1.2 Contact details of resource persons and institutions involved in the assessment and documentation of the Technology

Name of the institution(s) which facilitated the documentation/ evaluation of the Technology (if relevant)

CARITAS (Switzerland) - Switzerland

Name of the institution(s) which facilitated the documentation/ evaluation of the Technology (if relevant)

CAMP - Central Asian Mountain Partnership (CAMP - Central Asian Mountain Partnership) - Kyrgyzstan

Name of the institution(s) which facilitated the documentation/ evaluation of the Technology (if relevant)

NCCR North-South (NCCR North-South) - Kyrgyzstan

1.3 Conditions regarding the use of data documented through WOCAT

When were the data compiled (in the field)?

27/04/2011

The compiler and key resource person(s) accept the conditions regarding the use of data documented through WOCAT:

Yes

2.1 Short description of the Technology

Definition of the Technology:

The roof top rain water harvesting system using a concrete tank was designed to improve household access to water for irrigation of kitchen garden plots during the hot and dry summer months.

2.2 Detailed description of the Technology

Description:

A 16 cubic metre concrete tank situated in the shadow of the house constructed to retain rainwater that collects in the roof guttering.

Purpose of the Technology: The purpose of the tank is to retain water to be used for drinking, sanitation and irrigation during the hot and dry summer months. The retained water allows for the irrigation of kitchen garden plots and more diverse crops, and hence should improve the livelihoods of households involved.

Establishment / maintenance activities and inputs: There are three main elements to the construction of the rainwater harvesting system. The first is the construction of a metal gutter on wooden supports around the perimeter of the roof; second, the construction of a concrete pool in the shadow of the house; and finally the provision of a connection pipe between the gutter and the pool. The pool needs to be cleaned periodically to prevent contamination and build up of algae around the edge the pool.

Natural / human environment: During the Soviet period the water supply for the village was supplied through a concrete storage tank located at the foot of the hills above the village. After the collapse of the Soviet Union the concrete tank and its associated infrastructure fell into disrepair. As a result the inhabitants were faced with water shortages, especially during the hot dry summers. In response to this issue the residents invested time, finance and resources into constructing rainwater collection systems.

2.3 Photos of the Technology

2.5 Country/ region/ locations where the Technology has been applied and which are covered by this assessment

2.6 Date of implementation

If precise year is not known, indicate approximate date:

• 10-50 years ago

2.7 Introduction of the Technology

Specify how the Technology was introduced:

• through land users' innovation

Comments (type of project, etc.):

The land owner built the concrete tank in 2010, however numerous other tanks have been constructed during the last 10 years.

3.1 Main purpose(s) of the Technology

• access to water

3.2 Current land use type(s) where the Technology is applied

Comments:

Major land use problems (compiler’s opinion): The village has 600mm/yr of precipitation, but it only falls during two months of the year. The land within the village is becoming increasingly dry and thus more denuded and unsuitable for cultivation.

Major land use problems (land users’ perception): Lack of water at critical times of the year.

Forest products and services: fruits and nuts

Future (final) land use (after implementation of SLM Technology): Cropland: Ct: Tree and shrub cropping

Type of cropping system and major crops comments: It is household garden plots that benefits from the water supply. These plots tend to be fruit trees intercropped mainly with onions, potatoes, carrots.

Constraints of settlement / urban: Use of land for concrete tank could be used to grow crops.

If land use has changed due to the implementation of the Technology, indicate land use before implementation of the Technology:

Forests / woodlands: Fo: Other

3.3 Further information about land use

Water supply for the land on which the Technology is applied:

• rainfed

Number of growing seasons per year:

• 1

Specify:

Longest growing period in days: 220Longest growing period from month to month: March - November

3.4 SLM group to which the Technology belongs

• water harvesting

3.5 Spread of the Technology

Specify the spread of the Technology:

• evenly spread over an area

If the Technology is evenly spread over an area, indicate approximate area covered:

• < 0.1 km2 (10 ha)

Comments:

A roof top rainwater harvesting system that channels water into a concrete collecting tank has been replicated in numerous houses within the village.

3.6 SLM measures comprising the Technology

Comments:

Main measures: structural measures

3.7 Main types of land degradation addressed by the Technology

Comments:

Main type of degradation addressed: Wt: loss of topsoil / surface erosion

Secondary types of degradation addressed: Et: loss of topsoil

Main causes of degradation: over-exploitation of vegetation for domestic use (The domestic plots were over used due to poor water supply.)

