1.2 Detalles de contacto de las personas de referencia e instituciones involucradas en la evaluación y la documentación de la Tecnología

1.3 Condiciones referidas al uso de datos documentados mediante WOCAT

El compilador y la/s persona(s) de referencia claves aceptan las condiciones acerca del uso de los datos documentados mediante WOCAT:

Sí

2.1 Breve descripción de la Tecnología

Definición de la Tecnología:

The technology is a combination of agricultural (e.g. intercropping, manure/compost/mulching), vegetative (e.g. Napier grass strips, trees planting) and structural (e.g. ditches) measures which aim to maximise the overall land yield in a sustainable manner (e.g. reducing soil erosion and increasing soil quality).

2.2 Descripción detallada de la Tecnología

Descripción:

The Agroforestry system combines trees plantation (Bananas, Grevillea and Avocados) for fruits and timber collection with cereal crop, maize (Zea mays). Indeed, in order to increase yields, strip intercropping is practiced: cereal crop (maize) is grown in association with pulse (food legumes): beans. Instead of using expensive commercial fertilizers, beans could facilitate maize growth due to the possible transfer of N during growth or after incorporation of the legume biomass, during the growth period of the cereal (Sangakkara et al., 2003). Furthermore, soil quality (e.g. soil structure) is improved because of the increased amount of humus and organic matter and a better soil cover helps in preventing splash erosion and increase soil moisture content and therefore fertility. Indeed, beans have a beneficial impact for weed control (probably due to the shadow effects) and soil moisture content (Worfswinkel, undated; Odhiambo and Ariga, 2001). Planting different crops helps to diversify production and family food supply. Concerning SWC, hillside ditches have been created at the top of each 'terrace' and trees are also planted nearby and Cassava (a drought resistant plant) at the bottom. Manure/compost and organic fertilizers are supplied regularly both on maize/grass (twice a year) and Bananas (once), as good soil management practice. A higher level of organic matter in the soil indicates reduced bulk density, improved soil structure, aeration and higher water holding capacity (Olabode et al., 2007), which altogether improve the physical, chemical and biological properties of the soil (Haering and Evanylo, 2005). Bananas are planted in lines in the upper part of the land. The ditches, large 1m are excavated along the contour; they break slope into shorter segments 11 m long to intercept surface runoff. Ditches also help to prevent soil erosion and to avoid that nutrients and organic matter flow easily downwards into the river, instead they fall into the ditch. A live barrier of Napier grass is present above and below the edge of the five ditches, in two lines, to capture sediments and stabilize the structure, thus it is adequately protected. To conclude, a small area of the land is used to plant Napier grass only for fodder for grazing

Purpose of the Technology: Maize and beans are cultivated for home consumption while Avocados and Bananas are planted for economic (commercial) purposes. Fruits are sold out to the middle-men directly from the house (not at the market), to reduce costs (e.g. transport) and time. Avocados are sold at about 2.5/3 Ksh and Bananas at 200 Ksh. Grevillea trees are considered as saving, and sold out for timber production when the farmer is in need of cash, earning between 800 up to 1500 Ksh, depending on the size-lenght of the tree and the costs for cutting-transportation (e.g. machine operator). In general the selling of timber occurs per feet (running feet). ‘Whole” or standing tree is the preferred mode of selling trees from farms. Negotiation on sales is per tree ‘standing on farm’, with no processing or conversion. Buyers cut and cross cut, and carry timber from farms. Branches and slabs resulting from timber recoveries are left with the farmer depending on price negotiation; if the buyer carries these products then the price of the tree is adjusted upwards (Carsan and Holding , 2006; Holding et al., undated). Furthermore, the farmer underlined how 'bad prunings' at the top of the trees cause holes inside the trunks and thus a higher risk of fungi attacks and other diseases. The majority of the trees are planted along the boundaries of the land, for demarcation and only few are 'dispersed' on the cropland, to avoid excess of shadow to the cereal crop

