1.2 Detalles de contacto de las personas de referencia e instituciones involucradas en la evaluación y la documentación de la Tecnología

Nombre de la(s) institución(es) que facilitaron la documentación/ evaluación de la Tecnología (si fuera relevante)

Land Development Department LDD (Land Development Department LDD) - Tailandia

1.3 Condiciones referidas al uso de datos documentados mediante WOCAT

El compilador y la/s persona(s) de referencia claves aceptan las condiciones acerca del uso de los datos documentados mediante WOCAT:

Sí

1.4 Declaración de la sostenibilidad de la Tecnología descrita

¿La Tecnología aquí descrita resulta problemática en relación a la degradación de la tierra, de tal forma que no puede considerársela una tecnología sostenible para el manejo de la tierra?

No

Comentarios:

Organic vegetable production is a technology that prevents and restores land degradation due to soil management emphasized in using organic and natural materials to improve soil fertility and productivity, especially in terms of soil organic matter.

2.1 Breve descripción de la Tecnología

Definición de la Tecnología:

Organic vegetable cultivation on the highland area of the northern region of Thailand has been encouraged by local officers in order to produce safe food on degraded land through building up soil fertility and soil organic matter.

2.2 Descripción detallada de la Tecnología

Descripción:

This case study is of organic vegetable cultivation at Ban Muang Ang Village which is located in Ban Luang Sub-district, Chom Thong District, Chiang Mai Province, covering approx. 25,881 Rai (6.25 rai = 1 ha; 625 rai = 1 sq km). The topography is a complex mountainous area within the Doi Inthanon National Park, at an elevation of 600-800 m asl. The climate is quite cool and humid with average temperature throughout the year being 20⁰C. The average annual rainfall is 2,000-2,100 mm. Most of the population belong to the Pakhayo hilltribe, living in 219 households, with total population of 588 persons (308 males, 280 females). The main purpose of promoting growing organic vegetables in greenhouses is to change their way of life from forest encroachment/ shifting cultivation in the upper watershed, to improving the ecosystem services and environment with better health and higher incomes for villagers.
Since 2002, the government and the Royal Project Foundation have had a policy to change land use to organic farming. At the early stage, yields of organic vegetables were not good. In the year 2010, the Inthanon Royal Agricultural Station brought a number of these land users to visit the Mae Tho Royal Project Development Center in Bo Sali Sub-district, Hot District, Chiang Mai Province. They obtained knowledge about organic cultivation in simple greenhouses made from bamboo poles, covered with plastic sheets and nylon nets. Local officers of the Inthanon Royal Agricultural Station supported with education, offered suggestions and recommended practices, as well as finding markets to sell the organic products; that became the model. It took only 25-30 days for a crop, and they could harvest about 200 kg of vegetables per greenhouse. They could produce 11 crops of vegetables in one year, which means that they could earn 10 times more income than before. At present, Muang Ang Village there are 153 members operating in 270 greenhouses which is the largest organic vegetable production area in the Inthanon Royal Project.
The production of organic vegetables in this area is outstanding. This network has received certification from the Department of Agriculture (DOA) and the Office of Organic Agriculture Certification Thailand (ACT Organic). Farmers or farming enterprises certified by this system are entitled to apply the logos and certification card of ACT Organic and IFOAM Accredited brand on their products. Moreover, the Agri-Food & Veterinary Authority of Singapore (AVA) has approved the production processes. Every production step has been approved through the standard regulation of each agency with tracking to the source of production inputs such as fertilizers, disease, weed and pest control measures, cultivation practices, etc. Now they have nine types of vegetables that constitute the main production: Choy, Baby Emperor, Cos Salad, Green Oak, Red Oak, Fille Iceberg, String Bean, Kale Hong Kong and Baby Carrot.

2.3 Fotografías de la Tecnología

2.4 Videos de la Tecnología

2.5 País/ región/ lugares donde la Tecnología fue aplicada y que se hallan comprendidos por esta evaluación

2.6 Fecha de la implementación

Indique año de implementación:

2002

Si no se conoce el año preciso, indique la fecha aproximada:

• 10-50 años atrás

2.7 Introducción de la Tecnología

Especifique cómo se introdujo la Tecnología:

• mediante proyectos/ intervenciones externas

Comentarios (tipo de proyecto, etc.):

All knowledge and technology is supported by the Royal Project collaboration with Land Development Department and other government and private agencies.

3.1 Propósito(s) principal(es) de la Tecnología MST

• conservar el ecosistema
• preservar/ mejorar biodiversidad
• crear impacto económico benéfico

3.2 Tipo(s) actuales de uso de la tierra donde se aplica la Tecnología

Comentarios:

In the past, villagers had encroached on forest areas and deforestation in highland for shifting cultivation, and also expand cultivation area into steep slope. Resulting in the destruction of forest areas and accelerated soil degradation. Villagers have low incomes: not enough to survive. But due to the grace of His Majesty King Bhumibol Adulyadej, King Rama 9 set up the Royal Project to distribute knowledge and education to all farmers in this area, and assist them to have better occupation and living standards.

