Specify the spread of the Technology:

• evenly spread over an area

If precise area is not known, indicate approximate area covered:

• < 0.1 km2 (10 ha)

{'is_geometry': True, 'configuration': 'technologies', 'additional_translations': {}, 'key': 'Map', 'value': '{"type":"FeatureCollection","features":[{"type":"Feature","id":1510050513774,"geometry":{"type":"Point","coordinates":[27.581611275672973,45.39580942578297]},"properties":null}]}', 'questionnaire_object': <Questionnaire: {"qg_name": [{"name": {"en": "Leguminous crop cultivated in plot temporarely set outside the crop rotation"}}], "qg_image": [{"image": "d5982a74-4ed8-4396-bb7c-223fdf56b5e2", "image_target": "52,72", "image_caption": {"en": "Alfalfa crop in the blooming phase"}, "image_photographer": {"en": "National Research and Development Institute for Soil Science, Agrochemistry and Environment (ICPA) - Romania"}}], "qg_photos": [{"image": "74bb0156-2e08-49cb-8195-807c6c56d564", "image_caption": {"en": "Plot with alfalfa next to sunflower plot in a crop rotation of a farm"}, "image_photographer": {"en": "National Research and Development Institute for Soil Science, Agrochemistry and Environment (ICPA) - Romania"}}], "tech_qg_1": [{"tech_definition": {"en": "Introducing the leguminous crops in crop rotation to improve soil fertility, as field plot set temporarely outside the crop rotation. Crop rotation with legumes is an alternative to rotation containing only cereals."}}], "tech_qg_2": [{"tech_description": {"en": "The technology is applied in Braila region and is located in north-eastern part of Romanian Plain. It has an agricultural area of 387,646 ha (of which 350,001 ha are arable land), and has specific geomorphologic, hydrological and climatic conditions which need to use ameliorative agricultural systems. Within Braila County are distinguished the following relief units: Calmatui Plain, part of the Braila Plain (51% from County area) and the Floodplains of Danube (Big Island of Braila), Siret, Buzau and Calmatui rivers (49% from County area).\r\nBraila Plain is characterized by a specific micro-relief of Baragan type with large floodplains, poorly fragmented, with altitudes ranging between 20-25 m in the east part and 35-40 m to the west part, with soils mainly of chernozem type, formed on loess and loess deposits and which shows numerous small depression areas. Floodplains, areas adjacent to Danube, Siret, Buzau and Calmatui rivers are located at lower altitudes, ranging between 2-4 m and 13-15 m and are characterized by the presence of alluvial soils formed on river-limnic and alluvial deposits, with alternating of layers with different textures. According to United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification, Braila County is located in arid region with an average annual temperature of 10.9\u00b0C, long-term average annual precipitations (P) of 447 mm, potential evapotranspiration (ETP) of 705 mm (750-800 mm in dry years) and an average climatic water deficit of 258 mm (350-400 mm in dry years). The biophysical aridity index (P/ETP = 0.50-0.65) places the Braila region in area with moderate risk to desertification. Both intensive and extensive farming systems are practiced within Braila County. Intensive agriculture, characterized by high inputs and yield levels, is realized on large vegetal farms. On the other hand, extensive agriculture, with low input and yield levels, is practiced by farmers on small vegetal farms, and is so-called the semi-subsistent agriculture.