1.2 Contact details of resource persons and institutions involved in the assessment and documentation of the Technology

Name of project which facilitated the documentation/ evaluation of the Technology (if relevant)

Scaling-up SLM practices by smallholder farmers (IFAD)

Name of the institution(s) which facilitated the documentation/ evaluation of the Technology (if relevant)

Royal University of Agriculture (RUA) - Cambodia

1.3 Conditions regarding the use of data documented through WOCAT

When were the data compiled (in the field)?

06/05/2017

The compiler and key resource person(s) accept the conditions regarding the use of data documented through WOCAT:

Yes

1.4 Declaration on sustainability of the described Technology

Is the Technology described here problematic with regard to land degradation, so that it cannot be declared a sustainable land management technology?

No

2.1 Short description of the Technology

Definition of the Technology:

A solar water pump is a technology that uses solar panels to convert the solar power to electricity for pumping water from different sources including an underground source of water. The use of solar water pump is to reduces the operating costs, and avoid the CO2 emission, which is a good option for increasing climate resilience, and contributing to climate change mitigation.

2.2 Detailed description of the Technology

Description:

The solar water pump is an innovation that uses solar panels to convert the solar power to electricity for pumping water. It is an optimum choice to help reduce the impacts of climate change. The farmers in Thomacheat Samdach Te Chhor Hun Sen, Sror Aem Commune, Choam Ksant District, Preah Vihear Province, Cambodia previously used the water from ponds for the irrigation of their fields. But this supply was insufficient. In order to resolve the issue, the Cambodia Center for Study and Development in Agriculture (CEDAC) implemented a project and provided a bore hole with a solar powered pump in the commune in 2011 so as to irrigate the crops. In 2014, the Provincial Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Fishery (PDAFF under the support of the National Adaptation Programme of Action (NAPA Follow up phase 2) gave a set of solar water pump which was implemented in the commune for irrigating also the vegetable fields. They offered the village seven solar water pumps in total. One solar water pump has been installed at the house of Mr. Mao Sarath. The solar panels are portable, as sometime the solar power is variable.

The solar pump system consists of solar panels mounted on the top of a wooden structure, a pump motor, a pump inverter, a water storage tank with a supporting structure and electric cables. For its installation, a bore hole firstly needs to be drilled, and a pump needs to be put in place to draw the water from the bore hole and a for water delivery a drip pipe set has to be putted on the vegetable field. Then the supporting structures for two water storage tanks need to be installed which one of 4.8 and one of 2.04 meters in height. After the water storage tanks have been connected with a pump motor. Nine solar panels were fastened on the top of the water tank support construction and a pump inverter has been attached to generate electricity. The water in the tank has to be monitored regularly to secure permanent supply of water. The two water storage tanks have a capacity of 5000 liters which is enough for irrigating the crops and for the consumption of 3 households. Due to this kind of water supply facility the resilience to climate change has been increased and in consequence the emigration has been reduced. More people turned back to the agricultural sector, including farming.

The advantages of the technique are that water can be pumped automatically, that it saves labor and time, it does not use fuel, it reduces the CO2 emission, and it can deliver water at a considerable distance. A budget of 2000 USD was left to maintain the solar water pumps before the project has been completed. This budget was managed by the Border Development and Natural Agriculture Community; however, the community could use this budget for example for their members to take out a loan with an interest rate of 2% per month. After one year of the installation of the water pump, Mr. Mao Sarath expected to sell drinking water to other villagers during dry season or drought condition at cost of 1,500 Riel per cubic meter (excluded the 3 mentioned household). But until now, he was not able to do so due to the fact that other villagers were able to get access to bore holes with pumps and ponds by support of other NGOs too.

In short, the solar water pump is an innovation which uses solar energy to power a motor, thereby replacing a fuel powered motor which would have heavy impacts on the environment. The water is used to irrigate crops in the fields as well as for household consumption by the inhabitants of the village. This is to replace the bore holes with pumps in all of the different households, as villagers are now able to just drill one and install a solar powered pump with water storage tanks, and drip irrigation which provides water more easily to each household in the village.

2.3 Photos of the Technology

2.5 Country/ region/ locations where the Technology has been applied and which are covered by this assessment

2.6 Date of implementation

Indicate year of implementation:

2012

2.7 Introduction of the Technology

Specify how the Technology was introduced:

• through projects/ external interventions

Comments (type of project, etc.):

National Adaptation Programme of Action (NAPA Follow up phase 2).