3.3 ¿Cambió el uso de tierras debido a la implementación de la Tecnología?

Comentarios:

The Royal Project has promoted the production of organic vegetables. Farmers therefore have changed from shifting cultivation to organic agriculture with sustainable soil management. As well as returning from forest areas and conserving soil, water and forest resources, maintaining ecological balance, this all makes villagers lives better. According to the cultivation schedule provided by the Royal Project, this area can cultivated throughout the year due to the development of irrigation systems from the storage tank in the upper part and supply to each plot of this targeted area.

3.4 Provisión de agua

otra (ej. post-inundación):

• water from watershed area

Comentarios:

Water resources are obtained from watercourses in the watershed, with a small dam which collects water in a reservoir. A PVC pipe is connected from the reservoir to individual plots and this irrigation system allows allocation to every farmer by the water management group.

3.5 Grupo MST al que pertenece la Tecnología

• sistemas de rotación (rotación de cosecha, cosecha rotatoria con descanso, agricultura migratoria)
• manejo integrado de pestes y enfermedades (incl. agricultura orgánica)
• Manejo de irrigación: (incl. provisión de agua, invernaderos)

3.6 Medidas MST que componen la Tecnología

Comentarios:

-

3.7 Principales tipos de degradación del suelo encarados con la Tecnología

Comentarios:

Organic vegetable production in greenhouses can solve the problem of soil erosion with utilization of compost, animal and green manure to increase fertility and organic matter.

3.8 Prevención, reducción o restauración de la degradación del suelo

Especifique la meta de la Tecnología con relación a la degradación de la tierra:

• prevenir la degradación del suelo
• reducir la degradación del suelo

Comentarios:

This organic vegetable production on very steep land can prevent and reduce soil erosion. Moreover, organic material and fertilizers can restore and improve soil fertility and productivity.

4.1 Dibujo técnico de la Tecnología

4.2 Información general sobre el cálculo de insumos y costos

Especifique cómo se calcularon los costos e insumos:

• por área de Tecnología

otra / moneda nacional (especifique):

Baht (THB)

Si fuera relevante, indique la tasa de cambio de dólares americanos a la moneda local (ej. 1 U$ = 79.9 Reales Brasileros): 1 U$ =:

32,0

4.3 Actividades de establecimiento

	Actividad	Momento (estación)
1.	Establish organic vegetables group	The first year of cultivation
2.	Site selection	Before cultivation
3.	Construct greenhouse or nursery	Before cultivation
4.	Production work plan	Before cultivation
5.	Procurement of production factors	Before cultivation
6.	Soil preparation and improvement	During soil preparation
7.	Vegetables seedling preparation	During soil preparation
8.	Plantation	During vegetables planting
9.	Disease and pest control	During vegetables planting
10.	Vegetable harvesting	During harvesting
11.	Screening and packing	After harvesting
12.	Technology maintenance	After harvesting

Comentarios:

-

4.4 Costos e insumos necesarios para el establecimiento

	Especifique insumo	Unidad	Cantidad	Costos por unidad	Costos totales por insumo	% de los costos cubiertos por los usuarios de las tierras
Mano de obra	Construct greenhouse	man	10,0	300,0	3000,0	100,0
Mano de obra	During cultivation	man	6,0	300,0	1800,0	100,0
Mano de obra	During maintenance	man	45,0	300,0	13500,0	100,0
Mano de obra	During harvesting	man	10,0	300,0	3000,0	100,0
Equipo	Rubber pipe	piece	1,0	1000,0	1000,0	100,0
Equipo	Tractor for soil preparation	Rai	1,0	300,0	300,0	100,0
Material para plantas	Vegetables seed	site	1,0	700,0	700,0	100,0
Fertilizantes y biocidas	Animal manure (cow manure)	bag	20,0	30,0	600,0	100,0
Fertilizantes y biocidas	BT bio-product	litre				100,0
Fertilizantes y biocidas	Predators and parasites	-
Fertilizantes y biocidas	Insect glue trap	liter	0,5	290,0	145,0	100,0
Fertilizantes y biocidas	Yellow plastic plate	piece	60,0	5,0	300,0	100,0
Fertilizantes y biocidas	Yellow plastic bag	litre	0,5	120,0	60,0	100,0
Material de construcción	Wood frame / mesh net / plastic cloth	site	1,0	14700,0	14700,0	40,0
Material de construcción	PVC pipe	piece	40,0	40,0	1600,0	100,0
Costos totales para establecer la Tecnología					40705,0
Costos totales para establecer la Tecnología en USD					1272,03

Si el usuario de la tierra no cubrió el 100% de los costos, indique quién financió el resto del costo:

Construction greenhouse cost, land users support 40%, and Organic Vegetable Production Fund support 60% of this cost.

