1.2 Coordonnées des personnes-ressources et des institutions impliquées dans l'évaluation et la documentation de la Technologie

Nom du ou des institutions qui ont facilité la documentation/ l'évaluation de la Technologie (si pertinent)

Bukoba district council (Bukoba district council) - Tanzanie

1.3 Conditions relatives à l'utilisation par WOCAT des données documentées

Quand les données ont-elles été compilées (sur le terrain)?

26/05/2014

Le compilateur et la(les) personne(s) ressource(s) acceptent les conditions relatives à l'utilisation par WOCAT des données documentées:

Oui

1.4 Déclaration sur la durabilité de la Technologie décrite

Est-ce que la Technologie décrite ici pose problème par rapport à la dégradation des terres, de telle sorte qu'elle ne peut pas être déclarée comme étant une technologie de gestion durable des terres?

Non

2.1 Courte description de la Technologie

Définition de la Technologie:

Use of contour ridging cultivation, tiles, manure application and improved genetic material for sustainable cassava production in convex sloppy landforms.

2.2 Description détaillée de la Technologie

Description:

Contour ridges cultivation is a seasonal water conservation and erosion control land tilling practice aiming at improving production of cassava (Manihot esculenta), improving potential of the soil and environmental function of the land. The technology is among a list of basket of choices of SLM practices recently introduced and adapted to the area by land user working in collaboration with extension officers/SLM specialists under the auspicious support of the Tras-boundary Agro-ecosystem Management Project (Kagera TAMP).
Contour ridges are cultivated in rows across a convex slope landform of average slope category lying between 5-8%. The average height of a ridge is 0.45 -0.50m, with width lying between 0.4 -0.5m, and the distance between rows is 1 meter. To be stronger, contour ridges are tied with furrows (Tiles) dug along the slope intercepting the ridges almost perpendicular. Within a cassava block farm of average size 0.5 acres, the average length of a contour ridge is approximately 30 - 35m. Within tiles, pits are dug. The distance from one pit to another is usually 5 meters. Soils from dug pit are piled on the lower side of the slope to form a supportive bund which is stabilized and made productive by planting pineapples on it. The number of pineapples (suckers) planted on each pit bund is 3-4. Tiles provide diagonal strength to the ridges, trap runoff and allow water to infiltrate and be available to the plants. Manure application is done after contour ridging by incorporating or mixing manure with soil. Manure application at a rate of 12 tons per hectare is done before cassava planting.

Purpose of the Technology: The basic tenet of this technology is to turn a poorly managed land resource that is exposed to detrimental grazing, poor agricultural practices and uncontrolled fire burning into a managed, productive agricultural land that contribute to improved agriculture production, livelihood income and ecosystems (put the triple win solution into reality).
The rural food security and income are enhanced through soil erosion control, fertility improvement, beneficial harvesting of rainfall-runoff and use of improved cassava germ-plasm (with high resilience to climatic change and diseases and no use of chemicals).

Establishment / maintenance activities and inputs: The technology is largely agronomic dominated by seasonally repeatedly activities. The dominant recurrent activities are land preparation, contour ridging cultivation, tile digging (furrow digging, pit digging, bund making and pineapple planting), manure application, cassava planting, weeding and harvesting. The inputs needed are: tools (machete, sickles, hand holes), planting materials (cassava and pineapple), manure and labour.
The average costs per hectare of this technology is 1155.48 USD. Manure application is the most cost determinant factor and accounts for 50.89% of the total costs. Average production of cassava per hectare is 7,376.32 USD. In monetary terms the average benefit to cost ratio B/C is 6.38 exemplifying viability of the technology.

Natural / human environment: Naturally the environment encompasses cropland land use type , the technology is largely agronomic, climatic zone is sub humid with 210 length of growing period, slope category is foot slopes, the dominant soil textural class is loam with a medium soil depth. On human environment the defined level of mechanization is largely hand tools, production is mixed. land ownership is largely individual not titled and there is also communally owned land.

2.3 Photos de la Technologie

2.5 Pays/ région/ lieux où la Technologie a été appliquée et qui sont couverts par cette évaluation

2.6 Date de mise en œuvre de la Technologie

Si l'année précise est inconnue, indiquez la date approximative: :

• il y a moins de 10 ans (récemment)

2.7 Introduction de la Technologie

Spécifiez comment la Technologie a été introduite: :

• par le biais de projets/ d'interventions extérieures

Commentaires (type de projet, etc.) :

Is one of the technology being promoted in Bukoba Rural District through Community integrated catchment ecosystem approach (SLM FFS approach) supported by the Kagera Trans boundary Argo-ecosystem management project (Kagera TAMP).

