1.2 Coordonnées des personnes-ressources et des institutions impliquées dans l'évaluation et la documentation de la Technologie

Nom du ou des institutions qui ont facilité la documentation/ l'évaluation de la Technologie (si pertinent)

Institute for Environment and Human Security, United Nations University (Institute for Environment and Human Security, United Nations University) - Allemagne

Nom du ou des institutions qui ont facilité la documentation/ l'évaluation de la Technologie (si pertinent)

UNEP (UNEP) - Kenya

Nom du ou des institutions qui ont facilité la documentation/ l'évaluation de la Technologie (si pertinent)

UNDP/GEF Project Uzbekistan (UNDP/GEF Uzbekistan) - Ouzbékistan

Nom du ou des institutions qui ont facilité la documentation/ l'évaluation de la Technologie (si pertinent)

Tajik Soil Insitute (Tajik Soil Institute) - Tadjikistan

Nom du ou des institutions qui ont facilité la documentation/ l'évaluation de la Technologie (si pertinent)

Tajik Academy of Agricultural Sciences (Tajik Academy of Agricultural Sciences) - Tadjikistan

1.3 Conditions relatives à l'utilisation par WOCAT des données documentées

Quand les données ont-elles été compilées (sur le terrain)?

09/07/2010

Le compilateur et la(les) personne(s) ressource(s) acceptent les conditions relatives à l'utilisation par WOCAT des données documentées:

Oui

2.1 Courte description de la Technologie

Définition de la Technologie:

The afforestation of the low productivity sandy lands in the river valley areas of arid highlands with fast growing poplar trees, provides the population with firewood as well as timber and also provides conservation benefits.

2.2 Description détaillée de la Technologie

Description:

In the Jamoat Vankala area of the Shugnan district in GBAO, low temperatures make it very difficult to grow fruit or trees other than poplar (Populus pamirico) or Salix Schugnanica Coerz.
The natural forest consists mainly of the latter and this grows very slowly. It is very cold for 6-7 months of the year in this region, so the demand for cheap firewood to heat homes is extremely high.
In the 1980s, the sovhoz decided to transform 10ha of a low productivity pasture land into more productive irrigated forest land. After the collapse of the Soviet system, the Jamoat rented this forest land to a farmer, who still remains in charge of this piece of land.

Purpose of the Technology: The creation of a poplar forest on the river shore in this treeless desert alpine zone can go someway towards meeting the local's demand for firewood. It can provide cheap timber and environmental benefits as well as a pleasant environment.

Establishment / maintenance activities and inputs: The process of establishing this poplar forest began with the creation of irrigation canals and the planting of seedlings. In the first few years, the seedlings had to be watered frequently due to the thirsty sandy soils.
Other factors that needed to be considered were protecting the area from grazing cattle, watering areas around the forest away from the the river bank, the selective felling of some poplars, the additional planting of trees on barren soil, as well as the protection of the forest from predatory deforestation by the locals (which has increased during the economic crisis). Thanks to natural regeneration processes, farmers can now prepare firewood for the winter and do not have to bring the timber from far away.

Natural / human environment: 88% of the Pamir region is covered by glaciers, snow, and rocks, and is thus completely devoid of soil. Consequently, the area of arable and orchard lands in the GBAO region is only about 2%, with a forest area of 0.4%. Two-thirds of all the Pamir natural forests are located along the river banks of the Vanch, Gunt, Tokuzbulak, and others, at an altitude of 3200m.
In the narrow V-shaped valleys of the Western Pamirs, the lowest points are at an altitude of 1,200m,extending up to the highest points at 7,400m. This explains the climatic differences within the region, because the lower parts in the valleys enjoy a warmer climate than the higher parts. Overall, the annual average air temperature in the region is 9°C, and most rainfall occurs between the winter and spring periods with an average precipitation of 191-227mm.

2.3 Photos de la Technologie

2.5 Pays/ région/ lieux où la Technologie a été appliquée et qui sont couverts par cette évaluation

2.6 Date de mise en œuvre de la Technologie

Si l'année précise est inconnue, indiquez la date approximative: :

• il y a entre 10-50 ans

2.7 Introduction de la Technologie

Spécifiez comment la Technologie a été introduite: :

• grâce à l'innovation d'exploitants des terres

Commentaires (type de projet, etc.) :

During the 1980s much of the low productivity sandy land was converted to poplar forest. This was initiated by a local group who put in many voluntary hours. From 1993 onwards, this forest was part of the local jamoat "Vankala" lands. The local administration rented it to a local farmer- (Jonbekov Ikbol).