\r\nCrop rotation with legumes (such as alfalfa) is is generally limited to a maximum period of time of 5 to 6 years, providing a plant succesion of spring (generally maize, soybean, sunflower) and winter crops (such as wheat, rapeseed, barley). The technology consists of a crop rotation in which one parcel/field plot is cultivated with perennials legumes and set temporarily outside the crop rotation for 4-5 years. During this period, the field plot cultivated with perennials legumes recovers its fertility by improving the soil aeration status, water infiltration and storage rate and soil aggregate stability. Leguminous crops play an important role in crop rotation because it favors the fixation of atmospheric nitrogen and bind it into the soil with a significant increase in soil fertility. Crop rotation with legumes reduces the biocides use because it breaks the pest cycles and weeds. Leguminous crops also improve the soil structure and its stability, increases water permeability, soil biodiversity and soil quality. At the same time, crop rotation with legumes represents a supplemental income source for land users. After alfalfa baling, this is sold to the nearby livestock breeders.\r\nCrop rotation with legumes has many advantages, such as increase of soil agro-ecosystem biodiversity, reduction of chemical inputs, reduction of soil structure degradation processes, increase of nutrient availability and consequently increase of soil fertility, and increase of farm income. Also in the land user's view, crop rotation with legumes may improve land productivity, even though it increase the costs of inputs and management for crop establishment, and for this reason the land user's awareness is low."}}], "tech_qg_3": [{"tech_sites_considered": "sites_considered_single"}], "tech_qg_4": [{"tech_spread_area": "tech_spread_less_01", "tech_spread_tech": "tech_spread_evenly"}], "tech_qg_5": [{"tech_who_implemented": ["implementation_innovation"]}], "tech_qg_6": [{"tech_main_purpose": ["main_purpose_production", "main_purpose_degradation"]}], "tech_qg_7": [{"tech_lu_comments": {"en": "crop rotation of 5-6 years, with one field plot set temporarely outside the crop rotation cultivated with perennial legumes (alfalfa)"}}], "tech_qg_8": [{"tech_measures": ["tech_measures_agronomic"]}], "tech_qg_9": [{"tech_landuse_2018": ["tech_lu_cropland"]}], "qg_sources": [{"sources_used": ["source_field", "source_interviews_landusers"]}], "tech_qg_10": [{"tech_growing_seasons": "growing_season_1", "tech_lu_cropland_sub": ["lu_cropland_ca"], "tech_lu_cropland_annual_cropping_crops": ["annual_crops_422", "annual_crops_429", "annual_crops_421"]}], "tech_qg_19": [{"tech_watersupply": "tech_watersupply_rainfed"}], "tech_qg_20": [{"tech_slm_group": ["tech_slm_group_rotational", "tech_slm_group_soilfertility"]}], "tech_qg_21": [{"tech_measures_agronomic_sub": ["measures_agronomic_a2"]}], "tech_qg_26": [{"tech_measures_comments": {"en": "Introducing of a perennial crop (alfalfa) in a crop rotation with cereals"}}], "tech_qg_27": [{"tech_degradation": ["degradation_chemical", "degradation_physical"]}], "tech_qg_30": [{"degradation_chemical_sub": ["degradation_cn"]}], "tech_qg_31": [{"degradation_physical_sub": ["degradation_pu"]}], "tech_qg_35": [{"tech_prevention": ["intervention_reduce_ld"]}], "tech_qg_36": [{"tech_input_est_unit": {"en": "person-days"}, "tech_input_est_costs": 17.6, "tech_input_est_specify": {"en": "labor"}, "tech_input_est_quantity": 3.0, "tech_input_est_total_costs_pi": 52.8, "tech_input_est_percentage_costs": 