3.1 Principal(aux) objectif(s) de la Technologie

• améliorer la production
• réduire, prévenir, restaurer les terres dégradées
• créer un impact économique positif

3.2 Type(s) actuel(s) d'utilisation des terres, là où la Technologie est appliquée

Commentaires:

Major land use problems (compiler’s opinion): Soil erosion caused by rainfall runoff, soil infertility, poor soil moisture and poor cassava husbandry practices that contribute to low productivity.
Major land use problems (land users’ perception): Poor unproductive soil and cassava diseases.

3.3 Informations complémentaires sur l'utilisation des terres

Nombre de période de croissance par an: :

• 2

Précisez:

Longest growing period in days: 120, Longest growing period from month to month: September to December Second longest growing period in days: 90 Second longest growing period from month to month: March to May

3.4 Groupe de GDT auquel appartient la Technologie

• gestion intégrée de la fertilité des sols
• amélioration des variétés végétales, des races animales

3.5 Diffusion de la Technologie

Spécifiez la diffusion de la Technologie:

• répartie uniformément sur une zone

Si la Technologie est uniformément répartie sur une zone, indiquez la superficie couverte approximative:

• < 0,1 km2 (10 ha)

Commentaires:

The area considered is a portion of area exposed to degradation and under SLM Farmer Field School training.

3.6 Mesures de GDT constituant la Technologie

Commentaires:

Type of agronomic measures: contour planting / strip cropping, manure / compost / residues, contour ridging, furrows (drainage, irrigation), pits

3.7 Principaux types de dégradation des terres traités par la Technologie

Commentaires:

Main causes of degradation: soil management (Ignorance in fertility, nutrients and moisture improvement methods, contuor ridge ploughing along the slope), crop management (annual, perennial, tree/shrub) (Poor crop husnbandry practices (use of cassava varieties prone cassava mildew, use of incorrect crop stand)), population pressure (Continuous use of the land), poverty / wealth (Incapacity to invest effectively in sustainable land managment), governance / institutional (Poor bylaw and law reinforcement especially in disease control)

Secondary causes of degradation: deforestation / removal of natural vegetation (incl. forest fires) (Uncontrolled fire burning, poor agricultural methods (biasness to land expansion rather than intensification)), change in temperature (Due to climatic change and variability), change of seasonal rainfall (Due to climatic change and variability), Heavy / extreme rainfall (intensity/amounts) (Due to climatic change and variability), droughts (Due to climatic change and variability)

3.8 Prévention, réduction de la dégradation ou réhabilitation des terres dégradées

Spécifiez l'objectif de la Technologie au regard de la dégradation des terres:

• prévenir la dégradation des terres
• réduire la dégradation des terres

4.2 Spécification/ explications techniques du dessin technique

Technical knowledge required for field staff / advisors: low (Skills and knowledge on contour ridging cultivation, use of tiles and manuring can easily be acquired by field staff and spread to farmers.)
Technical knowledge required for land users: moderate (Skills and knowledge on contour ridging cultivation, use of tiles and manuring are simple and can easily be learn and adopted by farmers through FFS training.)

Main technical functions: control of dispersed runoff: impede / retard, control of concentrated runoff: retain / trap, increase in nutrient availability (supply, recycling,…), increase of infiltration, increase / maintain water stored in soil

Contour planting / strip cropping
Material/ species: Cassava cuttings
Quantity/ density: 10000/ha
Remarks: crop stand per hactere (spacing 1mx1m)

Agronomic measure: tile pit stabilization
Material/ species: Pineapples planted to stabilize pits
Quantity/ density: 180
Remarks: pineapples sucker in one ha

Manure / compost / residues
Material/ species: Cow dung (tonnes)
Quantity/ density: 35 t/ha
Remarks: Spread along farm

Contour ridging
Material/ species: Cultivated ridges across the slope
Quantity/ density: 24 r/ha
Remarks: Space between rows is 1m

Furrows (drainage, irrigation)
Material/ species: Tiles dug along the slope
Quantity/ density: 6 tiles/ha
Remarks: Space between tiles is 8m

Pits
Material/ species: Water collection pits dug within furrow/tile
Quantity/ density: 12pits/ha
Remarks: 2 pits/tile. each tile stabilized by 3-4 pinneapples

4.3 Informations générales sur le calcul des intrants et des coûts

autre/ monnaie nationale (précisez):