Establishment / maintenance activities and inputs: High initial input to construct ditches and planting crop; manure also requires regular work: feeding cows and collect droppings and distribute them twice during the year, also over Napier grass. Dry planting is the preferred practice and the seeds are soaked the night before planting; this practice is advisable especially when the growing period is very short (Schmidt et al., 1983); organic fertilizers are applied over maize after 1 week and during the growing period (after about 18 days). Further maintenance is necessary after every rainy season to remove the sediments accumulated into the ditch and for pruning Grevillea, every three seasons. As mentioned above, pruning requires skills and knowledge to avoid plant diseases and labour is expensive because it is high risk work. The farmer trees plantation account for: 15 Avocados (from 4 seedlings), 100 Bananas (from cutting new suckers) and 50 Grevillea trees

Natural / human environment: The area is characterized by rolling-hilly slope and highly exposed to erosion and land degradation: planting trees protect the soil from nutrients leaching and create a litter which reduces evaporation during dry seasons. Concerning the variety of the trees, (e.g. Avocado) the farmer by grafting with better quality branches, improve the quality of the stock trees with certified variesties: out of 4 seedlings of Avocado (10 Ksh each), he has now 15 seedlings of the better (certified) variety called HASS, which performs well at 800-2100 m asl with well distributed annual rainfall of 1000-1200 mm (Youth Agro-environmental initiative website)

2.3 Fotografías de la Tecnología

2.5 País/ región/ lugares donde la Tecnología fue aplicada y que se hallan comprendidos por esta evaluación

2.6 Fecha de la implementación

Si no se conoce el año preciso, indique la fecha aproximada:

• hace menos de 10 años (recientemente)

2.7 Introducción de la Tecnología

Especifique cómo se introdujo la Tecnología:

• mediante la innovación de usuarios de tierras

Comentarios (tipo de proyecto, etc.):

Since the year 2000 the farmer adopted SWC practices in respond to the prolonged degraded situation of the land and its low yields.

3.2 Tipo(s) actuales de uso de la tierra donde se aplica la Tecnología

Mezcla de tipos de uso de tierras dentro de la misma unidad de tierras: :

Sí

Especifique el uso combinado de tierras (cultivos/ pastoreo/ árboles):

• Agro-silvopastoralismo

Comentarios:

Trees/ shrubs species: Grevillea (Grevillea robusta)
Fruit trees / shrubs species: Avocados (Persea americana- Mũkorobia), Bananas (Musa sapientum- Irigũ)
Grass species: Pennisetum pyramidalis (Napier grass or elephant grass)
Main crop: Maize (Zea mays) and beans
Main animal species and products: Cut-and-carry/ zero grazing: Fodder is provided to animals (2 cows) confined to a stall.

Major land use problems (compiler’s opinion): Sheet erosion with consequent nutrient leaching which could drain into the river.

Major land use problems (land users’ perception): Loss of soil fertility.

Grazingland comments: Fig. 10 Annex 3

Plantation forestry: Yes

Type of grazing system comments: Fig. 10 Annex 3

Livestock density: < 1 LU/km2

3.4 Provisión de agua

Provisión de agua para la tierra donde se aplica la Tecnología:

• de secano

3.6 Medidas MST que componen la Tecnología

Comentarios:

Main measures: vegetative measures, structural measures

Secondary measures: agronomic measures

Type of agronomic measures: mulching, legume inter-planting, manure / compost / residues

Type of vegetative measures: aligned: -graded strips *³

3.7 Principales tipos de degradación del suelo encarados con la Tecnología

Comentarios:

Main causes of degradation: soil management (Poor soil management practices.), deforestation / removal of natural vegetation (incl. forest fires) (Poor vegetation cover, mainly herbaceous), disturbance of water cycle (infiltration / runoff) (Steep area (runoff)), Heavy / extreme rainfall (intensity/amounts) (Especially during wet seasons: March-June and October-November), education, access to knowledge and support services (Limited knowledge and training on SWC practices), governance / institutional (Limited or not adequate support)

