1.2 Contact details of resource persons and institutions involved in the assessment and documentation of the Technology

Name of project which facilitated the documentation/ evaluation of the Technology (if relevant)

Book project: where people and their land are safer - A Compendium of Good Practices in Disaster Risk Reduction (DRR) (where people and their land are safer)

Name of the institution(s) which facilitated the documentation/ evaluation of the Technology (if relevant)

Swiss Red Cross (Swiss Red Cross) - Switzerland

1.3 Conditions regarding the use of data documented through WOCAT

When were the data compiled (in the field)?

22/11/2016

The compiler and key resource person(s) accept the conditions regarding the use of data documented through WOCAT:

Yes

1.4 Declaration on sustainability of the described Technology

Is the Technology described here problematic with regard to land degradation, so that it cannot be declared a sustainable land management technology?

No

1.5 Reference to Questionnaire(s) on SLM Approaches

2.1 Short description of the Technology

Definition of the Technology:

A series of vegetative, structural and management technologies is used reduce the exposure and vulnerability of water infrastructure to threats. These include protecting water sources and water tanks, the stabilization of their surroundings, the anchoring of piping and, whenever necessary, repairing the water tank.

2.2 Detailed description of the Technology

Description:

The Department of Olancho, located on the nortwestern region of Honduras, is frequently affected by tropical storms and hurricanes coming from the Atlantic. The Impacts of the hydrometereological hazards are intensifed by unsustainable use of natural resources practices that promote rampant forest fires, soil and water degradation and erosion. Rural communities' health is precarious.

"Resiliencia" (Resilience) is a project undertaken by the Honduran/Swiss Red Cross. It intends to provide sustainable contributions to enhance resilience in the rural regions of Olancho by combining the efforts to reduce risks posed by hazards (RHR) and those aimed at promoting health at all levels (home, community, municipality). By improving and ensuring the care of drinking water systems and providing training to manage water, wastewater and health practices, the project looks to establish for synergies between RHR and health. Though the communities already have water facilities, these are frequently old and prone to failure. The project provides communities technical and financial support to repair and improve their water system, starting from the water outlet, the water tank and the piping that extends to houses. Risk reduction is addressed throughout the entire process, Water infrastructure is protected through different measures that are defined through assessment of the state of the water system. The water tanks are improved whenever necessary, i.e. its interiors are repaired with ceramic and coating; further, the outer parts are coated and fissures are repaired. In most cases, the piping has to be changed with more resistant material (PVC is replaced with galvanized iron) to avoid fissures along the conduction line. The valves are repaired and hypochlorinators are installed. Vegetative measures - such as planting trees and shrubbery to stabilize soil and retain water - are implemented around the tanks and water outlets. These plant-based measures around the tank reduce risks of landslides; also, planting trees in the microbasin helps ensuring water provision in the quantities and quality required (for more information, see T 750). Finally, management measures are executed to reduce the risk of pollution. These measures involve, for example, ensuring strict protection of the water outlet and the water tank with a surrounding fence.
Maintenance activities include constant supervision of the pipes and cleaning of the tanks (these are emptied, cleaned with chloride and then refilled) every 8 days (in winter) and every 15 days (in the summer) by the Water Board.

2.3 Photos of the Technology

2.5 Country/ region/ locations where the Technology has been applied and which are covered by this assessment

2.6 Date of implementation

Indicate year of implementation:

2014

2.7 Introduction of the Technology

Specify how the Technology was introduced:

• through projects/ external interventions

3.1 Main purpose(s) of the Technology

• protect a watershed/ downstream areas – in combination with other Technologies
• reduce risk of disasters

• Improve health issues

3.2 Current land use type(s) where the Technology is applied

If land use has changed due to the implementation of the Technology, indicate land use before implementation of the Technology:

Land Use in the microbasin area has changed from growing coffee to being protected (not used). The area surrounding the water tank has changed from being used as a grazing area to being highly guarded with a fence.