3.1 Main purpose(s) of the Technology

• improve production
• reduce risk of disasters
• adapt to climate change/ extremes and its impacts
• mitigate climate change and its impacts

3.2 Current land use type(s) where the Technology is applied

If land use has changed due to the implementation of the Technology, indicate land use before implementation of the Technology:

Pond and pumping well

3.3 Further information about land use

Water supply for the land on which the Technology is applied:

• full irrigation

Comments:

Using solar water pumps and pond for irrigation .

Number of growing seasons per year:

• 3

3.4 SLM group to which the Technology belongs

• water harvesting
• irrigation management (incl. water supply, drainage)
• water diversion and drainage

3.5 Spread of the Technology

Specify the spread of the Technology:

• applied at specific points/ concentrated on a small area

Comments:

Without any assistance from NGOs, the farmers could not spend their own money to buy solar water pumping due to the high cost.

3.6 SLM measures comprising the Technology

3.7 Main types of land degradation addressed by the Technology

3.8 Prevention, reduction, or restoration of land degradation

Specify the goal of the Technology with regard to land degradation:

• prevent land degradation
• reduce land degradation

4.1 Technical drawing of the Technology

4.2 Technical specifications/ explanations of technical drawing

The solar pump system consists of solar panels mounted on the top of a wooden structure, a pump motor, a pump inverter, and a water storage tanks with a supporting structure and electric cables. The bore hole has a depth of 29 meters and a diameter of 0.08 m . One water tank holding construction hasa height of 2.04 meters and the other has a height of 2.8 meter. The water tanks have a volume of 5000 liters. The solar water pump is able to draw 6-7 cubic meters per day and if there is full sun shine it can reach up to 8 cubic meters per day.

4.3 General information regarding the calculation of inputs and costs

Specify how costs and inputs were calculated:

• per Technology unit

other/ national currency (specify):

Riel

Indicate exchange rate from USD to local currency (if relevant): 1 USD =:

4000.0

4.4 Establishment activities

	Activity	Type of measure	Timing
1.	Constructiong of pumping well	Structural	February
2.	water tank support	Structural	May
3.	Buying water tanks	Structural	May
4.	Solar water pumping intallation	Structural	May
5.	Pump monitor	Structural	May

4.5 Costs and inputs needed for establishment

	Specify input	Unit	Quantity	Costs per Unit	Total costs per input	% of costs borne by land users
Labour	Construction of pumping well	set	1.0	1600000.0	1600000.0
Labour	Building a wooden structure	set	1.0	800000.0	800000.0
Equipment	Water tanks	piece	2.0	2000000.0	4000000.0
Equipment	Controller unit	set	1.0	4000000.0	4000000.0
Equipment	Pump motor including the solar panels	set	1.0	8000000.0	8000000.0
Construction material	water tank supports	Number	2.0	800000.0	1600000.0	100.0
Total costs for establishment of the Technology					20000000.0

If land user bore less than 100% of costs, indicate who covered the remaining costs:

NAPA follow up project pays for solar water pumping and CEDAC pays for pumping well.

Comments:

The whole set of a solar water pump installation costs 5000 USD (=20,000,000 Riel)

4.6 Maintenance/ recurrent activities

	Activity	Type of measure	Timing/ frequency
1.	Checking the water levels and control of the installation	Structural	Dry season

4.7 Costs and inputs needed for maintenance/ recurrent activities (per year)

	Specify input	Unit	Quantity	Costs per Unit	Total costs per input	% of costs borne by land users
Labour	Repair work on the pump motor	number	1.0	400000.0	400000.0	100.0
Total costs for maintenance of the Technology					400000.0

If land user bore less than 100% of costs, indicate who covered the remaining costs:

Paid by the National Adaptation Programme of Action (NAPA Follow up phase 2).

Comments:

The repairs to pump motor when needed for maintenance due to the project left USD 2000 for repair service.

4.8 Most important factors affecting the costs

Describe the most determinate factors affecting the costs:

The price of solar water pumping is expensive so that it affects the farmer's expenditure seriously.

5.1 Climate

5.2 Topography

Indicate if the Technology is specifically applied in:

• not relevant

5.3 Soils

If available, attach full soil description or specify the available information, e.g. soil type, soil PH/ acidity, Cation Exchange Capacity, nitrogen, salinity etc.

