1.2 Coordonnées des personnes-ressources et des institutions impliquées dans l'évaluation et la documentation de la Technologie

Nom du projet qui a facilité la documentation/ l'évaluation de la Technologie (si pertinent)

Reabilitação de terras e gestão das áreas de pastagem nos sistemas de produção agro-pastoris dos pequenos produtores no sudoeste de Angola (RETESA)

Nom du ou des institutions qui ont facilité la documentation/ l'évaluation de la Technologie (si pertinent)

FAO Angola (FAO Angola) - Angola

1.3 Conditions relatives à l'utilisation par WOCAT des données documentées

Quand les données ont-elles été compilées (sur le terrain)?

15/05/2017

Le compilateur et la(les) personne(s) ressource(s) acceptent les conditions relatives à l'utilisation par WOCAT des données documentées:

Oui

1.4 Déclaration sur la durabilité de la Technologie décrite

Est-ce que la Technologie décrite ici pose problème par rapport à la dégradation des terres, de telle sorte qu'elle ne peut pas être déclarée comme étant une technologie de gestion durable des terres?

Non

2.1 Courte description de la Technologie

Définition de la Technologie:

The technology was developed and used to select key pasture and fodder species and reintroduce them into strategic areas through stakeholder participation. The technology was also supported by communal management plans were created to address root causes of land degradation.

2.2 Description détaillée de la Technologie

Description:

The technology was developed and implemented through the RETESA Project “Land rehabilitation and rangelands management in smallholders agro-pastoral production systems in south western Angola”, which is a project owned and implemented by the Ministry of Environment of the Government of Angola with technical and methodological assistance from The Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) and financed by the Global Environmental Found (GEF).

Improper grazing regimes and animal management on part of pastoral communities in SW Angola have led to degradation of rangeland and pastoral resources, with perennial grassland species and shrubs having been effectively eliminated from lowland grazing areas. The pastoral communities of the area know their environment extremely well and are aware of the land degradation happening around them. They identified crucial areas for the rehabilitation works, selecting mostly areas around water points that were used both by local and transhumant herders. Through these works, the locals sought to increase ground cover to reduce sediment loads entering waterways (erosion control), provide shade for livestock, increase forage production and introduce legumes and multiuse forage trees in areas of high animal traffic. A total of 4 areas in the Bibala and Virei Municipalities were identified for the activities.

The communities were heavily involved in the selection and propagation of plant species for the rehabilitation works. The project field staff also ran participatory, field palatability trials with them to confirm the plants selected met their expectations and to enhance their understanding of livestock nutrition and how it related to animal health. Once the species were chosen, seed was collected by the communities and the Project Technicians and was multiplied in 32 Agro-Pastoral Field School Nurseries and 2 Government funded Veterinary Research Stations. A total of 15 species were identified, with Eragrostis superba, Urochloa mosambicensis, Acacia nilotica, Faidherbia albida, Leucaena leucocephala and Moringa oleifera being the most valued by the communities as forage and multiuse species. Trees and shrubs were germinated from seed with success. As their seeds failed to germinate by standard methods, native grass species were multiplied by root divisions of plants collected in cultivated fields so as not to remove any from natural areas. Early field trials ruled out direct seeding methods.

As the majority of areas selected for the rehabilitation works were focused around water points and waterways, the soils were generally alluvial, sandy loams. Precipitation is highest in the areas to the north, ranging from 600mm in the upper areas of the Bibala Municipality to 200mm in the areas to the south in Virei. In general, the vegetation communities could be described as dry sclerophyll woodlands with Colophospermum mopane being the dominant tree species, with forest cover decreasing in height and density as one moves south toward drier areas.

Through close collaboration with the participant communities, 3 rehabilitation methods were designed and improved upon throughout the Project's duration. Method 1 was used to plant open areas within the rehabilitation zone, Method 2 was used to introduce and protect concentrated plantings of the selected species in strategic locations within the landscape and Method 3 was used to recuperate riparian vegetation and reduce sediment loads in waterways. The 3 Methods used are described in more detail in the Technical Drawing on page 3. To increase appropriation and increase the effectiveness of the rehabilitation works, land management plans and other supporting activities were also carried out.

