1.2 Contact details of resource persons and institutions involved in the assessment and documentation of the Approach

Name of the institution(s) which facilitated the documentation/ evaluation of the Approach (if relevant)

Kathmandu University (KU) - Nepal

1.3 Conditions regarding the use of data documented through WOCAT

When were the data compiled (in the field)?

17/01/2014

The compiler and key resource person(s) accept the conditions regarding the use of data documented through WOCAT:

Yes

1.4 Reference(s) to Questionnaire(s) on SLM Technologies

2.1 Short description of the Approach

This SLM Approach deals with the making of Khuwa (dairy product base), using traditional as well as improved methods and further its supply and marketing.

2.2 Detailed description of the Approach

Detailed description of the Approach:

Aims / objectives: This approach's goal is to preserve traditional khuwa production methods, while also applying new and rather sustainable technologies on the current process. Further, the local khuwa production creates employment - at the factory itself, as well as during supply and distribution processes.

Methods: This focusses mainly on the methods applied during khuwa production:

1. Milk is collected from local farmers.

2. Milk is boiled for approximately 30mins on improved stoves, using locally collected firewood.

3. Boiled is continued until milk's volume has reduced to half.

4. After around 1 hour of simmering milk has turned into a thick paste, which is known as khuwa.

5. Paste needs to be cooled.

Stages of implementation: The Khuwa Utpadan factory was founded in 2050 B.S. by locals, whose ancestors had already been involved in Khuwa production.
Firstly necessary utensils and materials were purchased. Later improved cooking stoves were installed to reduce the smoke formation and amount of required fire wood.

Role of stakeholders: 1. Providing employment opportunities to local villagers .

2. Buying milk from locals, creating a source of income for them.

3. Maintaining a regular flow of Khuwa production to purchasers in surrounding cities, including Kathmandu.

4. Preserving traditional Khuwa production methods among the local community.

Other important information: On the one hand, khuwa production has helped to create employment opportunities and to make use of locally produced milk, on the other hand stakeholders have been facing problems in supplying khuwa by paying more money .

2.5 Country/ region/ locations where the Approach has been applied

2.6 Dates of initiation and termination of the Approach

2.7 Type of Approach

• traditional/ indigenous

2.8 Main aims/ objectives of the Approach

The Approach focused mainly on SLM with other activities (Improving efficiency of production, ways of supply and marketing strategies)

The main aim of the Approach is to establish and maintain a Khuwa production factory, where traditional as well as modern technologies are being applied. That way employment is created for locals, locally produced milk is utilized and the overall economic situation of the region is improved.

The SLM Approach addressed the following problems: Firstly, consistent maintaining of production rates can be difficult, due to unreliable supply of firewood (shortages, weather etc.).
Secondly, for employees the constant influence of smoke can lead to several irritations, although the instalment of impoved stoves has already led to an improvement of the working conditions.

2.9 Conditions enabling or hindering implementation of the Technology/ Technologies applied under the Approach

3.1 Stakeholders involved in the Approach and their roles

3.2 Involvement of local land users/ local communities in the different phases of the Approach

	Involvement of local land users/ local communities	Specify who was involved and describe activities
initiation/ motivation	interactive	Mr. Shomnath Ghimire initiated this approach, including involvement of locals
planning	interactive	locals, using own knowledge in production methods
implementation	interactive	locals, providing land and expertise
monitoring/ evaluation	interactive	discussion among the villagers.
Research	none

3.4 Decision-making on the selection of SLM Technology/ Technologies

Specify who decided on the selection of the Technology/ Technologies to be implemented:

• land users alone (self-initiative)

Explain:

The applied technology (khuwa making) was already well-known and practised among locals, but for a long time only on a private basis. The establishment of a factory has lead to the collective purchase of locally produced milk as well as the production and supply of khuwa.

Decisions on the method of implementing the SLM Technology were made by by land users* alone (self-initiative / bottom-up). Locals self-implemented the technologies under guidance of Mr. Shomnath Ghimire place, ward no. 2. Chyamrangbesi.