100.0}], "tech_qg_37": [{"tech_input_est_unit": {"en": "machine-hours"}, "tech_input_est_costs": 13.37, "tech_input_est_specify": {"en": "fertilisation"}, "tech_input_est_quantity": 1.0, "tech_input_est_total_costs_pi": 13.37, "tech_input_est_percentage_costs": 100.0}, {"tech_input_est_unit": {"en": "machine-hours"}, "tech_input_est_costs": 12.39, "tech_input_est_specify": {"en": "ploughing"}, "tech_input_est_quantity": 3.0, "tech_input_est_total_costs_pi": 37.17, "tech_input_est_percentage_costs": 100.0}, {"tech_input_est_unit": {"en": "machine-hours"}, "tech_input_est_costs": 19.67, "tech_input_est_specify": {"en": "seedbed preparation"}, "tech_input_est_quantity": 2.0, "tech_input_est_total_costs_pi": 39.34, "tech_input_est_percentage_costs": 100.0}, {"tech_input_est_unit": {"en": "machine-hours"}, "tech_input_est_costs": 17.32, "tech_input_est_specify": {"en": "alfalfa sowing"}, "tech_input_est_quantity": 1.0, "tech_input_est_total_costs_pi": 17.32, "tech_input_est_percentage_costs": 100.0}, {"tech_input_est_unit": {"en": "machine-hours"}, "tech_input_est_costs": 13.37, "tech_input_est_specify": {"en": "fertilisation"}, "tech_input_est_quantity": 1.0, "tech_input_est_total_costs_pi": 13.37, "tech_input_est_percentage_costs": 100.0}, {"tech_input_est_unit": {"en": "machine-hours"}, "tech_input_est_costs": 8.4, "tech_input_est_specify": {"en": "herbicides & pests control"}, "tech_input_est_quantity": 2.0, "tech_input_est_total_costs_pi": 16.8, "tech_input_est_percentage_costs": 100.0}, {"tech_input_est_unit": {"en": "machine-hours"}, "tech_input_est_costs": 50.96, "tech_input_est_specify": {"en": "alfalfa cutting"}, "tech_input_est_quantity": 1.0, "tech_input_est_total_costs_pi": 50.96, "tech_input_est_percentage_costs": 100.0}, {"tech_input_est_unit": {"en": "machine-hours"}, "tech_input_est_costs": 36.4, "tech_input_est_specify": {"en": "alfalfa baling"}, "tech_input_est_quantity": 2.0, "tech_input_est_total_costs_pi": 72.8, "tech_input_est_percentage_costs": 100.0}], "tech_qg_38": [{"tech_input_est_unit": {"en": "kg/ha"}, "tech_input_est_costs": 6.12, "tech_input_est_specify": {"en": "alfalfa seeds"}, "tech_input_est_quantity": 22.0, "tech_input_est_total_costs_pi": 134.64, "tech_input_est_percentage_costs": 100.0}], "tech_qg_43": [{"tech_maint_timing": {"en": "spring"}, "tech_maint_activity": {"en": "fertilisation"}}, {"tech_maint_timing": {"en": "spring - summer"}, "tech_maint_activity": {"en": "herbicides & pests control"}}, {"tech_maint_timing": {"en": "summer"}, "tech_maint_activity": {"en": "alfalfa cutting"}}, {"tech_maint_timing": {"en": "summer"}, "tech_maint_activity": {"en": "alfalfa baling"}}], "tech_qg_45": [{"tech_input_maint_unit": {"en": "person-days"}, "tech_input_maint_costs": 17.6, "tech_input_maint_specify": {"en": "labor"}, "tech_input_maint_quantity": 1.0, "tech_input_maint_total_costs_pi": 17.6, "tech_input_maint_percentage_costs": 100.0}], "tech_qg_46": [{"tech_input_maint_unit": {"en": "machine-hours"}, "tech_input_maint_costs": 13.37, "tech_input_maint_specify": {"en": "fertilisation"}, "tech_input_maint_quantity": 1.0, "tech_input_maint_total_costs_pi": 13.37, "tech_input_maint_percentage_costs": 100.0}, {"tech_input_maint_unit": {"en": "machine-hours"}, "tech_input_maint_costs": 8.4, "tech_input_maint_specify": {"en": "herbicides & pests control"}, "tech_input_maint_quantity": 2.0, "tech_input_maint_total_costs_pi": 16.8, "tech_input_maint_percentage_costs": 100.0}, {"tech_input_maint_unit": {"en": "machine-hours"}, "tech_input_maint_costs": 50.96, "tech_input_maint_specify": {"en": "alfalfa