3.1 Principal(aux) objectif(s) de la Technologie

• atténuer le changement climatique et ses impacts
• créer un impact économique positif

3.2 Type(s) actuel(s) d'utilisation des terres, là où la Technologie est appliquée

Commentaires:

Major land use problems (compiler’s opinion): The main problems include; Low soil productivity, a short growing season, desertification, low temperatures and a sharp drop in average daily temperatures and an early night frost. Very sparse vegetation of drought-tolerant grass and little shrubs

Major land use problems (land users’ perception): water shortages, low soil fertility, low yields

Selective felling of (semi-) natural forests: Every autumn

Plantation forestry: Every year they plant new seedlings to assist with afforestation

Forest products and services: timber, fuelwood, grazing / browsing, nature conservation / protection, recreation / tourism, protection against natural hazards

Future (final) land use (after implementation of SLM Technology): Forests / woodlands: Fp: Plantations, afforestations

Type of cropping system and major crops comments: The farmer owns 1-2 of his own cows which graze in the forest over the smmer. They use these cows for milk. The cows are not allowed to roam free, they are tied up. Someimes the children try to sell milk and dairy products on the roadside, but there is not much passing trade.

Livestock is grazing on crop residues

Si l'utilisation des terres a changé en raison de la mise en œuvre de la Technologie, indiquez l'utilisation des terres avant la mise en œuvre de la Technologie:

Grazing land: Ge: Extensive grazing land

3.3 Informations complémentaires sur l'utilisation des terres

Approvisionnement en eau des terres sur lesquelles est appliquée la Technologie:

• pleine irrigation

Commentaires:

Water supply: Also mixed rainfed

Précisez:

Longest growing period in days: 120 longest growing period from month to month: May- September

3.4 Groupe de GDT auquel appartient la Technologie

• Amélioration de la couverture végétale/ du sol
• réduction des risques de catastrophe fondée sur les écosystèmes

3.6 Mesures de GDT constituant la Technologie

Commentaires:

Main measures: vegetative measures, management measures

Secondary measures: structural measures

Type of vegetative measures: in blocks

3.7 Principaux types de dégradation des terres traités par la Technologie

Commentaires:

Main type of degradation addressed: Cn: fertility decline and reduced organic matter content, Bc: reduction of vegetation cover, Bq: quantity / biomass decline

Secondary types of degradation addressed: Wt: loss of topsoil / surface erosion

Main causes of degradation: deforestation / removal of natural vegetation (incl. forest fires) (24hr electricity has been available only for the last 2 years. Over the last 16 years the local population have cut down all the surrounding trees.), over-exploitation of vegetation for domestic use (All the trees were cut down for use as animal feed and fire wood.), overgrazing (Livestock were grazed in the areas around the village all year round.), change in temperature (The summeres have become colder in recent years, the summer became more colder, most of crops ripen at low temperatures), poverty / wealth (most of the population are poor, thus placing high pressure on the natural reasources as they are forced to use these for fuel and food.)

Secondary causes of degradation: droughts (Low levels of rain fall, strong сold winds, high insolaton, low soil moisture), war and conflicts (During the civil war the area had high rates of food insecurity.)

3.8 Prévention, réduction de la dégradation ou réhabilitation des terres dégradées

Spécifiez l'objectif de la Technologie au regard de la dégradation des terres:

• réduire la dégradation des terres
• restaurer/ réhabiliter des terres sévèrement dégradées

Commentaires:

Secondary goals: prevention of land degradation

4.2 Spécification/ explications techniques du dessin technique

Technical knowledge required for field staff / advisors: low

Technical knowledge required for land users: moderate (Needs to use chainsaws so some extra technical knowledge required.)

Main technical functions: improvement of ground cover, increase in organic matter, increase of biomass (quantity), spatial arrangement and diversification of land use

Secondary technical functions: improvement of topsoil structure (compaction), improvement of subsoil structure (hardpan), stabilisation of soil (eg by tree roots against land slides), increase in nutrient availability (supply, recycling,…), increase / maintain water stored in soil, reduction in wind speed, promotion of vegetation species and varieties (quality, eg palatable fodder)

Aligned: -contour
Vegetative material: T : trees / shrubs

Aligned: -graded strips
Vegetative material: T : trees / shrubs

In blocks
Vegetative material: T : trees / shrubs
Number of plants per (ha): 400
Vertical interval within rows / strips / blocks (m): 5
Width within rows / strips / blocks (m): 5

