1.2 Coordonnées des personnes-ressources et des institutions impliquées dans l'évaluation et la documentation de la Technologie

Nom du projet qui a facilité la documentation/ l'évaluation de la Technologie (si pertinent)

Prospects and challenges of water use systems as climate adaptive option for sustainable water management in Himalayan Region

Nom du ou des institutions qui ont facilité la documentation/ l'évaluation de la Technologie (si pertinent)

Kathmandu University (KU) - Népal

1.3 Conditions relatives à l'utilisation par WOCAT des données documentées

Le compilateur et la(les) personne(s) ressource(s) acceptent les conditions relatives à l'utilisation par WOCAT des données documentées:

Oui

1.4 Déclaration sur la durabilité de la Technologie décrite

Est-ce que la Technologie décrite ici pose problème par rapport à la dégradation des terres, de telle sorte qu'elle ne peut pas être déclarée comme étant une technologie de gestion durable des terres?

Non

Commentaires:

This is a Single Use Water System implemented in order to preserve the water sources through their sustainable use.

2.1 Courte description de la Technologie

Définition de la Technologie:

Water from source is collected in a reservoir tank ( RVT) of volume 13000 Ltr and then distributed to each household for Single Use. Traditionally, the system was constructed to serve a single purpose-drinking (hence the name "Single Use" water system). However, due to increasing demand and need to meet multiple uses, the water users are using the same water for different purposes like drinking, irrigation and other domestic uses.

2.2 Description détaillée de la Technologie

Description:

A Single Use Water System (SUWS) is the one in which the supplied water serves a single purpose. Traditionally, the system was constructed in order to meet the growing demand and serve a single purpose i.e. supply drinking water to households ( hence the name "Single Use" water systems). However, people's demands and needs increased and supplied water was then used for various purposes like for irrigation, animal husbandry, domestic chores like bathing, washing, etc.
The technology is applied in a natural environment (community forest). The source of water is a natural source that lies in a community forest and hence, the availability is seasonal. The land where the source falls is owned by the government and the implementation of the technology was primarily assisted by the Village Development Committee (VDC). Its use rights falls under the water users. The main elements include a concrete Reservoir tank (RVT), pipeline and tap system or tap towers with faucets. The major functions of this technology are to store water and distribute to the 30-35 households and to ensure the preservation of natural water source through its sustainable use. Major activities are labor and construction activities for building the reservoir tank and laying down the pipeline. Maintenance work, if and when it is needed, is carried out with the help of the water users. No specific group or committee has been formed that looks onto the matters of discussion of the committee. No investment has been made by the local water users' group towards the construction of the technology. Benefits of the technology are the availability of clean drinking water at household level and the preservation of the natural source of water that ensures its perennial availability. Water users admire the overall improvement of their health status through the availability of clean drinking water.
They dislike the fact of water scarcity during dry seasons and the poor management of the system. The quantity of the water is adequate for most of the year. However, scarcity of water during the dry months (when the source dries out) is still eminent. Quality of water is good with low salinity and or iron and other elements but persistence of lime in the water remains.

2.3 Photos de la Technologie

2.5 Pays/ région/ lieux où la Technologie a été appliquée et qui sont couverts par cette évaluation

2.6 Date de mise en œuvre de la Technologie

Si l'année précise est inconnue, indiquez la date approximative: :

• il y a entre 10-50 ans

2.7 Introduction de la Technologie

Spécifiez comment la Technologie a été introduite: :

• dans le cadre d'un système traditionnel (> 50 ans)

Commentaires (type de projet, etc.) :

It is based on a traditional system, but improvised to construct a reservoir tank (RVT) and water supplied through a pipeline. The traditional system contained a reservoir pond dug up and water was supplied through feeding rubber and plastic pipes to the households with no faucets. This caused the water to flow through the pipes without stopping and there was loss of precious water due to excess drainage. The dug up pond caused sediments, dirt, insects and leaves to collect in the water, clogging the pipes and making water unsafe for drinking.
The construction of concrete RVT with lid ensured water stayed free from sediments and falling leaves. Construction of tap towers with taps and faucets ensured water was not wasted. The use of Poly-Vinyl Chloride (PVC) pipe with pipeline system was done to the traditional system of supply of water to households.