cutting"}, "tech_input_maint_quantity": 1.0, "tech_input_maint_total_costs_pi": 50.96, "tech_input_maint_percentage_costs": 100.0}, {"tech_input_maint_unit": {"en": "machine-hours"}, "tech_input_maint_costs": 36.4, "tech_input_maint_specify": {"en": "alfalfa baling"}, "tech_input_maint_quantity": 2.0, "tech_input_maint_total_costs_pi": 72.8, "tech_input_maint_percentage_costs": 100.0}], "tech_qg_54": [{"tech_rainfall": ["tech_rainfall_251_500"], "tech_rainfall_annual": 447.0}], "tech_qg_55": [{"tech_agroclimatic_zone": ["tech_agroclimatic_zone_semiarid"]}], "tech_qg_56": [{"tech_slopes": ["tech_slopes_flat"], "tech_landforms": ["tech_landforms_plateau"], "tech_altitudinalzone": ["tech_altitudinalzone_0_100"]}], "tech_qg_57": [{"tech_convex_concave": "topography_not_relevant"}], "tech_qg_58": [{"tech_soil_depth": ["tech_soil_depth_verydeep"], "tech_topsoil_organic": ["tech_topsoil_organic_medium"], "tech_soil_texture_20cm": ["tech_soil_texture_medium"], "tech_soil_texture_topsoil": ["tech_soil_texture_medium"]}], "tech_qg_60": [{"tech_groundwater": "tech_groundwater_5_50m", "tech_surfacewater": "tech_surfacewater_medium"}], "tech_qg_61": [{"tech_salinization": 0}], "tech_qg_63": [{"tech_flooding": 0}], "tech_qg_66": [{"tech_habitatdiversity": "measure_medium", "tech_speciesdiversity": "measure_medium"}], "tech_qg_71": [{"tech_gender": ["gender_men"], "tech_wealth": ["tech_wealth_poor"], "tech_individuals": ["individuals_individual"], "tech_age_landusers": ["tech_age_middle"], "tech_mechanisation": ["mechanisation_mechanised"], "tech_offfarm_income": ["offfarm_income_0_10"], "tech_sedentary_nomadic": ["sedentary_sedentary"], "tech_market_orientation": ["tech_market_orientation_mixed"]}], "tech_qg_72": [{"tech_land_size": ["tech_land_size_50_100"], "tech_land_size_relative": ["tech_size_mediumscale"]}], "tech_qg_73": [{"tech_ownership": ["tech_ownership_individualnottitled", "tech_ownership_individualtitled"], "tech_landuserights": ["tech_userights_leased"]}], "tech_qg_77": [{"tech_landuser_comments": {"en": "The technology was firstly implemented by the farmer in the year of 2008."}}], "tech_qg_79": [{"tech_impacts_specify": {"en": "Increases competition among feed suppliers in the nearby area, so the animal breeders can have more options of sources from which they can buy feed for animals."}, "tech_impacts_fodderproduction": 5}], "tech_qg_86": [{"tech_impacts_specify": {"en": "By introducing the alfalfa crop in rotation, the land user diversifies the farm crop plan and also increases the income of the farm by selling alfalfa balls to the nearby animal breeders."}, "tech_impacts_productdiversity": 5}], "tech_qg_95": [{"tech_input_determinate_factors": {"en": "Certified seed material and costs with alfalfa cutting and baling are the most determining factors affecting the costs."}}], "qg_location": [{"country": "country_ROU", "state_province": {"en": "Braila"}, "further_location": {"en": "Braila"}}], "tech_qg_105": [{"tech_impacts_specify": {"en": "The hay baling production and selling of the hay bales outside the farm is an additional source of income for the land user."}, "tech_impacts_diversityincome": 5}], "tech_qg_115": [{"tech_impacts_specify": {"en": "The land user gains knowledge concerning the efficiency of alfalfa in soil protection against degradation processes such as soil organic matter loss."}, "tech_impacts_slmknowledge": 5}], "tech_qg_133": [{"tech_impacts_specify": {"en": "Cultivation of the alfalfa improves the soil organic matter content."