3.3 Further information about land use

Water supply for the land on which the Technology is applied:

• rainfed

Specify:

n/a

3.4 SLM group to which the Technology belongs

• natural and semi-natural forest management
• area closure (stop use, support restoration)

3.5 Spread of the Technology

Specify the spread of the Technology:

• applied at specific points/ concentrated on a small area

3.6 SLM measures comprising the Technology

3.7 Main types of land degradation addressed by the Technology

Comments:

The community's drinking water system is affected by different types of degradation. While water quality degradation is highly problematic in the microbasin, soil degradation caused by water mainly affects water infrastructure. Biological degradation affects water replenishment and quality throughout the system.

3.8 Prevention, reduction, or restoration of land degradation

Specify the goal of the Technology with regard to land degradation:

• reduce land degradation

4.1 Technical drawing of the Technology

4.3 General information regarding the calculation of inputs and costs

Specify how costs and inputs were calculated:

• per Technology unit

other/ national currency (specify):

Lempiras

Indicate exchange rate from USD to local currency (if relevant): 1 USD =:

23.0

4.4 Establishment activities

	Activity	Type of measure	Timing
1.	Remove the water tank's old coating	Other measures
2.	Cover the floor with ceramic and coat the walls	Other measures
3.	Replace PVC pipes with galvanized iron	Other measures
4.	Change the water tank's valves	Other measures
5.	Install a valve in the dam's desander	Other measures
6.	Paint the outside of the tank	Other measures
7.	Build moors to anchor pipes	Structural
8.	Planting stabilizing plants (izote) and trees	Vegetative
9.	Fence water tank	Management

Comments:

Furthermore, the microbasin is protected with reforestation measures. For more information, see "Microbasin protection through reforestation technology and the Approach "Issuing a Decree for Legal protection of microbasins".

4.5 Costs and inputs needed for establishment

	Specify input	Unit	Quantity	Costs per Unit	Total costs per input	% of costs borne by land users
Labour	Trained labor	person-day	9.0	750.0	6750.0
Labour	Untrained labor	person-day	64.0	150.0	9600.0	100.0
Equipment	(pick, sledgehammer, crowbar, pipe wrenches, iron cutter, wheelbarrows, etc)	set	1.0	10738.0	10738.0
Equipment	wheelbarrow	piece	2.0	19150.0	38300.0
Equipment	tap
Plant material	Izote	piece	50.0	7.0	350.0	100.0
Construction material	Coating	day/man	4.0	750.0	3000.0	100.0
Construction material	Valve	piece	1.0	13000.0	13000.0
Construction material	H.G. pipes	lance	1.0	1732.0	1732.0
Construction material	Sand	m3	2.0	600.0	1200.0	100.0
Other	Transportation of material	Trip	3.0	500.0	1500.0	100.0
Other	Mooring
Total costs for establishment of the Technology					86170.0

If land user bore less than 100% of costs, indicate who covered the remaining costs:

Honduran/ Swiss Red Cross

Comments:

The total cost to upgrade the water system was 92'510 Lempiras (4022 USD). 45'000 Lempiras (1957 USD) were donated by the community in the form of Labor. Honduran/ Swiss Red Cross contributed with 47'510 Lempiras (2065 USD), including trained labor 6450 Lempiras (280 USD) and construction material, gear and transportation 41'060 Lempiras (1'785 USD).
This amount does not include the wages of the technical team of Honduran/ Red Cross workers to support the community, since their field of expertise includes other activities.

4.6 Maintenance/ recurrent activities

	Activity	Type of measure	Timing/ frequency
1.	Dam inspection		Every 3 days
2.	Pipe inspection		Continuously
3.	Emptying the tank		Every 15 days; if there is heavy rain, every week
4.	Rinsing walls and sweeping away sediments on the tank Joor		Every 15 days; if there is heavy rain, every week
5.	Prepare a mixture of chlorine and water (tank capacity of 5000 gal: 250 ml of chlorine + 5 gallons of water; water tank capacity 10'000 gal: 500 ml of chlorine + 5 gallons of water )		Every 15 days; if there is heavy rain, every week
6.	Coat the interior of the tank with the mixture, brush, rinse with plenty of water		Every 15 days; if there is heavy rain, every week
7.	Refill tank		Every 15 days; if there is heavy rain, every week
8.	Charge water bill		Monthly

4.7 Costs and inputs needed for maintenance/ recurrent activities (per year)

	Specify input	Unit	Quantity	Costs per Unit	Total costs per input	% of costs borne by land users
Labour	Untrained labor	person-day	22.0	150.0	3300.0	100.0
Equipment	Borrow a tap	piece/day	2.0	23.0	46.0	100.0
Total costs for maintenance of the Technology					3346.0

Comments:

The community pays for recurring maintenance costs charging for water. The training provided by the Red Cross has improved planning activities and budget investment.