Vegetative measure: Vegetative material: T : trees / shrubs

Vegetative measure: Vegetative material: T : trees / shrubs

Vegetative measure: Vegetative material: T : trees / shrubs

Vegetative measure: Vegetative material: T : trees / shrubs

Trees/ shrubs species: Populus pamirico, Salix Schugnanica Coerz, dog rose

Grass species: different natural grasses

Slope (which determines the spacing indicated above): 5.00%

Structural measure: main irrigation canal along the plot upper border
Depth of ditches/pits/dams (m): 0.5
Width of ditches/pits/dams (m): 0.8
Length of ditches/pits/dams (m): 2000

Structural measure: irrigation networks inside the forest
Vertical interval between structures (m): 5
Spacing between structures (m): 5
Depth of ditches/pits/dams (m): 0.2
Width of ditches/pits/dams (m): 0.3
Length of ditches/pits/dams (m): 200000

Slope (which determines the spacing indicated above): 5%

If the original slope has changed as a result of the Technology, the slope today is: 5%

Change of land use type: low-productivity grasslands have changed to a high productive poplar forest

Change of land use practices / intensity level: Changed from an area of open access to locals, to having controlled access (pasture land, forest land)

4.3 Informations générales sur le calcul des intrants et des coûts

autre/ monnaie nationale (précisez):

Somoni

Indiquer le taux de change du dollars en monnaie locale (si pertinent): 1 USD= :

4,53

4.4 Activités de mise en place/ d'établissement

	Activité	Type de mesures	Calendrier
1.	Growing seedlings in a nursery	Végétale	one year (5 month irrigation)
2.	Digging holes 50x60cm on 1 ha - 400 on 10 hectares - 4000 holes	Végétale	During Spring
3.	Manure (dung)	Végétale	in Spring
4.	Delivering of manure to plot by tractor and truck	Végétale	in Spring
5.	Prepare a mixture of soil and dung for filling planting holes on 10 ha	Végétale	in Spring
6.	Planting poplar seedlings and watering them	Végétale	in Spring
7.	Planting trees along the irrigation canal along the road to Jelondi and the upper boundaries of the site (10m on 1day)	Structurel	before tree planting in spring
8.	Establishment of irrigation networks from the canal in the garden(7x 1000м per day)	Structurel	before tree planting in spring
9.	Collection of sea buck thorn stems and branches	Modes de gestion	before tree planting
10.	Load sea buck thorn stems and branches into the car and unloadthem	Modes de gestion	before tree planting
11.	Delivering stems and branches using a car	Modes de gestion	before tree planting
12.	Fencing the area	Modes de gestion	before trees planting

4.5 Coûts et intrants nécessaires à la mise en place

	Spécifiez les intrants	Unité	Quantité	Coûts par unité	Coût total par intrant	% des coût supporté par les exploitants des terres
Main d'œuvre	Growing seedlings in a nursery (irrigation and nursering)	Persons/day	25,0	30,0	750,0	100,0
Main d'œuvre	Digging holes	Persons/day	100,0	30,0	3000,0	100,0
Main d'œuvre	Prepare a mixture of soil and dung	Persons/day	40,0	30,0	1200,0	100,0
Main d'œuvre	Planting poplar seedlings and watering them	Persons/day	40,0	30,0	1200,0	100,0
Equipements	Tractor for delivering manure	hours	8,0	75,0	600,0	100,0
Equipements	Labour: Planting trees along the irrigation canal	Persons/day	200,0	30,0	6000,0	100,0
Equipements	Labour: Establishment of irrigation networks from the canal in the garden	Persons/day	30,0	30,0	900,0	100,0
Equipements	Car for transporting branches	Trucks/day	20,0	100,0	2000,0	100,0
Engrais et biocides	Manure (dung)	tons	40,0	50,0	2000,0	100,0
Autre	Labour: Collection of sea buck thorn stems and branches	Persons/day	20,0	30,0	600,0	100,0
Autre	Labour: Load sea buck thorn stems and branches into the car and unload them	Persons/day	10,0	30,0	300,0	100,0
Autre	Labour: Fencing the area	Persons/day	100,0	30,0	3000,0	100,0
Coût total de mise en place de la Technologie					21550,0

4.6 Activités d'entretien/ récurrentes

	Activité	Type de mesures	Calendrier/ fréquence
1.	Watering seedlings 2 times per week first year (40 pers days on 1 month - 10 ha)	Végétale	5 months per year
2.	Watering seedlings once per week per year (20 pers days -1 month- 10 ha)	Végétale	5 months per year
3.	Protection, avoidance of grazing(5 hour per day)	Végétale	5 months per year
4.	Annual harvest of firewood	Végétale	every year/autumn
5.	Selective felling of trees(Ø=40-50см)	Végétale	After 10 years / October
6.	Annual haymaking of natural grass	Végétale	every year/summer
7.	Repairs and cleaning of the main irrigation canal to clear sediment and debris	Structurel	Before the irrigation season/in spring
8.	Repairs and cleaning of the irrigation network to clear sediment and brancheson 10 ha	Structurel	Before the irrigation season in spring
9.	Repairing fences	Modes de gestion	if needed