Comentarios:

Labor cost in greenhouse construction, greenhouse materials, which land users would only pay for the first year, but they do not pay for the second year and do not much towards repair cost.

4.5 Actividades de establecimiento/ recurrentes

	Actividad	Momento/ frequencia
1.	Changing the plastic sheet of the roof of greenhouse	3,000 baht per greenhouse every 3 years
2.	Washing the plastic sheet of the greenhouse roof	Once a year

Comentarios:

-

4.6 Costos e insumos necesarios para actividades de mantenimiento/ recurrentes (por año)

	Especifique insumo	Unidad	Cantidad	Costos por unidad	Costos totales por insumo	% de los costos cubiertos por los usuarios de las tierras
Mano de obra	Changing plastic sheets	man	3,0	300,0	900,0	100,0
Mano de obra	Wash plastic sheets	man	3,0	300,0	900,0	100,0
Material de construcción	Plastic sheet (change every 3 years)	roll	1,0	3700,0	3700,0	100,0
Indique los costos totales para mantenecer la Tecnología					5500,0
Costos totales para mantener la Tecnología en USD					171,88

Si el usuario de la tierra no cubrió el 100% de los costos, indique quién financió el resto del costo:

Land users purchase 100%

Comentarios:

Land users purchase 100%

4.7 Factores más determinantes que afectan los costos:

Describa los factores más determinantes que afectan los costos:

The most important factor that affects other costs is seed. Manure must be purchased from standard organic source. The Royal Project provides standard seed, and animal manure must be purchased from other provinces that require natural cultivation farming. The source of the materials used can be traced back to the original provider. Labor factors are not impacted because they can help each other, and land users work together in each greenhouse.

5.1 Clima

5.2 Topografía

Indique si la Tecnología se aplica específicamente en:

• situaciones convexas

Comentarios y especificaciones adicionales sobre topografía :

Most of the area is mountainous slope complex, with a steep slope and attitude is 1,200-1,400 meters above sea level. The forest condition is good, and some areas of the Doi Inthanon is national park and some is in national forest reserve.

5.3 Suelos

Si se halla disponible, adjunte una descripción completa de los suelos o especifique la información disponible, por ej., tipo de suelo, pH/ acidez de suelo, capacidad de intercambio catiónico, nitrógeno, salinidad, etc. :

Soil pH is 5.5-6.0

5.4 Disponibilidad y calidad de agua

¿La salinidad del agua es un problema?

No

¿Se está llevando a cabo la inundación del área? :

No

Comentarios y especificaciones adicionales sobre calidad y cantidad de agua:

Water flows from the watershed area of the upper forest, and not flow through the conventional agricultural area.

5.5 Biodiversidad

Comentarios y especificaciones adicionales sobre biodiversidad:

Biodiversity in this area has a variety of insects. There are both pests and predators.

5.6 Las características de los usuarios de la tierra que aplican la Tecnología

Indique otras características relevantes de los usuarios de las tierras:

Land users can cultivate organic vegetables and earning more income, where young generation in the village become interested and help their families to cultivate organic vegetables. Moreover these young generation who have graduated from university like to become farmers and do not leave to other occupations.

5.7 Área promedio de la tierra usada por usuarios de tierra que aplican la Tecnología

5.8 Tenencia de tierra, uso de tierra y derechos de uso de agua

Tenencia de tierra:

• individual, sin título

Derechos de uso de tierra:

• comunitarios (organizado)

Derechos de uso de agua:

• comunitarios (organizado)

Especifique:

-

Comentarios:

Land users in this area are Lawa hill tribe who migrated from different places to settle here. The main occupation is agriculture under crop rotation, some harvesting of forest products, and some animals. They have not right in landownership but they have right to utilize their land and water for agricultural activities under the Royal Project.

5.9 Acceso a servicios e infraestructura

Comentarios:

-

6.1 Impactos in situ demostrados por la Tecnología

Impactos socioeconómicos

Producción

Disponibilidad y calidad de agua

Ingreso y costos

Impactos socioculturales

Impactos ecológicos

Ciclo de agua/ escurrimiento de sedimento

Suelo

Biodiversidad: vegetación, animales

Reducción de riesgos de desastres y riesgos climáticos

Especifique la evaluación de los impactos en el sitio (mediciones):

The main objective of organic vegetables cultivation is to increase their income and produce green vegetable products, they can work throughout the year with higher income with the less of area.