3.1 Principal(aux) objectif(s) de la Technologie

• s'adapter au changement et aux extrêmes climatiques et à leurs impacts

• drinking water purpose ( to improve water security at a household level)

3.2 Type(s) actuel(s) d'utilisation des terres, là où la Technologie est appliquée

Commentaires:

Samjhana Samudayik Ban ( Community Forest)

3.4 Approvisionnement en eau

autre (par ex., post-inondation):

• Natural Water Source

Commentaires:

Natural Spring water source inside Community Forest

3.5 Groupe de GDT auquel appartient la Technologie

• récupération/ collecte de l'eau
• gestion des eaux souterraines

• water management ( for Drinking purpose) - Gravity Fed Single Line

3.6 Mesures de GDT constituant la Technologie

3.7 Principaux types de dégradation des terres traités par la Technologie

3.8 Prévention, réduction de la dégradation ou réhabilitation des terres dégradées

Spécifiez l'objectif de la Technologie au regard de la dégradation des terres:

• non applicable

Commentaires:

The "intended" sole purpose of the technology was to serve a single purpose- to supply drinking water at a household level. Hence, no significant effect with regard to land degradation was intended to have been achieved; hence omitted.

4.1 Dessin technique de la Technologie

4.2 Informations générales sur le calcul des intrants et des coûts

Spécifiez la manière dont les coûts et les intrants ont été calculés:

• par superficie de la Technologie

autre/ monnaie nationale (précisez):

NPR

Indiquez le taux de change des USD en devise locale, le cas échéant (p.ex. 1 USD = 79.9 réal brésilien): 1 USD = :

113,0

4.3 Activités de mise en place/ d'établissement

	Activité	Calendrier des activités (saisonnier)
1.	Construction of Reservoir Tank
2.	Laying down the pipeline

Commentaires:

The SUWS system was contributed by the VDC but exact costs couldn't be recollected by the locals. Similarly, the locals vaguely remember the season of construction. As per some of the water users, the construction was started during summer, but could only be completed after winter season was over due to rains disturbing the work in between.

4.4 Coûts et intrants nécessaires à la mise en place

	Spécifiez les intrants	Unité	Quantité	Coûts par unité	Coût total par intrant	% du coût supporté par les exploitants des terres
Main d'œuvre	Voluntary
Equipements	Construction of RVT
Equipements	Laying down pipeline

Si vous n'êtes pas en mesure de décomposer les coûts dans le tableau précédent, donnez une estimation du coût total de la mise en place de la Technologie:

1400,0

Si le coût n'est pas pris en charge à 100% par l'exploitant des terres, indiquez qui a financé le coût restant:

Village Development Committee contributed 100% of costs, pipeline contributed by a NGO ( RRN), DFID helped with other miscellaneous costs and Newasanstha helping with other running costs.

Commentaires:

Since exact estimation and/or recollection of the costs of construction of the technology was not possible; an estimation was made based upon the then prices of materials, pipes and labor costs- which estimated to be roughly 70 USD.
It has to be kept in mind that the 70 USD that was used was almost 50 years ago. Keeping in line with the inflation rates, it could be worth more than 15-20 times of the original cost ( >1400 USD).
Hence, to make it easier to compare with the construction VS maintenance costs, the figures have been rounded off to today's value as 1400 USD.

4.5 Activités d'entretien/ récurrentes

	Activité	Calendrier/ fréquence
1.	Laying down pipeline ( by RRN)	Once (2056 B.S,) during winter
2.	Operation and maintenance costs (borne by a NGO- DFID)	Once (2071 B.S.) during summer
3.	Changing of pipes ( borne by NGO- Newasanstha and the locals)	6-7 times ( during summer, winter and during rains)

Commentaires:

The running and maintenance costs borne by various non-governmental organizations and the local community as and when required.

4.6 Coûts et intrants nécessaires aux activités d'entretien/ récurrentes (par an)

	Spécifiez les intrants	Unité	Quantité	Coûts par unité	Coût total par intrant	% du coût supporté par les exploitants des terres
Main d'œuvre	Voluntary Labour contribution by locals					100,0
Equipements	Changing of PVC Pipes					25,0

Si vous n'êtes pas en mesure de décomposer les coûts dans le tableau précédent, donnez une estimation du coût total de l'entretien de la Technologie:

700,0

Si le coût n'est pas pris en charge à 100% par l'exploitant des terres, indiquez qui a financé le coût restant:

Non-Governmental organizations like DFID, NewaSanstha and Village Development Committee contributed from time to time

Commentaires:

The exact costs couldn't be calculated. But as per the locals, the costs of changing the PVC pipes 6 times came to around 700 USD.

4.7 Facteurs les plus importants affectant les coûts

Décrivez les facteurs les plus importants affectant les coûts :

The construction materials, pipelines were the ones which costed the most.