2.3 Photos de la Technologie

2.5 Pays/ région/ lieux où la Technologie a été appliquée et qui sont couverts par cette évaluation

2.6 Date de mise en œuvre de la Technologie

Si l'année précise est inconnue, indiquez la date approximative: :

• il y a moins de 10 ans (récemment)

2.7 Introduction de la Technologie

Spécifiez comment la Technologie a été introduite: :

• par le biais de projets/ d'interventions extérieures

Commentaires (type de projet, etc.) :

The proposed project: “Land rehabilitation and rangelands management in smallholders’ agropastoral production systems in southwestern Angola” (RETESA) is a joint effort by the Ministério do Ambiente (MA), Ministério da Agricultura e do Desenvolvimento Rural e das Pescas (MINANDER), Governo Provincial do Namibe, Governo Provincial do Huila, and Governo Provincial de Benguela, together with FAO and GEF. In line with the GEF-5 Land Degradation strategy, the project’s goal is to create an enhanced enabling environment in the agricultural sector and a sustained flow of agro-ecosystem services.

3.1 Principal(aux) objectif(s) de la Technologie

• améliorer la production
• réduire, prévenir, restaurer les terres dégradées
• préserver l'écosystème
• conserver/ améliorer la biodiversité
• réduire les risques de catastrophes
• s'adapter au changement et aux extrêmes climatiques et à leurs impacts
• atténuer le changement climatique et ses impacts
• créer un impact économique positif

3.2 Type(s) actuel(s) d'utilisation des terres, là où la Technologie est appliquée

Si l'utilisation des terres a changé en raison de la mise en œuvre de la Technologie, indiquez l'utilisation des terres avant la mise en œuvre de la Technologie:

Cropping land is increasing in the area as population rates increase and locals move towards more sedimentary livelihoods.

3.3 Informations complémentaires sur l'utilisation des terres

Approvisionnement en eau des terres sur lesquelles est appliquée la Technologie:

• pluvial

Nombre de période de croissance par an: :

• 1

Densité d'élevage/ chargement (si pertinent):

Official data is not available and true livestock numbers are unknown.

3.4 Groupe de GDT auquel appartient la Technologie

• pastoralisme et gestion des pâturages
• Amélioration de la couverture végétale/ du sol

3.5 Diffusion de la Technologie

Spécifiez la diffusion de la Technologie:

• appliquée en des points spécifiques ou concentrée sur une petite surface

Commentaires:

Plantings areas are selected due to their importance and relevance to the local communities. For the most part, the plantings have been centred around key water points. In order to increase impact and scale up the process of rangeland rehabilitation and improvement, management plans are negotiated and agreed upon by the communities through the Green Negotiated Territorial Development Approach (GreeNTD) processes.

3.6 Mesures de GDT constituant la Technologie

Commentaires:

The management plans created at the community and administrative level identify a number of large areas which are to serve as 'Grazing Reverses' for the dry season. Therefore, the agreements call for all livestock to abandon the area at the onset of the first rains and not return until the Pastoral Management Forum agrees to open the area for grazing. Once open, the range is available to all pastoralists, those that live in the immediate area and those moving through on their transhumance migration.

3.7 Principaux types de dégradation des terres traités par la Technologie

3.8 Prévention, réduction de la dégradation ou réhabilitation des terres dégradées

Spécifiez l'objectif de la Technologie au regard de la dégradation des terres:

• réduire la dégradation des terres
• restaurer/ réhabiliter des terres sévèrement dégradées

4.1 Dessin technique de la Technologie

4.2 Spécification/ explications techniques du dessin technique

Plantings are typically based on 3 established methods, as seen in the exemples provided.
- Method 1 relies on placing a leguminous, multiuse tree species in the ground with two native grass species to each side of the tree. The holes are dug and a small amount of manure is placed in the bottom of the hole, adding some water to the hole if it is readily available. Then the trees and grasses are planted and well watered. Finally, a branch or two of thorny shrubs or trees are placed over the plants to protect them from grazing (where possible, attempts are made to use thorny branches that were already dead or had fallen).
- Method 2 requires the creation of an enclosed, protected area which is then planted in high densities, preferably in low-lying areas where soil moisture is available to support such high concentrations of plants. Dry, dead branches from thorny trees and shrubs were used to create the enclosures and provide protection to these plantings.
- Method 3 is based on the creation of a 'Leaky weir', which is a small stone barrier planted with a mixture of native riparian species placed horizontally to the flow of water. It is intended to slow the flow of water and allow for the recovery of riparian vegetation. The plants are also protected with dry, dead branches from thorny trees and shrubs in this method.
To increase their effectiveness, it is recommended that the 3 methods be combined within the landscape, as seen in the 4th slide 'Field application of methods'.