Tanzanian shillings

Indiquer le taux de change du dollars en monnaie locale (si pertinent): 1 USD= :

1700,0

4.4 Activités de mise en place/ d'établissement

	Activité	Type de mesures	Calendrier
1.	tools	Modes de gestion

4.5 Coûts et intrants nécessaires à la mise en place

	Spécifiez les intrants	Unité	Quantité	Coûts par unité	Coût total par intrant	% des coût supporté par les exploitants des terres
Equipements	Tools	pieces	36,0	2,9167	105,0	100,0
Matériel végétal	cassava cuttings		1,0
Engrais et biocides	compost/manure		1,0
Coût total de mise en place de la Technologie					105,0

Commentaires:

Duration of establishment phase: 1 month(s)
Lifespan of the tools: 5 years

4.6 Activités d'entretien/ récurrentes

	Activité	Type de mesures	Calendrier/ fréquence
1.	Land preparation (clearing and ploughing)	Agronomique	November
2.	Contour ridging cultivation combined with tiles.	Agronomique	December
3.	Manure application	Agronomique	December
4.	Procurement of improved cassava varieties (Mkombozi) and pineapple suckers.	Agronomique	December
5.	Planting cassava and pineapple	Agronomique	December
6.	Weeding	Agronomique	February and September
7.	Harvesting	Agronomique	Once annualy

4.7 Coûts et intrants nécessaires aux activités d'entretien/ récurrentes (par an)

	Spécifiez les intrants	Unité	Quantité	Coûts par unité	Coût total par intrant	% des coût supporté par les exploitants des terres
Main d'œuvre	Land preparation	person/days	45,0	1,17777	53,0	100,0
Main d'œuvre	Contour ridging cultivation combined with tiles.	person/days	60,0	1,46666	88,0	100,0
Main d'œuvre	Manure application	person/days	30,0	1,46666	44,0	100,0
Main d'œuvre	Planting cassava and pineapple	person/days	13,0	1,154	15,0	100,0
Equipements	Tools		1,0			100,0
Matériel végétal	cassava cuttings	pieces	10000,0	0,017648	176,48
Matériel végétal	pineapple suckers	pieces	180,0	0,28888888	52,0
Engrais et biocides	Compost/manure	Tons	12,0	49,0	588,0
Autre	Labour: Weeding	person/days	26,0	0,577	15,0	100,0
Autre	Labour: Harvesting	person/days	26,0	0,7307	19,0	100,0
Coût total d'entretien de la Technologie					1050,48

Commentaires:

Machinery/ tools: machete, hand hoe (flat and fork) and sickles.
Labour, tools, manure and planting materials per hectare of land subjected to technology/under cassava production.

4.8 Facteurs les plus importants affectant les coûts

Décrivez les facteurs les plus importants affectant les coûts :

Manuring is the most determinant factor affecting the costs.

5.1 Climat

5.2 Topographie

Indiquez si la Technologie est spécifiquement appliquée dans des:

• situations convexes

Commentaires et précisions supplémentaires sur la topographie:

Slopes on average: Moderate (Convex foot slope of average slope category of 5-8%)

5.3 Sols

Si disponible, joignez une description complète du sol ou précisez les informations disponibles, par ex., type de sol, pH/ acidité du sol, capacité d'échange cationique, azote, salinité, etc.

Soil depth on average: Moderately deep (moderate deep loam soil)
Soil fertility: Low
Soil drainage/infiltration: Medium
Soil water storage capacity: Medium

5.4 Disponibilité et qualité de l'eau

5.6 Caractéristiques des exploitants des terres appliquant la Technologie

Indiquez toute autre caractéristique pertinente des exploitants des terres:

4% of the land users are rich and own 32% of the land.
32% of the land users are average wealthy and own 64% of the land.
64% of the land users are poor and own 4% of the land.

Off-farm income specification: Most run local bar

5.7 Superficie moyenne des terres détenues ou louées par les exploitants appliquant la Technologie

5.8 Propriété foncière, droits d’utilisation des terres et de l'eau

Propriété foncière:

• individu, sans titre de propriété

Commentaires:

Land is acquired through inheritance or purchase from farmers owning the land.