Secondary causes of degradation: other natural causes (avalanches, volcanic eruptions, mud flows, highly susceptible natural resources, extreme topography, etc.) specify (From gentle to hilly slope), land tenure (Previous poor management SWC measures, especially in the upper areas)

3.8 Prevención, reducción o restauración de la degradación del suelo

Especifique la meta de la Tecnología con relación a la degradación de la tierra:

• prevenir la degradación del suelo
• reducir la degradación del suelo

4.1 Dibujo técnico de la Tecnología

4.2 Información general sobre el cálculo de insumos y costos

otra / moneda nacional (especifique):

Kenyan Schellings

Si fuera relevante, indique la tasa de cambio de dólares americanos a la moneda local (ej. 1 U$ = 79.9 Reales Brasileros): 1 U$ =:

85,9

4.3 Actividades de establecimiento

	Actividad	Momento (estación)
1.	Digging holes (1 feet ×1 feet) and planting trees (e.g. Grevillea trees along the boundaries and in line below the bunds of the ditches)	March (before rains), 1 year
2.	Establishment of the ditches(digging ditch and creating soil bunds donward) and terracing. For 1 (in tot. are 5) : 2 p.d. * 1 day at 200 Ksh a day each.	2 times per year
3.	Digging the hole (3m×3m×1.5m) where to compost
4.	Machine to grill/mill maize leftovers (chap cutter)
5.	Purchase 2 cows
6.	Purchase generator

Comentarios:

Life span of the machine to grill, the cows and the generator: Several years

4.4 Costos e insumos necesarios para el establecimiento

	Especifique insumo	Unidad	Cantidad	Costos por unidad	Costos totales por insumo	% de los costos cubiertos por los usuarios de las tierras
Mano de obra	Digging the hole (3m×3m×1.5m) where to compost	person/days	2,0	3,5	7,0	100,0
Mano de obra	Digging holes (1 feet ×1 feet) and planting trees	person/days	2,0	3,5	7,0	100,0
Mano de obra	Establishment of the ditches (digging ditch and creating soil bunds donward) and terracing	person/days	10,0	23,3	233,0	100,0
Equipo	Machine to grill/mill maize leftovers (chap cutter)	piece	1,0	1164,0	1164,0	100,0
Equipo	Generator	piece	1,0	582,0	582,0	100,0
Equipo	Cow	piece	2,0	349,0	698,0	100,0
Material para plantas	Seedlings Grevillea	pieces	54,0	0,1111	6,0	100,0
Costos totales para establecer la Tecnología					2697,0
Costos totales para establecer la Tecnología en USD					31,4

Comentarios:

Duration of establishment phase: 6 month(s)

4.5 Actividades de establecimiento/ recurrentes

	Actividad	Momento/ frequencia
1.	Prepare and apply fertilizers (organic) (See Annex 3, Fig. 9&comments)	Ferlizer application: after 1 week and 18 days, on maize only
2.	Prepare manure+compost/mulch (Summary 2.1.2 QT4): Labour (to grill/mill leftovers - 300 Ksh for fuel- leftovers to prepare food for cows-3 person days) rest, the farmer by himself feed cows on daily basis (3 times in a day). Fuel: 1litre×1 day (×3 days)	compost/manure: 2 times/year in the field+grass; once on Bananas (where also added mulch)
3.	Harvesting maize/beans (around Feb/March and Ag/Sept)	2 times
4.	Apply manure, mulch and compost (during March/April-long rains+Sept) just before the rains, when nutrients infiltrate into the soil with rainwater) (Summary 2.1.2 QT4)	Compost/manure: 2 times/year in the field+grass; once on Bananas (where also added mulch)
5.	Tilling-soil (digging holes to plant maize/beans: 7 inches deep (17cm), spaced 1 feet (0.30 m) in contours: dry planting (before rains starts)	Twice a year, before rainy season (around March/Sept)
6.	Digging planting holes and planting grass (2 persons × 3 days: 200 Ksh)	Every season (March/April and Sept/Oct)
7.	Maintenance (weed control and cutting Napier grass and collecting fodder) (Fig. 11 Annex 3)	Every season (March/Sept); cutting Napier: 3/4 times in a season
8.	Pruning branches and let them dry for firewood	Every 3 seasons (and when shortage of firewood)
9.	Clearing the tree for selling timber (the price depends also of the use of the chainsaw (or saw) or not	When in need of cash (not regularly), not less than 5 years after planting
10.	Repairing the ditches and remove excess of soil/leaves accumulated during the rainy season	After rains (every season)