}, "tech_impacts_soilorganicmatter": 6}], "tech_qg_138": [{"tech_impacts_specify": {"en": "Alfalfa plants are attractive to pollinators."}, "tech_impacts_beneficialspecies": 6}], "tech_qg_145": [{"tech_impacts_specify": {"en": "Crop rotation with legumes reduces the biocides use because it breaks the pest cycles and weeds."}, "tech_impacts_pestcontrol": 5}], "tech_qg_156": [{"tech_sustainability": 0}], "tech_qg_160": [{"tech_implementation_decades": "implemenation_less_10"}], "tech_qg_163": [{"tech_perarea_size": {"en": "1 ha"}}], "tech_qg_164": [{"tech_input_dollar": "tech_input_dollars", "tech_input_average_wage": {"en": "17.60 USD"}, "tech_input_exchange_rate": 4.12}], "tech_qg_165": [{"tech_est_timing": {"en": "after harvest of previous crop"}, "tech_est_activity": {"en": "fertilisation"}}, {"tech_est_timing": {"en": "after harvest of previous crop"}, "tech_est_activity": {"en": "ploughing"}}, {"tech_est_timing": {"en": "after ploughing"}, "tech_est_activity": {"en": "seedbed preparation"}}, {"tech_est_timing": {"en": "autumn"}, "tech_est_activity": {"en": "alfalfa sowing"}}, {"tech_est_timing": {"en": "spring"}, "tech_est_activity": {"en": "fertilisation"}}, {"tech_est_timing": {"en": "spring - summer"}, "tech_est_activity": {"en": "chemical weeds control"}}, {"tech_est_timing": {"en": "spring - summer"}, "tech_est_activity": {"en": "pest control"}}, {"tech_est_timing": {"en": "summer"}, "tech_est_activity": {"en": "alfalfa cutting"}}, {"tech_est_timing": {"en": "summer"}, "tech_est_activity": {"en": "alfalfa baling"}}], "tech_qg_168": [{"tech_exposure_incrdecr": "increase", "tech_exposure_sensitivity": "cope_well"}], "tech_qg_170": [{"tech_exposure_incrdecr": "decrease", "tech_exposure_sensitivity": "cope_well"}], "tech_qg_179": [{"tech_exposure_sensitivity": "cope_well"}], "tech_qg_181": [{"tech_costbenefit_est_long": "costbenefit_slightlypositive", "tech_costbenefit_est_short": "costbenefit_neutral"}], "tech_qg_182": [{"tech_costbenefit_est_long": "costbenefit_positive", "tech_costbenefit_est_short": "costbenefit_neutral"}], "tech_qg_184": [{"user_id": "3974", "user_resourceperson_type": "resourceperson_slmspecialist"}], "tech_qg_185": [{"tech_drawing": "39d4c47f-cf97-448f-a0d2-4f4ae9c7ba0b", "tech_drawing_author": {"en": "National Research and Development Institute for Soil Science, Agrochemistry and Environment (ICPA) - Romania"}, "tech_specifications": {"en": "The technology consists of a crop rotation in which one parcel/field plot is cultivated with perennial crop (alfalfa) and set temporarily outside the crop rotation for 4-5 years. During this period, the field plot cultivated with perennial crop recovers its fertility by improving the soil aeration status, water infiltration and storage rate and soil aggregate stability.\r\nAfter completing one rotational cycling plan, the field plot cultivated with perennial crop will be set in another plot from the crop rotation, until all the plots of the rotation plan will be cultivated with perennial crop."}}], "tech_qg_191": [{"tech_adoption_comments": {"en": "One land user has implemented the technology voluntary."