4.3 Informations générales sur le calcul des intrants et des coûts

Spécifiez la manière dont les coûts et les intrants ont été calculés:

• par entité de la Technologie

Indiquez la monnaie utilisée pour le calcul des coûts:

• dollars US

4.4 Activités de mise en place/ d'établissement

	Activité	Type de mesures	Calendrier
1.	Meetings and field visits with participant communities to identify plant species and their uses	Autres mesures	Best during growing season
2.	Further meetings to decide on which species are to be multiplied and arrange seed collection	Autres mesures	Near end of growing season
3.	Seed collection and transportation	Autres mesures	When seed is available (varies with species)
4.	Instalation of irrigation systems	Structurel	Most communiites need a water extraction and distribution system to create nurseries
5.	Delivery of nursery supplies and instalation of shade cloth	Structurel	Nurseries should have water access and shade
6.	Planting of seeds and care for seedlings at nursery	Végétale	Formed part of Agro-Pastoral Farmer Field School activities
7.	Identification of planting areas and timing	Autres mesures	Should be at beginning of rainy season, or when soil moisture permits
8.	Organisation of materials and tools	Autres mesures	At least 1 week before the planting
9.	Planting day (preparation of planting holes and transplanting of seedlings)	Végétale	2 days maximum was seen to be optimal
10.	Watering until the plants are established	Agronomique	Usually a maximum of 3 watering over 1 week after the plantings
11.	Follow up visits to make sure management agreements are being respected and plants are not being eaten by stock until they are ready	Modes de gestion	Plants should not be grazed for at least 6 months from planting time until they are well established

Commentaires:

The activities and costs given were those needed to produce and plant 3,345 trees and grasses in the 4 rehabilitation areas. Given that 3.345 plants were produced at a cost of $3284.75, the cost per plant produced and planted in the field is $0.98. As the inputs and materials for the 3 methods came from the same source and the methods were implemented together at the same time, no distinction of the costs for each method is avaliable, though the labour and materials are similar enough so that they one could assign the same costs for the 3.
As per the question of planting densities, they are often dependent on numerous factores but one can easily calculate the costs per hectare by knowing plant densities and deducing the costs.

4.5 Coûts et intrants nécessaires à la mise en place

	Spécifiez les intrants	Unité	Quantité	Coûts par unité	Coût total par intrant	% des coût supporté par les exploitants des terres
Main d'œuvre	Project Technicians/Drivers/Consultants, etc	Person-days	30,0	20,0	600,0
Main d'œuvre	Plant identification activities and seed collection	Person-days	10,0	6,0	60,0	100,0
Main d'œuvre	Plant nursery creation and plant production	Person-days	16,0	6,0	96,0	100,0
Main d'œuvre	Participation during planting days	Person-days	25,0	10,0	250,0	90,0
Equipements	Vehicle	Trips	10,0	40,0	400,0
Equipements	Nursery supplies (including water system which also supplies water to Farmer Field School)	Materials	1,0	800,0	800,0	10,0
Equipements	Planting supplies (shovels, hoes, wheelbarrows, etc.)	Materials	1,0	120,0	120,0
Equipements	Other improvements to water point (fencing, cement blocks, cement, hoses, etc.)	Materials	1,0	250,0	250,0
Equipements	Maps (traced onto paper from projected images for management purposes)	Materials	1,0	10,0	10,0
Equipements	Food and Refreshments	Per person	25,0	2,5	62,5
Engrais et biocides	Manure (50 grams per sack, 12.500 sacks)	Kilos	625,0	0,25	156,25	100,0
Matériaux de construction	Shade-cloth	m2	320,0	1,5	480,0
Coût total de mise en place de la Technologie					3284,75

Si le coût n'est pas pris en charge à 100% par l'exploitant des terres, indiquez qui a financé le coût restant:

Remaining costs were provided by the RETESA Project.