4.6 Costos e insumos necesarios para actividades de mantenimiento/ recurrentes (por año)

	Especifique insumo	Unidad	Cantidad	Costos por unidad	Costos totales por insumo	% de los costos cubiertos por los usuarios de las tierras
Mano de obra	Prepare and apply fertilizers (organic)	person/days	2,0	2,0	4,0	100,0
Mano de obra	Prepare manure+compost/mulch	person/days	3,0	2,0	6,0	100,0
Mano de obra	Digging planting holes and planting grass	person/days	6,0	2,0	12,0	100,0
Mano de obra	Maintenance (weed control and cutting Napier grass and collecting fodder)	person/days	5,0	12,0	60,0	100,0
Equipo	Fuel	l	3,0	1,0	3,0	100,0
Material para plantas	Seedlings grass (per ha)	pieces	100,0
Fertilizantes y biocidas	Organic fertilizer (Biodeposit Elixir) from Thika	ml	12,0	1,0	12,0	100,0
Otros	Labour: Pruning branches and let them dry for firewood	person/days	1,0	4,0	4,0	100,0
Otros	Labour: Clearing the tree for selling timber	person/days	1,0	7,0	7,0	100,0
Otros	Labour: Repairing the ditches and remove excess of soil/leaves accumulated during the rainy season	person/days	2,0	2,0	4,0	100,0
Indique los costos totales para mantenecer la Tecnología					112,0
Costos totales para mantener la Tecnología en USD					1,3

Comentarios:

Machinery/ tools: the farmer prefers to use fork djembe then just the normal djembe (because it removes better the soil); panga and hoes, shovel, fork djembe, panga, saw, shovels
The costs has been computed during the period of the field visit and it include all the costs for the different structures: agronomic, vegetative and structural measures for 2 acre of land and summarized for 1 year period.

4.7 Factores más determinantes que afectan los costos:

Describa los factores más determinantes que afectan los costos:

The main environmental constrain is water, in particular during dry season; An important cost is labour required to maintain all the SWC measures.

5.1 Clima

5.2 Topografía

5.3 Suelos

5.4 Disponibilidad y calidad de agua

5.5 Biodiversidad

5.6 Las características de los usuarios de la tierra que aplican la Tecnología

Indique otras características relevantes de los usuarios de las tierras:

Population density: 10-50 persons/km2

Annual population growth: 2% - 3%

Off-farm income specification: The farmer is rich because he owns 3 acre of land and livestock, assets (electricity) which are above the average standards of the community. The farmer is retired from an accountancy service position several years ago.

Market orientation of production system: subsistence (self-supply), subsistence (self-supply), commercial/ market

5.7 Área promedio de la tierra usada por usuarios de tierra que aplican la Tecnología

5.8 Tenencia de tierra, uso de tierra y derechos de uso de agua

Tenencia de tierra:

• individual, con título

Derechos de uso de tierra:

• individual

Derechos de uso de agua:

• acceso abierto (no organizado)

Comentarios:

Water use rights depend on the use: open access for drinking and domestic uses.