4.7 Coûts et intrants nécessaires aux activités d'entretien/ récurrentes (par an)

	Spécifiez les intrants	Unité	Quantité	Coûts par unité	Coût total par intrant	% des coût supporté par les exploitants des terres
Main d'œuvre	Watering seedlings (First year and followin year)	Persons/day	300,0	30,0	9000,0	100,0
Main d'œuvre	Protection, avoidance of grazing	Persons/day	87,0	30,0	2610,0	100,0
Main d'œuvre	Annual harvest of firewood	Persons/day	10,0	30,0	300,0	100,0
Main d'œuvre	Selective felling of trees (after 10 years	Persons/day	15,0	30,0	450,0
Autre	Labour: Annual haymaking of natural grass	Persons/day	40,0	30,0	1200,0
Autre	Labour: Repairs and cleaning of the main irrigation canal abd irrigation network	Persons/day	15,0	30,0	450,0
Coût total d'entretien de la Technologie					14010,0

Commentaires:

Machinery/ tools: shovel

The costs were calculated for the whole plantation area of 10 ha

4.8 Facteurs les plus importants affectant les coûts

Décrivez les facteurs les plus importants affectant les coûts :

Labour is the most determinate factor affecting the costs, however, in this situation, most of it was provided by the land users themselves. Costs reported are those for additional labour that would need to be paid for.

5.1 Climat

5.2 Topographie

Indiquez si la Technologie est spécifiquement appliquée dans des:

• situations concaves

Commentaires et précisions supplémentaires sur la topographie:

Altitudinal zone: 3200 m a.s.l.

Slopes on average: It is a narrow river valley

5.3 Sols

Si disponible, joignez une description complète du sol ou précisez les informations disponibles, par ex., type de sol, pH/ acidité du sol, capacité d'échange cationique, azote, salinité, etc.

Soil depth on average: The soil is sandy-loam, shallow, with low productivity

Soil texture: Sandy-loamy soil

These soils have low natural fertility, and irrigation increases the productivity of this soil

Topsoil organic matter: After irrigation and changing the land use type, organic matter increases

Soil drainage / infiltration is good because this soil is sandy-loam

Soil water storage capacity is low because this soil is sandy-loam

5.4 Disponibilité et qualité de l'eau

Commentaires et précisions supplémentaires sur la qualité et la quantité d'eau:

Ground water table: 2/3 of the forest is close to the river and the ground water level is 2-3m

Availability of surface water: The River Tokuzbulak is in close proximity (somtimes also just medium)

Water quality (untreated): The river can provide clean drinking water

5.5 Biodiversité

Commentaires et précisions supplémentaires sur la biodiversité:

Poplar trees provide a favourable microclimate for growing many bushes and herbaceous plants beneath, and also provides a good natural habitat for birds and some wild animals.

5.6 Caractéristiques des exploitants des terres appliquant la Technologie

Indiquez toute autre caractéristique pertinente des exploitants des terres:

Land users applying the Technology are mainly Leaders / privileged

Population density: < 10 persons/km2

Annual population growth: 2% - 3%

10% of the land users are rich (He has a car, big forest plot, 5 yaks, 2 cows, 20 sheep).

Off-farm income specification: The farmer owns a car, sometimes he works as a tour gide, he sells the timber and firewood, and in autumn he buys meat in Murgab to resell in Khatlon.

Market orientation of production system: subsistence (self-supply), mixed (subsistence/ commercial, mixed (subsistence/ commercial

Market orientation of production system: In the first 7 years subsistence and after 7-10 years some of the trees had reached maturity, the rest he sold (20-30m3). ( In the autumn haymaking and firewood (10m3) for himself and 3 cars (30m3) firewood for sale)


Level of mechanization: Watering, pruning of poplars, haymaking is all manual

5.7 Superficie moyenne des terres détenues ou louées par les exploitants appliquant la Technologie

5.8 Propriété foncière, droits d’utilisation des terres et de l'eau

Propriété foncière:

• état

Droits d’utilisation des terres:

• loué

Droits d’utilisation de l’eau:

• accès libre (non organisé)

Commentaires:

before 1992-93 it was the Sovhoz forest land, after 1993 the forest was in the Vankala Jamoat. The farmer rents this land.

