 mm
- 1,001-1,500 mm
- 1,501-2,000 mm
- 2,001-3,000 mm
- 3,001-4,000 mm
- > 4,000 mm
Specify average annual rainfall (if known), in mm:
1500,00
Specifications/ comments on rainfall:
Two rainy season separated by about two weeks and dry spell and dry season of 4 weeks.
Agro-climatic zone
- sub-humid
5.2 Topography
Slopes on average:
- flat (0-2%)
- gentle (3-5%)
- moderate (6-10%)
- rolling (11-15%)
- hilly (16-30%)
- steep (31-60%)
- very steep (>60%)
Landforms:
- plateau/plains
- ridges
- mountain slopes
- hill slopes
- footslopes
- valley floors
Altitudinal zone:
- 0-100 m a.s.l.
- 101-500 m a.s.l.
- 501-1,000 m a.s.l.
- 1,001-1,500 m a.s.l.
- 1,501-2,000 m a.s.l.
- 2,001-2,500 m a.s.l.
- 2,501-3,000 m a.s.l.
- 3,001-4,000 m a.s.l.
- > 4,000 m a.s.l.
Indicate if the Technology is specifically applied in:
- not relevant
5.3 Soils
Soil depth on average:
- very shallow (0-20 cm)
- shallow (21-50 cm)
- moderately deep (51-80 cm)
- deep (81-120 cm)
- very deep (> 120 cm)
Soil texture (topsoil):
- medium (loamy, silty)
Soil texture (> 20 cm below surface):
- fine/ heavy (clay)
Topsoil organic matter:
- medium (1-3%)
5.4 Water availability and quality
Ground water table:
5-50 m
Availability of surface water:
medium
Water quality (untreated):
good drinking water
Is water salinity a problem?
لا
Is flooding of the area occurring?
لا
5.5 Biodiversity
Species diversity:
- low
Habitat diversity:
- low
5.6 Characteristics of land users applying the Technology
Sedentary or nomadic:
- Sedentary
Market orientation of production system:
- mixed (subsistence/ commercial)
Off-farm income:
- less than 10% of all income
Relative level of wealth:
- average
Individuals or groups:
- individual/ household
Level of mechanization:
- manual work
Gender:
- women
- men
Age of land users:
- youth
- middle-aged
5.7 Average area of land used by land users applying the Technology
- < 0.5 ha
- 0.5-1 ha
- 1-2 ha
- 2-5 ha
- 5-15 ha
- 15-50 ha
- 50-100 ha
- 100-500 ha
- 500-1,000 ha
- 1,000-10,000 ha
- > 10,000 ha
Is this considered small-, medium- or large-scale (referring to local context)?
- medium-scale
Comments:
Inherited land
5.8 Land ownership, land use rights, and water use rights
Land ownership:
- individual, not titled
Land use rights:
- individual
Water use rights:
- communal (organized)
5.9 Access to services and infrastructure
health:
- poor
- moderate
- good
education:
- poor
- moderate
- good
technical assistance:
- poor
- moderate
- good
employment (e.g. off-farm):
- poor
- moderate
- good
markets:
- poor
- moderate
- good
energy:
- poor
- moderate
- good
roads and transport:
- poor
- moderate
- good
drinking water and sanitation:
- poor
- moderate
- good
financial services:
- poor
- moderate
- good
6. Impacts and concluding statements
6.1 On-site impacts the Technology has shown
Socio-economic impacts
Production
crop production
Comments/ specify:
The area which is under pasture.
fodder production
Comments/ specify:
0.5 acre improved pasture but lack management.
animal production
Quantity before SLM:
3 litres of milk per day
Quantity after SLM:
10litres of milk per day
Comments/ specify:
Increased milk production.
production area
Comments/ specify:
Additional fodder.
land management
Comments/ specify:
Trees hold soils , are perennial as compared to annuals that need to be planted every year and need less maintenance.
Water availability and quality
water quality for livestock
Comments/ specify:
But it has no much effect.
Income and costs
expenses on agricultural inputs
Comments/ specify:
Planting material.
farm income
Comments/ specify:
Sale of milk.
diversity of income sources
Comments/ specify:
More products for sale (grass, milk, manure).
workload
Comments/ specify:
Feeding animal.
Socio-cultural impacts
food security/ self-sufficiency
Comments/ specify:
Income received from sale of milk is used for buying food.
community institutions
Comments/ specify:
Especially in savings and credit (SACCO).
Ecological impacts
Soil
soil loss
Comments/ specify:
Restricted movements of cattle since the ve is only cut and carried to where the animal is fed.
soil compaction
Comments/ specify:
Less tampering with the soil.
soil organic matter/ below ground C
Comments/ specify:
Due to application of manure.
6.2 Off-site impacts the Technology has shown
damage on neighbours' fields
Comments/ specify:
No zero grazing.
impact of greenhouse gases
Comments/ specify:
No bio gas production.
6.3 Exposure and sensitivity of the Technology to gradual climate change and climate-related extremes/ disasters (as perceived by land users)
Gradual climate change
Gradual climate change
Season | increase or decrease | How does the Technology cope with it? | |
---|---|---|---|
annual temperature | increase | moderately |
Comments:
The land user requires more knowledge and skills for sustainability of this technology.
6.4 Cost-benefit analysis
How do the benefits compare with the establishment costs (from land users’ perspective)?
Short-term returns:
positive
Long-term returns:
very positive
How do the benefits compare with the maintenance/ recurrent costs (from land users' perspective)?
Short-term returns:
positive
Long-term returns:
very positive
Comments:
Once established the farmer needs only to pay for labour to cut and carry grass and make silage and hay only.
6.5 Adoption of the Technology
- 1-10%
Of all those who have adopted the Technology, how many did so spontaneously, i.e. without receiving any material incentives/ payments?
- 0-10%
Comments:
Motivated by NGO.
6.6 التكيف
Has the Technology been modified recently to adapt to changing conditions?
نعم
If yes, indicate to which changing conditions it was adapted:
- climatic change/ extremes
Specify adaptation of the Technology (design, material/ species, etc.):
During the dry season, the land user seeks fodder from the swamps.
6.7 Strengths/ advantages/ opportunities of the Technology
Strengths/ advantages/ opportunities in the land user’s view |
---|
The technology is good at providing income for household needs. |
The technology is replicable in other areas and helps diversify income source because of the many products derived from the technology. |
Does not require labour to attend to it for 12 hours in a day unlike those technologies that concern cultivation. This means the farmer has more time to do other activities in a day. |
Strengths/ advantages/ opportunities in the compiler’s or other key resource person’s view |
---|
Appropriate for low maintenance costs. |
The technology does not promote conflicts among land users. |
6.8 Weaknesses/ disadvantages/ risks of the Technology and ways of overcoming them
Weaknesses/ disadvantages/ risks in the land user’s view | How can they be overcome? |
---|---|
High costs of treatment. | Reduce risk of infection and infestation. |
Veterinary services expensive and not easily available. | Training of local trainers to support extension. |
Weaknesses/ disadvantages/ risks in the compiler’s or other key resource person’s view | How can they be overcome? |
---|---|
The technology is not sustainable if not well manged by the land user. | Improve management of the technology. |
Requires day to day monitoring of diseases. | Engage household labour to keep alternating. |
The land user require skills on how to make concentrates. | Train the land user on how to make concentrates. |
7. References and links
7.1 Methods/ sources of information
- field visits, field surveys
01
- interviews with land users
01
When were the data compiled (in the field)?
24/05/2017
Links and modules
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