6.2 Impactos fuera del sitio demostrados por la Tecnología

Especifique la evaluación de los impactos fuera del emplazamiento (medidas):

Moreover, land users in the upstream area would cultivate in organic vegetables with bioproducts of disease and pest control, where it would safe to the downstream area.

6.3 Exposición y sensibilidad de la Tecnología al cambio climático gradual y a extremos relacionados al clima/ desastres (desde la percepción de los usuarios de tierras)

Cambio climático gradual

Cambio climático gradual

	Estación	Incremento o reducción	¿Cómo es que la tecnología soporta esto?
temperatura anual			moderadamente
temperatura estacional	verano		no muy bien
temperatura estacional	estación húmeda/ de lluvias		bien
temperatura estacional	invierno		bien
lluvia anual			bien

Extremos (desastres) relacionados al clima

Desastres climatológicos:

	¿Cómo es que la tecnología soporta esto?
tormenta de lluvia local	moderadamente
tormenta local	moderadamente

Desastres biológicos

	¿Cómo es que la tecnología soporta esto?
enfermedades epidémicas	nada bien
insectos/ infestación de gusanos	nada bien

Comentarios:

-

6.4 Análisis costo-beneficio

¿Cómo se comparan los beneficios con los costos de establecimiento (desde la perspectiva de los usuarios de tierra)?

¿Cómo se comparan los beneficios con los costos de mantenimiento/ recurrentes (desde la perspectiva de los usuarios de tierra)?

6.5 Adopción de la Tecnología

• > 50%

Si tiene la información disponible, cuantifique (número de hogares y/o área cubierta):

Land users are 153 members, with 270 greenhouses

De todos quienes adoptaron la Tecnología, ¿cuántos lo hicieron espontáneamente, por ej. sin recibir nada de incentivos/ materiales:

• 0-10%

Comentarios:

In the first stage some of land user cultivated organic vegetables without greenhouses, then they lost their grain. After they had train and study trip, they improve their implement and construct greenhouse.

6.6 Adaptación

¿La tecnología fue modificada recientemente para adaptarse a las condiciones cambiantes?

No

6.7 Fuerzas/ ventajas/ oportunidades de la Tecnología

Fuerzas/ ventajas/ oportunidades desde la perspectiva del usuario de la tierra
Promoting occupation and income earning of land users in this area.
All land users have been well trained; they receive consistent knowledge and suggestions from local officers and several agencies.
All land users produce certified organic vegetables that are green and are sold as organic food in the market.
They established the community enterprises of organic vegetables producer group.

Fuerzas/ ventajas/ oportunidades desde la perspectiva del compilador o de otra persona de referencia clave
Encouraging organic vegetable production is the activity of the government and the Royal Project in order to conserve this highland area with the intensive management.
Members of the land users community trust and assist each other with willingness to share the knowledge and experience in organic farming practices.
As a model of self-sufficient agriculture, they should have more income from the sustainable use of their land.
Establish and strengthen the community network to carry out and extend to others in this area.

6.8 Debilidades/ desventajas/ riesgos de la Tecnología y formas de sobreponerse a ellos

Debilidades/ desventajas/ riesgos desde la perspectiva del usuario de la tierra	¿Cómo sobreponerse a ellas?
They are allowed to use the land for cultivating organic vegetables.	The government policy needs to have stability and consistency in using this land for a long time.
They need educational opportunity for their children.	The government needs to set up more schools in this area, and also to provide more chance to study in the higher level.
They need to have opportunity to access energy resources, especially in electricity.	Provincial Electricity Authority (PEA) has allocated budget for installing small electrical systems.
Transportation and road conditions are not convenient to access this area.	Local administrative organizations should be allocated more budget to develop such infrastructure.

Debilidades/ desventajas/ riesgos desde la perspectiva del compilador o de otra persona de referencia clave	¿Cómo sobreponerse a ellas?
They do not have land ownership but they are allowed to use their land.	The government has a policy to "Issue a community land title deed" to solve this problem.
Almost of them cannot produce such as manure, compost, insect repellents by themselves.	Local officers have supported the knowledge and financial advice.
Almost of them cannot find organic product market by themselves.	establishment their cooperatives or network to promote in marketing.

7.1 Métodos/ fuentes de información

7.2 Vínculos a las publicaciones disponibles

Título, autor, año, ISBN:

-

¿Dónde se halla disponible? ¿Costo?

-

7.3 Vínculos a la información relevante disponible en línea

Título/ descripción:

The North attitude: Ang village cultivate vegetables to the forest

URL:

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dKLG2ImGwDE

Título/ descripción:

Organic vegetables at Ang village, Joam Tong Sub-district

URL:

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ALL9jJYzVyI

Título/ descripción:

Regional 4.0: ภูมิภาค 3.0: Ang village cultivate vegetables to the forest

URL:

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6u02SB_53IM

7.4 Comentarios generales

-