Secondary causes of degradation: deforestation / removal of natural vegetation (incl. forest fires) (This occured previously and the trees were not replaced.), other human induced causes (specify) (After the collapse of the Soviet Union the concrete tank and it's associated infrastructure fell into disrepair.), change of seasonal rainfall (Less rainfall at critical times impacted on cultivation activity.), Heavy / extreme rainfall (intensity/amounts) (Lack of vegetation results in higher losses of soil erosion during heavy rainfall events.), droughts (Longer dry periods in the summer months.), population pressure (The population and number of houses in the village is increasing.)

3.8 Prevention, reduction, or restoration of land degradation

Specify the goal of the Technology with regard to land degradation:

• reduce land degradation

Comments:

Main goals: mitigation / reduction of land degradation

4.1 Technical drawing of the Technology

4.2 Technical specifications/ explanations of technical drawing

The drawing shows the metal guttering (0.15m) wide around the perimeter of the roof top. The guttering collects the rainwater run off from the roof, and through a plastic pipe made of old plastic bottles stitched together by thin wire it drains into a concrete tank. In this example the tank is 4m long, 2 wide and 2 metres deep and is located within the shadow of the house to reduce evaporation rates. In this example the tank is located on a slope and is partially buried on the upslope. The tank is covered for safety reasons and to prevent external contamination.

Location: Boshkengash.. Rudaki, Tajikistan

Date: 20011-05-06

Technical knowledge required for land users: moderate (Some technical knowledge is required or else the structure will collapse.)

Main technical functions: water harvesting / increase water supply

Dam/ pan/ pond
Depth of ditches/pits/dams (m): 2
Width of ditches/pits/dams (m): 2
Length of ditches/pits/dams (m): 4

Specification of dams/ pans/ ponds: Capacity 16m3

Catchment area: 20 m sqm2

Beneficial area: 0.2 h.am2

Retention/infiltration ditch/pit, sediment/sand trap
Material: Other

Slope of dam wall inside: 0%;
Slope of dam wall outside: 0%

Dimensions of spillways: 0m

Other specifications: tank size 2*2*4m

For water harvesting: the ratio between the area where the harvested water is applied and the total area from which water is collected is: 1:0.5

4.3 General information regarding the calculation of inputs and costs

other/ national currency (specify):

Somoni

Indicate exchange rate from USD to local currency (if relevant): 1 USD =:

4.5

4.4 Establishment activities

	Activity	Type of measure	Timing
1.	construction of concrete tank and guttering	Structural	spring
2.	None		None

4.5 Costs and inputs needed for establishment

	Specify input	Unit	Quantity	Costs per Unit	Total costs per input	% of costs borne by land users
Labour	Construction of concrete tank and guttering	Persons/day	20.0	22.5	450.0	100.0
Equipment	Tools	pieces	6.0	11.1666666	67.0	100.0
Construction material	Concrete sand, stone	tons	2.0	337.5	675.0	100.0
Construction material	Metal guttering	tons	0.5	900.0	450.0	100.0
Construction material	Wood	tons	0.5	240.0	120.0	100.0
Construction material	Plastic pipes	pieces	1.0	10.0	10.0	100.0
Total costs for establishment of the Technology					1772.0

Comments:

Duration of establishment phase: 2 month(s)

4.6 Maintenance/ recurrent activities

	Activity	Type of measure	Timing/ frequency
1.	Cleaning	Structural	annually

4.7 Costs and inputs needed for maintenance/ recurrent activities (per year)

	Specify input	Unit	Quantity	Costs per Unit	Total costs per input	% of costs borne by land users
Labour	Cleaning	Person/day	1.0	25.0	25.0	100.0
Total costs for maintenance of the Technology					25.0

Comments:

The costs were calculated based on 2010 prices per tank.

4.8 Most important factors affecting the costs

Describe the most determinate factors affecting the costs:

Labour, tools and piping can be provided by the land user and stone for the foundation is locally available, however, there is an initial outlay of $300 for the cement, wood and metal guttering. In this example the money for the initial outlay was collected by family members working in Russia and from local salaries.

5.1 Climate

5.2 Topography

Comments and further specifications on topography:

Altitudinal zone = 800m

Slopes on average: The village is located on a flat plain at the foothill of a slope.

5.3 Soils

If available, attach full soil description or specify the available information, e.g. soil type, soil PH/ acidity, Cation Exchange Capacity, nitrogen, salinity etc.