}, "tech_adoption_percentage": "adoption_percentage_singlecases", "tech_adoption_spontaneously": "tech_adoption_spont_90_100"}], "tech_qg_217": [{"tech_cost_calculation_base": "tech_input_calc_per_area"}], "tech_qg_218": [{"tech_input_est_unit": {"en": "kg/ha"}, "tech_input_est_costs": 0.28, "tech_input_est_specify": {"en": "complex fertilizers"}, "tech_input_est_quantity": 150.0, "tech_input_est_total_costs_pi": 42.0, "tech_input_est_percentage_costs": 100.0}, {"tech_input_est_unit": {"en": "kg/ha"}, "tech_input_est_costs": 0.14, "tech_input_est_specify": {"en": "ammonium nitrate"}, "tech_input_est_quantity": 200.0, "tech_input_est_total_costs_pi": 28.0, "tech_input_est_percentage_costs": 100.0}, {"tech_input_est_unit": {"en": "l/ha"}, "tech_input_est_costs": 13.75, "tech_input_est_specify": {"en": "herbicides"}, "tech_input_est_quantity": 0.5, "tech_input_est_total_costs_pi": 6.88, "tech_input_est_percentage_costs": 100.0}, {"tech_input_est_unit": {"en": "l/ha"}, "tech_input_est_costs": 110.55, "tech_input_est_specify": {"en": "biocides"}, "tech_input_est_quantity": 0.1, "tech_input_est_total_costs_pi": 11.05, "tech_input_est_percentage_costs": 100.0}], "tech_qg_219": [{"tech_input_maint_unit": {"en": "kg/ha"}, "tech_input_maint_costs": 0.14, "tech_input_maint_specify": {"en": "ammonium nitrate"}, "tech_input_maint_quantity": 200.0, "tech_input_maint_total_costs_pi": 28.0, "tech_input_maint_percentage_costs": 100.0}, {"tech_input_maint_unit": {"en": "l/ha"}, "tech_input_maint_costs": 13.75, "tech_input_maint_specify": {"en": "herbicides"}, "tech_input_maint_quantity": 0.5, "tech_input_maint_total_costs_pi": 6.88, "tech_input_maint_percentage_costs": 100.0}, {"tech_input_maint_unit": {"en": "l/ha"}, "tech_input_maint_costs": 110.55, "tech_input_maint_specify": {"en": "biocides"}, "tech_input_maint_quantity": 0.1, "tech_input_maint_total_costs_pi": 11.05, "tech_input_maint_percentage_costs": 100.0}], "tech_qg_222": [{"tech_input_est_total_costs": 536.5}], "tech_qg_223": [{"tech_input_maint_total_costs": 217.46}], "tech_qg_225": [{"location_comments": {"en": "Documentation of the technology is based on examination of field plot smaller than 0.1 km2."}}], "tech_qg_226": [{"tech_access_roads": 2, "tech_access_water": 2, "tech_access_energy": 3, "tech_access_health": 2, "tech_access_markets": 2, "tech_access_education": 2, "tech_access_financial": 1, "tech_access_employment": 1, "tech_access_techassistance": 2}], "tech_qg_230": [{"tech_adaptation_yes": 0}], "tech_qg_232": [{"tech_input_est_total_costs_usd": 130.22}], "tech_qg_233": [{"tech_input_maint_total_costs_usd": 52.78}], "tech_qg_250": [{"date_documentation": "20/06/2017"}], "qg_location_map": [{"location_map": "{\"type\":\"FeatureCollection\",\"features\":[{\"type\":\"Feature\",\"id\":1510050513774,\"geometry\":{\"type\":\"Point\",\"coordinates\":[27.581611275672973,45.39580942578297]},\"properties\":null}]}"}], "qg_sources_field": [{"sources_specify": {"en": "1"}}], "qg_funding_project": [{"funding_project": 1017}], "qg_accept_conditions": [{"accept_conditions": 1}], "qg_strengths_compiler": [{"strengths_compiler": {"en": "Improve soil fertility, soil structure, organic matter content and biodiversity."}}, {"strengths_compiler": {"en": "Improve natural control of the weeds."}}], "qg_funding_institution": [{"funding_institution": 846}], "qg_strengths_landusers": [{"strengths_landuser": {"en": "Improve land productivity"}}], "qg_weaknesses_compiler": [{"weaknesses_compiler": {"en": "no weakness from compiler's view"}}], "qg_weaknesses_landusers": [{"weaknesses_landuser": {"en": "Increase costs of inputs and management for crop establishment"}, "weaknesses_overcome": {"en": "increase awareness on long-term about soil benefits and subsidies"}}, {"weaknesses_landuser": {"en": "Land users awareness is low"}, "weaknesses_overcome": {"en": "education and training"}}], "qg_sources_interviews_landusers": [{"sources_specify": {"en": "1"}}]}>, 'map_url': '/en/wocat/technologies/view/technologies_2963/map/', 'template': 'raw'}