5.9 Accès aux services et aux infrastructures

6.1 Impacts sur site que la Technologie a montrés

Impacts socio-économiques

Production

Revenus et coûts

Impacts socioculturels

Impacts écologiques

Cycle de l'eau/ ruissellement

Sols

Biodiversité: végétale, animale

Réduction des risques de catastrophe et des risques climatiques

6.3 Exposition et sensibilité de la Technologie aux changements progressifs et aux évènements extrêmes/catastrophes liés au climat (telles que perçues par les exploitants des terres)

Changements climatiques progressifs

Changements climatiques progressifs

	Saison	Type de changements/ extrêmes climatiques	Comment la Technologie fait-elle face à cela?
températures annuelles		augmente	pas bien

Extrêmes climatiques (catastrophes)

Catastrophes météorologiques

	Comment la Technologie fait-elle face à cela?
pluie torrentielle locale	pas bien
tempête de vent locale	pas connu

Catastrophes climatiques

	Comment la Technologie fait-elle face à cela?
sécheresse	pas bien

Catastrophes hydrologiques

	Comment la Technologie fait-elle face à cela?
inondation générale (rivière)	pas connu

Autres conséquences liées au climat

Autres conséquences liées au climat

	Comment la Technologie fait-elle face à cela?
réduction de la période de croissance	pas bien

Commentaires:

Contour ridging cultivation strengthened with Tiles or furrow dug along the slope intercepting ridges almost perpendicular. Each tile has 2 pits dug at an average distance of 5meters. The dug pits have supportive bunds on the lower side of the slope and the bunds is stabilized by planting pineapples. Tiles improve tolerance of ridge to seasonal rainfall decrease.

6.4 Analyse coûts-bénéfices

Quels sont les bénéfices comparativement aux coûts de mise en place (du point de vue des exploitants des terres)?

Quels sont les bénéfices comparativement aux coûts d'entretien récurrents (du point de vue des exploitants des terres)?

Commentaires:

The quality of cassava has improved and there is an increase in productivity. In general rewards are realized within a short term i.e. benefit accrued from cassava surpass the initial investment costs.

6.5 Adoption de la Technologie

Si disponible, quantifiez (nombre de ménages et/ou superficie couverte):

50 households and 10% of the area covered

Parmi tous ceux qui ont adopté la Technologie, combien d'entre eux l'ont fait spontanément, à savoir sans recevoir aucune incitation matérielle ou aucun paiement?

• 10-50%

Commentaires:

25 land user families have adopted the Technology with external material support
Comments on acceptance with external material support: 80% of farmers accepted the technology through material support.
25% of land user families have adopted the Technology without any external material support
25 land user families have adopted the Technology without any external material support
Comments on spontaneous adoption: As the technology was introduced recently percentage adoption through own investment is low but farmers are impressed by benefit accrued from the technology and there is expectation that in the long run voluntary adoption is to be observed.

There is a little trend towards spontaneous adoption of the Technology
Comments on adoption trend: There is a vivid evidence of technology adoption and in the near future significant technology adoption is expected to be realized.

6.7 Points forts/ avantages/ possibilités de la Technologie

Points forts/ avantages/ possibilités du point de vue de l'exploitant des terres
Group strength and cohesiveness.

Points forts/ avantages/ possibilités du point de vue du compilateur ou d'une autre personne ressource clé
The technology contributes to soil erosion control, improved soil fertility and improved soil moisture.
There is increase in cassava productivity and income accrued from sell of cassava.
The technology promote diversification of income sources (cassava and pineapples)
Poorly managed land is changed into well managed and beneficial productive agricultural land.
Increased farmers commitment to mitigate land degradation

6.8 Faiblesses/ inconvénients/ risques de la Technologie et moyens de les surmonter

Faiblesses/ inconvénients/ risques du point de vue de l’exploitant des terres	Comment peuvent-ils être surmontés?
High expectation due to promissory at the project beginning	Stick and give emphasis to project objectives.
Slow and weak response of some farmers (group dynamics)	Enhance access to quality extension services.
Material support ideology	Change mindset of farmer from material incentive to self mobilization
Community ignorance in land protective bylaws	Awareness creation of farmers to laws and act guiding environmental conservation and reinforce use of bylaws.
Never attended any study tours	Introduce look and learn tour for farmers to see and learn best practices.

Faiblesses/ inconvénients/ risques du point de vue du compilateur ou d'une autre personne ressource clé	Comment peuvent-ils être surmontés?
High initial investment capital (manure is the most cost determinant factor)	Establishment of rural micro finance institutions and formation of inter group farmer associations and networks.
Post harvest losses, farmer ignorance in Cassava value addition technologies and tendencies to sell cassava at farm gate dilutes maximum profit realization.	Support to post harvest technology and value addition technologies for maximum realization of profit.
Shortage of improved planting materials (germ plasma)	Liaise with research station for adequate multiplication and distribution of improved planting materials.

7.1 Méthodes/ sources d'information