Good soil fertility due to fact that the farmer uses cow manure on the crop fields.

5.4 Water availability and quality

Is water salinity a problem?

No

Is flooding of the area occurring?

No

Comments and further specifications on water quality and quantity:

The water is calcareous and should be boiled before drinking; however, it does not affect the crops growth negatively.

5.5 Biodiversity

5.6 Characteristics of land users applying the Technology

Indicate other relevant characteristics of the land users:

The farmer who implemented this technology is 60 years old, but he is still able to work in the field.

5.7 Average area of land owned or leased by land users applying the Technology

5.8 Land ownership, land use rights, and water use rights

Land ownership:

• individual, titled

Land use rights:

• leased
• individual

Water use rights:

• open access (unorganized)

5.9 Access to services and infrastructure

6.1 On-site impacts the Technology has shown

Socio-economic impacts

Production

Water availability and quality

Income and costs

Socio-cultural impacts

Ecological impacts

Water cycle/ runoff

Climate and disaster risk reduction

6.2 Off-site impacts the Technology has shown

6.3 Exposure and sensitivity of the Technology to gradual climate change and climate-related extremes/ disasters (as perceived by land users)

Gradual climate change

Gradual climate change

	Season	Type of climatic change/ extreme	How does the Technology cope with it?
annual temperature		decrease	moderately
seasonal temperature	wet/ rainy season	increase	moderately
annual rainfall		decrease	well
seasonal rainfall	wet/ rainy season	decrease	well

Other climate-related consequences

Other climate-related consequences

	How does the Technology cope with it?
extended growing period	well

Comments:

In the upland area it is difficult to get access to water during the dry season, particularly when drought occurs. However, by this technology the farmer Mr. Mao Sarath was still able to extend the growing period and to get access to water for consumption and crop cultivation.

6.4 Cost-benefit analysis

How do the benefits compare with the establishment costs (from land users’ perspective)?

How do the benefits compare with the maintenance/ recurrent costs (from land users' perspective)?

6.5 Adoption of the Technology

• 1-10%

If available, quantify (no. of households and/ or area covered):

7 housholds of Thomacheat Samdach Te Chhor Hun Sen village implemented the technology (the one examined here included)

Of all those who have adopted the Technology, how many have did so spontaneously, i.e. without receiving any material incentives/ payments?

• 0-10%

Comments:

Until now the households are not able to buy solar water pumps and to adopt this technology by themselves because it is very expensive, and due to fact that they were assisted substantially by the ministry, by relevant stakeholders or NGOs.

6.6 Adaptation

Has the Technology been modified recently to adapt to changing conditions?

No

6.7 Strengths/ advantages/ opportunities of the Technology

Strengths/ advantages/ opportunities in the land user’s view
Water can be accessed to irrigate crops without the use of a fuel powered pump.
Economically beneficial as there is no need to buy diesel to pump water.

Strengths/ advantages/ opportunities in the compiler’s or other key resource person’s view
Adapting to the impacts of climate change.
Reducing GHG emissions into the atmosphere.

6.8 Weaknesses/ disadvantages/ risks of the Technology and ways of overcoming them

Weaknesses/ disadvantages/ risks in the land user’s view	How can they be overcome?
High expenditure.	Secure assistance from NGOs and other ways to jointly implement this technology.

Weaknesses/ disadvantages/ risks in the compiler’s or other key resource person’s view	How can they be overcome?
-

7.1 Methods/ sources of information

7.2 References to available publications

Title, author, year, ISBN:

Abrams, J. H. (2015). Climate Resilient Irrigation Training Manual. Phnom Penh: Project Support Unit, Ministry of Agriculure, Forestry, and Fisheries (MAFF-PSU).

Available from where? Costs?

MAFF, Free available.

7.3 Links to relevant information which is available online

Title/ description:

CDD. (2014). NAPA Follow-UP-Cambodia's Official Climate Change Website. Retrieved February 7, 2018, from

URL:

http://www.camclimate.org.kh/en/activities/napa-follow-up.html

Title/ description:

SGE. (2015). Soalr water pump with sun tracker. Retrieved February 7, 2018, from

URL:

http://www.solarcambodia.com/index.php?lang=en&p=products-system&id=10