5.9 Accès aux services et aux infrastructures

6.1 Impacts sur site que la Technologie a montrés

Impacts socio-économiques

Production

Revenus et coûts

Impacts socioculturels

Impacts écologiques

Sols

Biodiversité: végétale, animale

Réduction des risques de catastrophe et des risques climatiques

Autres impacts écologiques

6.2 Impacts hors site que la Technologie a montrés

6.3 Exposition et sensibilité de la Technologie aux changements progressifs et aux évènements extrêmes/catastrophes liés au climat (telles que perçues par les exploitants des terres)

Changements climatiques progressifs

Changements climatiques progressifs

	Saison	Type de changements/ extrêmes climatiques	Comment la Technologie fait-elle face à cela?
températures annuelles		augmente	pas bien

Extrêmes climatiques (catastrophes)

Catastrophes météorologiques

	Comment la Technologie fait-elle face à cela?
pluie torrentielle locale	bien
tempête de vent locale	pas bien

Catastrophes climatiques

	Comment la Technologie fait-elle face à cela?
sécheresse	pas bien

Catastrophes hydrologiques

	Comment la Technologie fait-elle face à cela?
inondation générale (rivière)	bien

Autres conséquences liées au climat

Autres conséquences liées au climat

	Comment la Technologie fait-elle face à cela?
réduction de la période de croissance	bien

Commentaires:

The use of irrigation has made the technology more sustainable and more tolerant to temperature changes and to droughts.

6.4 Analyse coûts-bénéfices

Quels sont les bénéfices comparativement aux coûts de mise en place (du point de vue des exploitants des terres)?

Quels sont les bénéfices comparativement aux coûts d'entretien récurrents (du point de vue des exploitants des terres)?

Commentaires:

In the short term the farmer doesn' have a lot of available firewood, timber or grass.

6.5 Adoption de la Technologie

• plus de 50%

Si disponible, quantifiez (nombre de ménages et/ou superficie couverte):

80 household in an area of 1 km^2

Parmi tous ceux qui ont adopté la Technologie, combien d'entre eux l'ont fait spontanément, à savoir sans recevoir aucune incitation matérielle ou aucun paiement?

• 90-100%

Commentaires:

100% of land user families have adopted the Technology without any external material support

80 land user families have adopted the Technology without any external material support

There is a moderate trend towards spontaneous adoption of the Technology

Comments on adoption trend: Many other farmers planted trees on plots surrounding their own homes, these included poplar and willow trees. This saves a lot of time and money in collecting firewood from far away, and increases the asethics of their home environment.

6.7 Points forts/ avantages/ possibilités de la Technologie

Points forts/ avantages/ possibilités du point de vue de l'exploitant des terres
It gives the land user wood, grass, money, and a beautiful place for rest
The land user can graze his cows by rotation in this forest and has dairy production all year.

Points forts/ avantages/ possibilités du point de vue du compilateur ou d'une autre personne ressource clé
The micro climate created by the forest increased plant and animal biodiversity.
This technology also provides a provides increased economic benefits, such as firewood, timber, fodder grass, medicinal herbs etc. How can they be sustained / enhanced? It will be good to plant some perennial fodder grasses
Poplar and willow are the only trees which can grow in such extreme conditions in these highlands areas. They do need a good water supply hich can be provided by the rivers or by irrigation systems when planted next to houses.
The soil became more productive. Carbon sequestration is much higher when compared to the surrounding arid desert landscape.

6.8 Faiblesses/ inconvénients/ risques de la Technologie et moyens de les surmonter

Faiblesses/ inconvénients/ risques du point de vue de l’exploitant des terres	Comment peuvent-ils être surmontés?
No money available for fencing	If the forest is protected by fencing this will mean less work for the farmers in protecting the area of land from grazing and tree cutting.

Faiblesses/ inconvénients/ risques du point de vue du compilateur ou d'une autre personne ressource clé	Comment peuvent-ils être surmontés?
No fencing in situ, maybe the farmer is not sure of the length of the land rental period.	If the forest is protected by fencing this will mean less work for the farmers in protecting the area of land from grazing and tree cutting.
	The farmer could use stones to construct a fence which are plentiful in this area.

7.2 Références des publications disponibles

Titre, auteur, année, ISBN:

1. Справочник по климату СССР, вып. 31, Таджикская ССР, частьII. гидрометеорологическое издательство, Ленинград, 1966,228с.

Disponible à partir d'où? Coût?

in libraries

Titre, auteur, année, ISBN:

2. Справочник по климату СССР, вып. 31, Таджикская ССР, частьIV, гидрометеорологическое, Ленинград, 1966, 212с.