Soil texture: Loess soils.

Soil fertility has a potential to be high when cultivated under good conditions.

Soil drainage / infiltration is medium but can be reduced under dry conditions. i.e crusts.

Soil water storage capacity is low-medium since loess material does contain some clay soils.

5.4 Water availability and quality

Comments and further specifications on water quality and quantity:

Availability of surface water is good during spring rains and poor/none in the summer months.

Water quality (untreated) is good drinking water during winter and spring (snow and rainfall), but poor during summer.

5.5 Biodiversity

Comments and further specifications on biodiversity:

Mixture of vegetables and orchards being grown.

5.6 Characteristics of land users applying the Technology

Indicate other relevant characteristics of the land users:

Land users applying the Technology are mainly common / average land users

Population density: 100-200 persons/km2

Annual population growth: 1% - 2%

15% of the land users are rich.
70% of the land users are average wealthy (for the land user used for this example).
15% of the land users are poor.

Off-farm income specification: The residents do not have a significant income from their garden plots.

Market orientation of production system: The water is for personal use.

Level of mechanization: All work is done by hand.

5.7 Average area of land owned or leased by land users applying the Technology

5.8 Land ownership, land use rights, and water use rights

Land ownership:

• state

Land use rights:

• individual

Water use rights:

• individual

Comments:

In regards to the water in the tank, household plots are allocated by the local government. All land is owned by the state.

5.9 Access to services and infrastructure

6.1 On-site impacts the Technology has shown

Socio-economic impacts

Production

Water availability and quality

Income and costs

Other socio-economic impacts

Socio-cultural impacts

Ecological impacts

Water cycle/ runoff

Soil

Biodiversity: vegetation, animals

6.2 Off-site impacts the Technology has shown

6.3 Exposure and sensitivity of the Technology to gradual climate change and climate-related extremes/ disasters (as perceived by land users)

Gradual climate change

Gradual climate change

	Season	Type of climatic change/ extreme	How does the Technology cope with it?
annual temperature		increase	well

Climate-related extremes (disasters)

Meteorological disasters

	How does the Technology cope with it?
local rainstorm	well

Climatological disasters

	How does the Technology cope with it?
drought	not well

Other climate-related consequences

Other climate-related consequences

	How does the Technology cope with it?
reduced growing period	well

Comments:

In times of heavy rainfall and prolonged summer drought the size of the tank could be increased.

6.4 Cost-benefit analysis

How do the benefits compare with the establishment costs (from land users’ perspective)?

How do the benefits compare with the maintenance/ recurrent costs (from land users' perspective)?

Comments:

If it is constructed to a reasonable standard then it will not need any significant maintenance.

6.5 Adoption of the Technology

• more than 50%

If available, quantify (no. of households and/ or area covered):

900 household (70 percent of the area covered)

Of all those who have adopted the Technology, how many have did so spontaneously, i.e. without receiving any material incentives/ payments?

• 90-100%

Comments:

Comments on spontaneous adoption: The urban roof top rainwater harvesting has been replicated by many members of the community without external support.

There is a moderate trend towards spontaneous adoption of the Technology

Comments on adoption trend: People observed, and experienced the benefits, and decided that it was worth the initial investment.

6.7 Strengths/ advantages/ opportunities of the Technology

Strengths/ advantages/ opportunities in the land user’s view
Improved the standard of living, and the increased access to water allowed the households to have more automony over what that grow and eat.

Strengths/ advantages/ opportunities in the compiler’s or other key resource person’s view
Improves the provision of irrigated water for the hot dry summer periods. How can they be sustained / enhanced? Further dissemination to other households.
Allowed for the improvement and expansion of kitchen gardens. How can they be sustained / enhanced? Training on keeping a kitchen garden.
Improved the quality and quantity of fruit yields
Improved the access of water for sanitation and drinking water purposes How can they be sustained / enhanced? Education on sanitation methods.

6.8 Weaknesses/ disadvantages/ risks of the Technology and ways of overcoming them

Weaknesses/ disadvantages/ risks in the compiler’s or other key resource person’s view	How can they be overcome?
The perception was that the water was not clean in the concrete pool.	However, it was tested and proved to be safe to use. This provided reassurance to the household members. It would be a major benefit if the water tank remains covered and is cleaned periodically.
The initial outlay may be considered expensive for some families.	Many families have adopted this, possibly if many were built at once the material costs would be reduced. The technology could be tied in with micro finance activities.