4.1 Capacity building/ training

Was training provided to land users/ other stakeholders?

Yes

Specify who was trained:

• land users
• field staff/ advisers

If relevant, specify gender, age, status, ethnicity, etc.

n/a

Form of training:

• on-the-job
• farmer-to-farmer
• demonstration areas
• public meetings
• courses

Subjects covered:

Knowledge and expertise in the different processes of khuwa making

4.2 Advisory service

Do land users have access to an advisory service?

Yes

Describe/ comments:

Name of method used for advisory service: n/a

n/a

4.3 Institution strengthening (organizational development)

Have institutions been established or strengthened through the Approach?

• no

4.4 Monitoring and evaluation

Is monitoring and evaluation part of the Approach?

Yes

Comments:

technical aspects were regular monitored by project staff through observations; indicators: observation of application of khuwa making methods

economic / production aspects were monitored by project staff, land users through observations

There were no changes in the Approach as a result of monitoring and evaluation

There were few changes in the Technology as a result of monitoring and evaluation: installation of improved cooking stoves to increase sustainability value of project

4.5 Research

Was research part of the Approach?

Yes

Specify topics:

• sociology
• economics / marketing
• technology

Give further details and indicate who did the research:

Research was done by the students of Kathmandu University.

Research was carried out on station

5.1 Annual budget for the SLM component of the Approach

If precise annual budget is not known, indicate range:

• 10,000-100,000

Comments (e.g. main sources of funding/ major donors):

Approach costs were met by the following donors: international (n/a): 15.0%; government (n/a): 85.0%; international non-government (n/a); national non-government (n/a); private sector (minor involvement); local government (district, county, municipality, village etc) (n/a); local community / land user(s) (mainly from land users); other (n/a)

5.2 Financial/ material support provided to land users

Did land users receive financial/ material support for implementing the Technology/ Technologies?

Yes

5.3 Subsidies for specific inputs (including labour)

• equipment

• agricultural

• construction

• infrastructure

• other

If labour by land users was a substantial input, was it:

• paid in cash

Comments:

Rs 5000-6000 per month

Tools, Wood, others(milk) were fully financed by land users.

5.4 Credit

Was credit provided under the Approach for SLM activities?

Yes

Specify conditions (interest rate, payback, etc.):

Interest rate charged: 14.0%; repayment conditions: has to be paid off within 5 years..

Interest was equal to market rate.

Specify credit receivers:

Mr. Shomnath Ghimire

6.1 Impacts of the Approach

6.2 Main motivation of land users to implement SLM

6.3 Sustainability of Approach activities

Can the land users sustain what has been implemented through the Approach (without external support)?

• uncertain

If no or uncertain, specify and comment:

As long as khuwa is being sold in sufficiently high amounts, expenses needed for milk, firewood, wages etc can be covered.

6.4 Strengths/ advantages of the Approach

Strengths/ advantages/ opportunities in the land user’s view
Ashes after burning firewood can be used as organic material for soil
Reduced pollution (How to sustain/ enhance this strength: Enhancing by wing modern machine which operates by electricity , and there would be no pollution.)
Increased economic condition

Strengths/ advantages/ opportunities in the compiler’s or other key resource person’s view
Utilzation of milk
Unity among Villagers.
Improved economic condition (How to sustain/ enhance this strength: by sharing and passing on of existing knowledge)

6.5 Weaknesses/ disadvantages of the Approach and ways of overcoming them

Weaknesses/ disadvantages/ risks in the land user’s view	How can they be overcome?
Scarcity of wood	New technologies should be implemented, which require less firewood
Difficult to ensure regular supply of milk	Domestication of Buffalo and cows.

Weaknesses/ disadvantages/ risks in the compiler’s or other key resource person’s view	How can they be overcome?
Production of smoke by the use of wet wood.	Overcome by using dry wood
Damage of Khuwa in summer season in few days.	By storing khuwa refrigerator.

7.1 Methods/ sources of information