Commentaires:

Production depends on the ability of the pastoral communities to produce viable plants. If they are unable to do so, then plants can be bought from Government funded nurseries, though costs per plant will most rise though it can substitute the need for having to purchase a water supply system. The total shown here reflects a percentage (16%) of the costs of installing a water system that supplied water to the whole of the Agro-Pastoral Farmer Field School. These systems usually included a 10,000 litre water tank, a gasoline water pump, extraction pipe and parts, 100 to 200 mts of 1.5" hoses and parts and 3 kms of drip irrigation hose.

4.6 Activités d'entretien/ récurrentes

	Activité	Type de mesures	Calendrier/ fréquence
1.	Meetings to ensure management agreements are being respected.	Modes de gestion	Once every 3 to 6 months, especially before and after rainy season.
2.	Repairs and replacement of nursery supplies.	Structurel	Once a year.
3.	Replanting of dead seedlings	Végétale	Just before and during rainy season.

4.7 Coûts et intrants nécessaires aux activités d'entretien/ récurrentes (par an)

	Spécifiez les intrants	Unité	Quantité	Coûts par unité	Coût total par intrant	% des coût supporté par les exploitants des terres
Main d'œuvre	Visits to sites and tour of planting areas.	Person-days	4,0	20,0	80,0	50,0
Main d'œuvre	Driver.	Person-days	1,0	20,0	20,0
Main d'œuvre	Replanting of dead seedlings	Person-days	2,0	6,0	12,0	100,0
Main d'œuvre	Watering	Person-days	14,0	6,0	84,0	100,0
Equipements	Vehicle	Trips	1,0	40,0	40,0
Equipements	Watering cans and buckets	Materials	4,0	5,0	20,0
Coût total d'entretien de la Technologie					256,0

Si le coût n'est pas pris en charge à 100% par l'exploitant des terres, indiquez qui a financé le coût restant:

The RETESA Project provided an important part of both material and technical support to the communities, though the communities also contributed substantially.

4.8 Facteurs les plus importants affectant les coûts

Décrivez les facteurs les plus importants affectant les coûts :

The activities and costs given were those needed to produce and plant 3,345 trees and grasses in the 4 rehabilitation areas. Given that 3.345 plants were produced at a cost of $3284.75, the cost per plant produced and planted in the field is $0.98. Seedlings avaliable through local, government nurseries were $2.00 per unit, but only exotic ornamentals were avaliable. However, it can be expected that in other contexts and locations, it would be cheaper to buy seedlings instead of training communities and creating numerous small scale nurseries, though clearly these communities will not appropriate the process as well as if they were involved from the beginning.

5.1 Climat

5.2 Topographie

Indiquez si la Technologie est spécifiquement appliquée dans des:

• non pertinent

Commentaires et précisions supplémentaires sur la topographie:

Usually the plantings are undertaken along river plains and river banks, as they are the only areas that have the necessary soil moisture to ensure survival of the seedlings.

5.3 Sols

5.4 Disponibilité et qualité de l'eau

La salinité de l'eau est-elle un problème? :

Oui

Précisez:

Many bores and wells cannot be used due to Salinity problems. Before planting, it is wise to make sure soil salinity is not problematic in areas identified.

La zone est-elle inondée?

Oui

Régularité:

épisodiquement

Commentaires et précisions supplémentaires sur la qualité et la quantité d'eau:

Water quality and quantity are major issues for the area. There are few if any reliable water sources in the area and most communities depend on wells dug in the river bottoms to supply their water.

5.5 Biodiversité

Commentaires et précisions supplémentaires sur la biodiversité:

The area is devoid of most wild animals due to the years of war the country experienced during the second half of the 20th century.

5.6 Caractéristiques des exploitants des terres appliquant la Technologie

Indiquez toute autre caractéristique pertinente des exploitants des terres:

The communities are still traditional though are currently being influenced by the globalisation process.