5.1 Climat

5.2 Topographie

5.3 Sols

5.4 Disponibilité et qualité de l'eau

La salinité de l'eau est-elle un problème? :

Non

La zone est-elle inondée?

Non

5.5 Biodiversité

5.6 Caractéristiques des exploitants des terres appliquant la Technologie

Indiquez toute autre caractéristique pertinente des exploitants des terres:

Most of the community are literate ( finished upto classes 4/5 ) . The ratio of male: female is almost equal. Most of the users are middle-aged ( 40-50 yrs age-group) . The ethnicity consists of Thakuri, Dalits and Janajatis. Total land holding of the water users is around 20 ropanis. ( 1 hectare = 19.65 ropanis)

5.7 Superficie moyenne des terres utilisées par les exploitants des terres appliquant la Technologie

5.8 Propriété foncière, droits d’utilisation des terres et de l'eau

Propriété foncière:

• état

Droits d’utilisation des terres:

• communautaire (organisé)

Droits d’utilisation de l’eau:

• communautaire (organisé)

Est-ce que les droits d'utilisation des terres sont fondés sur un système juridique traditionnel?

Non

Commentaires:

The water source is owned by the state / government. The access to water is open ; however during the time of crisis, its use is limited to each household.

5.9 Accès aux services et aux infrastructures

Commentaires:

The access to all these services is limited as the locals have to traverse a distance of almost 30 minutes to bazaar area / marketplace. The road infrastructure is good.

6.1 Impacts sur site que la Technologie a montrés

Impacts socio-économiques

Production

Disponibilité et qualité de l'eau

Revenus et coûts

Impacts socioculturels

Impacts écologiques

Réduction des risques de catastrophe et des risques climatiques

Précisez l'évaluation des impacts sur site (sous forme de mesures):

The "intended" sole purpose of the technology was to serve a single purpose- to supply drinking water at a household level. Hence, no significant effect with regard to other ecological impacts have been achieved; hence omitted.

6.2 Impacts hors site que la Technologie a montrés

6.3 Exposition et sensibilité de la Technologie aux changements progressifs et aux évènements extrêmes/catastrophes liés au climat (telles que perçues par les exploitants des terres)

Changements climatiques progressifs

Changements climatiques progressifs

	Saison	Augmentation ou diminution	Comment la Technologie fait-elle face à cela?
températures annuelles		augmente	pas bien
précipitations annuelles		décroît	pas bien

Extrêmes climatiques (catastrophes)

Catastrophes climatiques

	Comment la Technologie fait-elle face à cela?
sécheresse	modérément

6.4 Analyse coûts-bénéfices

Quels sont les bénéfices comparativement aux coûts de mise en place (du point de vue des exploitants des terres)?

Quels sont les bénéfices comparativement aux coûts d'entretien récurrents (du point de vue des exploitants des terres)?

Commentaires:

Estimated maintenance and running costs could not be exactly calculated, but weighing down the pros with the costs; the benefits outweigh the costs.

6.6 Adaptation

La Technologie a-t-elle été récemment modifiée pour s'adapter à l'évolution des conditions?

Non

6.7 Points forts/ avantages/ possibilités de la Technologie

Points forts/ avantages/ possibilités du point de vue de l'exploitant des terres
Availability of clean source of drinking water is ensured.
Need to travel long distances to fetch water not prevalent due the the availability of taps with drinking water at household levels.
Water being used for various purposes like drinking, irrigation, domestic purposes, etc.

Points forts/ avantages/ possibilités du point de vue du compilateur ou d'une autre personne ressource clé
Water scarcity during arid and dry winters decreased if not stopped overall.

6.8 Faiblesses/ inconvénients/ risques de la Technologie et moyens de les surmonter

Faiblesses/ inconvénients/ risques du point de vue de l’exploitant des terres	Comment peuvent-ils être surmontés?
Water not available all year-round	By construction of another reservoir tank (RVT)

Faiblesses/ inconvénients/ risques du point de vue du compilateur ou d'une autre personne ressource clé	Comment peuvent-ils être surmontés?
Pipeline severely damaged due to lime	Lime treatment and changing of pipes to more resistant ones ( GI ) pipes instead of feeble PVC ones used
No specific committee / group set up to discuss the problems	Setting up water users' committee and donating a small sum per household every month that goes onto a fund, that can be later used to address various problems that may arise in the future.
Water being supplied for a single use only	upgrading the technology to Multiple Use Water Systems (MUWS) in place of Single-Use Water Systems (SUWS) could address the multiple uses of water users.

7.1 Méthodes/ sources d'information