4.8 Most important factors affecting the costs

Describe the most determinate factors affecting the costs:

Construction material and hardware

5.1 Climate

5.2 Topography

Indicate if the Technology is specifically applied in:

• not relevant

5.3 Soils

5.4 Water availability and quality

Is water salinity a problem?

No

Is flooding of the area occurring?

Yes

Comments and further specifications on water quality and quantity:

Rain causes sporadic floods.

5.5 Biodiversity

5.6 Characteristics of land users applying the Technology

5.7 Average area of land owned or leased by land users applying the Technology

5.8 Land ownership, land use rights, and water use rights

Land ownership:

• communal/ village

Land use rights:

• communal (organized)

Water use rights:

• communal (organized)

Comments:

The water system is organized at the community level by the Water Management Board, with the support of CODEL, particularly in issues related to protecting the water system infrastructure against hazards.

5.9 Access to services and infrastructure

6.1 On-site impacts the Technology has shown

Socio-economic impacts

Water availability and quality

Socio-cultural impacts

6.2 Off-site impacts the Technology has shown

Comments regarding impact assessment:

n/a

6.3 Exposure and sensitivity of the Technology to gradual climate change and climate-related extremes/ disasters (as perceived by land users)

Gradual climate change

Gradual climate change

	Season	Type of climatic change/ extreme	How does the Technology cope with it?
annual temperature		increase	well
seasonal temperature	summer	increase	not known
seasonal rainfall	summer	decrease	well

Climate-related extremes (disasters)

Meteorological disasters

	How does the Technology cope with it?
tropical storm	moderately

Climatological disasters

	How does the Technology cope with it?
drought	well
forest fire	moderately

Hydrological disasters

	How does the Technology cope with it?
general (river) flood	very well
landslide	well

6.4 Cost-benefit analysis

How do the benefits compare with the establishment costs (from land users’ perspective)?

How do the benefits compare with the maintenance/ recurrent costs (from land users' perspective)?

Comments:

In the future, one water tank will not be enough for the community, since it is growing rapidly. An investment in piping will also be needed.

6.5 Adoption of the Technology

• more than 50%

If available, quantify (no. of households and/ or area covered):

500 homes (100% of the community) have access to drinking water

Of all those who have adopted the Technology, how many have did so spontaneously, i.e. without receiving any material incentives/ payments?

• 0-10%

6.6 Adaptation

Has the Technology been modified recently to adapt to changing conditions?

No

6.7 Strengths/ advantages/ opportunities of the Technology

Strengths/ advantages/ opportunities in the land user’s view
Protection of the microbasin ensurea water quantity and quality.
Water is a necessary resource and it motivates people to invest their effort into protecting and maintaining the system. Also, it is easy to fine people who break regulations to ensure the lands belonging to the microbasin are not used, this can deplete water.
Availability of drinking water improves the health of the population. This increases labor and in the long run it will result in development for the community.

Strengths/ advantages/ opportunities in the compiler’s or other key resource person’s view
Improves the comprehensive management of water system and thus improves coordination efforts with CODEL, the Health Committee and the investment plan.

6.8 Weaknesses/ disadvantages/ risks of the Technology and ways of overcoming them

Weaknesses/ disadvantages/ risks in the land user’s view	How can they be overcome?
In the future, the water tank will no longer cover the needs of their growing population	Expand pipe network build a second tank (opinion of the Board and CODEL) Set a quota according to water use to avoid waste (opinion of the compiler)

7.1 Methods/ sources of information