5.7 Superficie moyenne des terres détenues ou louées par les exploitants appliquant la Technologie

5.8 Propriété foncière, droits d’utilisation des terres et de l'eau

Propriété foncière:

• communauté/ village

Droits d’utilisation des terres:

• accès libre (non organisé)

Droits d’utilisation de l’eau:

• accès libre (non organisé)

5.9 Accès aux services et aux infrastructures

6.1 Impacts sur site que la Technologie a montrés

Impacts socio-économiques

Production

Disponibilité et qualité de l'eau

Impacts socioculturels

Impacts écologiques

Cycle de l'eau/ ruissellement

Sols

Biodiversité: végétale, animale

Réduction des risques de catastrophe et des risques climatiques

6.2 Impacts hors site que la Technologie a montrés

6.3 Exposition et sensibilité de la Technologie aux changements progressifs et aux évènements extrêmes/catastrophes liés au climat (telles que perçues par les exploitants des terres)

Changements climatiques progressifs

Changements climatiques progressifs

	Saison	Type de changements/ extrêmes climatiques	Comment la Technologie fait-elle face à cela?
précipitations annuelles		décroît	bien
précipitations saisonnières	printemps	décroît	bien

6.4 Analyse coûts-bénéfices

Quels sont les bénéfices comparativement aux coûts de mise en place (du point de vue des exploitants des terres)?

Quels sont les bénéfices comparativement aux coûts d'entretien récurrents (du point de vue des exploitants des terres)?

6.5 Adoption de la Technologie

• cas isolés/ expérimentaux

Parmi tous ceux qui ont adopté la Technologie, combien d'entre eux l'ont fait spontanément, à savoir sans recevoir aucune incitation matérielle ou aucun paiement?

• 0-10%

6.6 Adaptation

La Technologie a-t-elle été récemment modifiée pour s'adapter à l'évolution des conditions?

Non

6.7 Points forts/ avantages/ possibilités de la Technologie

Points forts/ avantages/ possibilités du point de vue de l'exploitant des terres
Communities learn about plants' role in the wider ecosystem, how to select and multiply key fruit, fodder or timber species and should see an increase in their horticultural and livestock production, leading to improved nutrition or income.
Done properly, it can be a cost-effective and reliable way to produce the plants needed within family units.

Points forts/ avantages/ possibilités du point de vue du compilateur ou d'une autre personne ressource clé
When the plants are produced in collaboration with the local pastoral communities, the benefits are wide ranging, promoting everything from environmental awareness to technical and practical knowledge.
It remains a cost effective way of improving key productive species and increasing community resilence.
Increasing biomass and introducing better management cycles contribute to reducing land degradation and improve nutrient and energy cycling.

6.8 Faiblesses/ inconvénients/ risques de la Technologie et moyens de les surmonter

Faiblesses/ inconvénients/ risques du point de vue de l’exploitant des terres	Comment peuvent-ils être surmontés?
Can require stable supply of water, and labour costs can increase if water sources are not easily accessible.	Locate nurseries near reliable and accessible water sources.
Can require permanent residence, so as to be able to care for plants until they are developed and placed in the ground at the proper date in the calendar (before or during rainy season).	Not easy in nomadic cultures.
Early attempts often fail to produce lasting results.	Concentrate early efforts on small experimental plots so as to fine-tune planting methods and timing.

Faiblesses/ inconvénients/ risques du point de vue du compilateur ou d'une autre personne ressource clé	Comment peuvent-ils être surmontés?
The technology is usually not suitable for large areas of land (>1,000 hectares).	Compliment any rehabilitation efforts with improved management plans which are developed with stakeholder input and approval.
Plant losses are typically high, especially if rains fail to arrive, or if the year is abnormally dry.	Watch weather forecast to try and focus planting campaigns on those days with a high probability of rain.
Local species are often not valued by local officials and technicians, leading to a predominance of exotic species in rehabilitation works.	Undertake awareness and training sessions which highlight the value and uses of native species with local land users and administrative officials.

7.1 Méthodes/ sources d'information

7.3 Liens vers les informations pertinentes disponibles en ligne

Titre/ description:

FAO in Action: Using indigenous knowledge to reverse land degradation in Angola.

URL:

http://www.fao.org/in-action/using-indigenous-knowledge-to-reverse-land-degradation-in-angola/en/