5.9 Acceso a servicios e infraestructura

6.1 Impactos in situ demostrados por la Tecnología

Impactos socioeconómicos

Producción

Ingreso y costos

Impactos socioculturales

Impactos ecológicos

Ciclo de agua/ escurrimiento de sedimento

Suelo

Biodiversidad: vegetación, animales

6.2 Impactos fuera del sitio demostrados por la Tecnología

6.3 Exposición y sensibilidad de la Tecnología al cambio climático gradual y a extremos relacionados al clima/ desastres (desde la percepción de los usuarios de tierras)

Cambio climático gradual

Cambio climático gradual

	Estación	Incremento o reducción	¿Cómo es que la tecnología soporta esto?
temperatura anual		incrementó	no se sabe

Extremos (desastres) relacionados al clima

Desastres climatológicos:

	¿Cómo es que la tecnología soporta esto?
tormenta de lluvia local	bien
tormenta de viento	bien

Desastres climatológicos

	¿Cómo es que la tecnología soporta esto?
sequía	no muy bien

Desastres hidrológicos

	¿Cómo es que la tecnología soporta esto?
inundación general (río)	bien

Otras consecuencias relacionadas al clima

Otras consecuencias relacionadas al clima

	¿Cómo es que la tecnología soporta esto?
periodo reducido de crecimiento	no se sabe

6.4 Análisis costo-beneficio

¿Cómo se comparan los beneficios con los costos de establecimiento (desde la perspectiva de los usuarios de tierra)?

¿Cómo se comparan los beneficios con los costos de mantenimiento/ recurrentes (desde la perspectiva de los usuarios de tierra)?

6.5 Adopción de la Tecnología

Comentarios:

100% of land user families have adopted the Technology without any external material support

There is a moderate trend towards spontaneous adoption of the Technology

6.7 Fuerzas/ ventajas/ oportunidades de la Tecnología

Fuerzas/ ventajas/ oportunidades desde la perspectiva del usuario de la tierra
Better yields thanks to the intercropping measures taken.

Fuerzas/ ventajas/ oportunidades desde la perspectiva del compilador o de otra persona de referencia clave
Intercropping is a commonly known practice which improves the overall conditions of the soil and provide better yields. How can they be sustained / enhanced? Besides 'companion planting' there are plants which can be grown as forerunner plants (Storey, 2002). Depending also on the type of soil, attention could be given to some sps. which accumulate concentration of e.g. mineral accumulators, phosporus, potassium, calcium, silica and sulphur . Another way to perhaps enhance the yields is relay intercropping. It is undersowing the next crop into the present crop, so that the present crop is a nurse crop and time and water is saved in the establishment of the following crop (Storey, 2002) Green manure as a way to add organic nutrients and combine more than one green manure and rotate, both legume (e.g. cowpeas, soybeans, annual sweet clover, vetch, sesbania, and velvet beans ) and not legume (e.g. sudangrass, millet, sorghum, and buckwheat).
Agroforestry (Dispersed trees on cropland): The technology is simple to adopt and improves a sustainable land management as well as diversification of income sources and food supply. How can they be sustained / enhanced? It could be implemented by increasing the number of trees planted (e.g. along the boundaries) and with sps. characterised by deeper root systems, to avoid further water competition. More Avocadoe trees could increase the opportunities for the farmer to be part of a CBO (Community Based Organization) addressed to marketing of Avocadoes for oil production. This could help the farmer to earn more money and invest more in SWC implementation and new methods, in the long run. The option of alley cropping (hedgerow Intercropping) with leguminous plants e.g. Sesbanian sesban (Ramachandran Nair-ICRAF, 1993) could be considered as another option.
Napier grass has very good properties in holding soil; also for ditch stabilization and fodder production How can they be sustained / enhanced? Other herbaceous vegetation could be also planted in the field: e.g. Tithonia diversifolia (Mexican sunflower), an excellent (high quality-N, P, K concentration) green manure /nutrient release and medicinal plant, or could be also used as a major component of compost manure. It is an annual weed that can be used for several purposes: fodders, poultry feed, fuel, compost, land demarcation, soil erosion, building materials, shelter for poultry. It is characterized by adaptability to different environment, rapid growth, fast rate of decomposition. Nevertheless, there is the need to ascertain the extent to which this weed sps. could be used for soil improvement and to determine the best mode of application of the weed sps., (Olabode et al., 2007, Olubukola et al., 2013) and the fact that is a invasive weed (with an aggressive growth) it requires a good knowledge in the land management and weed control.
The attention to certified varieties give also more value to the production itself and at market level: an increase of the bargaining power creates more opportunities for better income and chances to explore new and bigger markets, (e.g. Avocados for oil production ).

6.8 Debilidades/ desventajas/ riesgos de la Tecnología y formas de sobreponerse a ellos

Debilidades/ desventajas/ riesgos desde la perspectiva del compilador o de otra persona de referencia clave	¿Cómo sobreponerse a ellas?
The technologies in place require maintenance and monitoring, especially during rainy seasons	Eventually subsides or be part of a CBO's (Community Based Organizations) or SHG (Self Help Groups); Still the measures already in place could be improved: diversification of trees (e.g. indigenous) and trainings (e.g. pruning etc) could help the farmer in avoiding tree diseases and allocate more efficiently resources.
The amount of work required to carry out all the activities is too much.

7.1 Métodos/ fuentes de información

7.2 Vínculos a las publicaciones disponibles

Título, autor, año, ISBN:

Holding C., Carsan S., Njuguna P., 2004. Smallholder Timber Marketing: A Kenyan Experience. FAO/ICRAF/GoK multi-stakeholder programme. International Workshop on small holder timber production.

Título, autor, año, ISBN:

Odhiambo G.D. and Ariga E. S., 2001. Effect of intercropping maize and beans on Striga incidence and grain yield. Seventh Eastern and Southern Africa Regional Maize Conference. 11th -15 th February, 2001. pp. 183-186.

Título, autor, año, ISBN:

Olabode O.S., Sola O., Akanbi W.B., Adesina G.O., Babajide P.A., 2007. Evaluation of Tithonia diversifolia (Hemsl.) A Gray for Soil Improvement. World Journal of Agricultural Sciences 3 (4): 503-507.

¿Dónde se halla disponible? ¿Costo?

http://www.idosi.org/wjas/wjas3(4)/15.pdf

Título, autor, año, ISBN:

Olubukola S. A., Aderemi Ojo Ezekiel-Adewoyin O., Dorcas Tinuke D., Akintoye Henry, 2010. Comparing the use of Tithonia diversifolia and Compost as soil amendments for growth and yield of Celosia argentea. New York Science Journal 3 (6).

¿Dónde se halla disponible? ¿Costo?

http://www.sciencepub.net/newyork/ny0306/20_2680_ny0306_133_138.pdf

Título, autor, año, ISBN:

Ramachandran Nair P. K., 1993. An Introduction to Agroforestry- ICRAF.

¿Dónde se halla disponible? ¿Costo?

http://www.worldagroforestry.org/units/library/books/PDFs/32_An_introduction_to_agroforestry.pdf?n=161

Título, autor, año, ISBN:

Sanchez M. A., 2012. Food vs wood: dynamic choices for Kenyan smallholders. A plan B research paper. Master of Science. Michigan State University.

¿Dónde se halla disponible? ¿Costo?

http://ageconsearch.umn.edu/bitstream/134024/2/PeraltaSanchezPlanB.pdf

Título, autor, año, ISBN:

Sangakkara U.R., Richner W., Schneider M. K., Stamp P., 2003. Impact of intercropping beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) and sunhemp (Crotalaria juncea L.) on growth yields and Nitrogen uptake of maize (Zea mays L.) grown in the humid tropics during the minor rainy season. Maydica 48: 233-238

¿Dónde se halla disponible? ¿Costo?

http://www.maydica.org/articles/48_233.pdf

Título, autor, año, ISBN:

Schmidt H., Swoboda R., Ralph Jätzold R., 1983. Farm Management Handbook of Kenya. Natural Conditions and Farm Management Information. Vol. 2.Part B: Central Kenya

¿Dónde se halla disponible? ¿Costo?

http://www2.gtz.de/dokumente/bib/07-1284.pdf

Título, autor, año, ISBN:

Smith D. M., Jackson N. A., Roberts J.M. and Ong C.K., 1999. Root distributions in a Grevillea robusta-maize agroforestry system in semi-arid Kenya. Plant and Soil 211: 191–205, 1999.

Título, autor, año, ISBN:

Storey P. J., 2002. The conservation and improvement of sloping land. Volume 1: Practical understanding. Chapter 5: Improving the soil management.

Título, autor, año, ISBN:

Worfswinkel van M., undated. Intercropping of Annual Foodcrops, Agrobrief (Agromisa), N.4

¿Dónde se halla disponible? ¿Costo?

http://www.allindiary.org/pool/resources/intercropping.pdf

Título, autor, año, ISBN:

Carsan S., Holding C., 2006. Growing farm timber: practices, market and policies. The Meru timber marketing pilot programme case studies and reviews. World Agroforestry Centre.

¿Dónde se halla disponible? ¿Costo?

http://www.worldagroforestry.org/downloads/publications/PDFs/b14639.pdf

Título, autor, año, ISBN:

Chia-Chun Wu, 1998. Effective conservation practices for the cultivation of slopelands, Extension Bulletin (ASPAC/FFTC), No. 449, 7 p.

¿Dónde se halla disponible? ¿Costo?

http://www.fao.org/prods/gap/database/gap/files/1272_CONSERVATION_ON_SLOPES.PDF

Título, autor, año, ISBN:

Crozier C., 1986. Soil Conservation Techniques for Hillside Farms. A Guide for Peace Corps Volunteers. Appropriate Technologies for Development. Peace Corps Information Collection & Exchange Reprint Series No. R-62. Peace Corps Institution.

¿Dónde se halla disponible? ¿Costo?

(The Humanity Development Library website: http://www.nzdl.org/gsdlmod?a=p&p=home&l=en&w=utf-8)

Título, autor, año, ISBN:

CSIRO (Baldock J.) Soil carbon: the basics. website (http://www.csiro.au/en/Outcomes/Environment/Australian-Landscapes/soil-carbon.aspx) . Also in: Carbon Farming Fact Sheet: Store carbon for healthy soils and better yields.

¿Dónde se halla disponible? ¿Costo?

http://www.grdc.com.au/uploads/documents/GRDC_CarbonFarming_4pp.pdf

Título, autor, año, ISBN:

Elemans A., 2011. Thesis report (unpublished): Green water credits program in Saba Saba sub-catchment in the Upper Tana, Kenya.

Título, autor, año, ISBN:

Gutteridge R. C. and Sheltong H. M., 1998.eridge R. C. and Shelton H. M., 1998. Forage tree legumes in tropical agriculture. (http://www.fao.org/ag/AGP/AGPC/doc/PUBLICAT/Gutt-shel/x5556e00.htm Chapter 5.2

¿Dónde se halla disponible? ¿Costo?

http://www.fao.org/ag/AGP/AGPC/doc/Publicat/Gutt-shel/x5556e0q.htm

Título, autor, año, ISBN:

HDRA , undated. Agroforestry in the Tropics.

¿Dónde se halla disponible? ¿Costo?

http://www.thenrgroup.net/member/MRO/AER/AER-560.htm

Título, autor, año, ISBN:

Haering, K., Evanylo G., 2005. Composting and Compost Use for Water Quality. In Composting resource directory. Mid-Atlantic Reg. Water Program.

¿Dónde se halla disponible? ¿Costo?

http://infohouse.p2ric.org/ref/41/40137.pdf

Título, autor, año, ISBN:

Holding C., Carsan S., Njuguna P., undated. Smallholder timber and firewood marketing in the coffee and cotton/tobacco zones of eastern Mount Kenya. In: Small-scale forestry and rural development: The intersection of ecosystems, economics and society.

¿Dónde se halla disponible? ¿Costo?

http://www.coford.ie/media/coford/content/publications/projectreports/small-scaleforestryconference/Holding.pdf