1.2 Coordonnées des personnes-ressources et des institutions impliquées dans l'évaluation et la documentation de la Technologie

Nom du projet qui a facilité la documentation/ l'évaluation de la Technologie (si pertinent)

Onsite and Offsite Benefits of SLM

Nom du ou des institutions qui ont facilité la documentation/ l'évaluation de la Technologie (si pertinent)

ICIMOD International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development (ICIMOD) - Népal

Nom du ou des institutions qui ont facilité la documentation/ l'évaluation de la Technologie (si pertinent)

G.B. Pant Institute of Himalayan Einvironment & Development (G.B. Pant Institute of Himalayan Einvironment & Development) - Inde

1.3 Conditions relatives à l'utilisation par WOCAT des données documentées

Le compilateur et la(les) personne(s) ressource(s) acceptent les conditions relatives à l'utilisation par WOCAT des données documentées:

Oui

1.4 Déclaration sur la durabilité de la Technologie décrite

Est-ce que la Technologie décrite ici pose problème par rapport à la dégradation des terres, de telle sorte qu'elle ne peut pas être déclarée comme étant une technologie de gestion durable des terres?

Non

Commentaires:

Like any tool, one needs to use and apply it appropriately. Land users and SLM specialists have admitted that these technologies can be ineffective depending on number, design and site selection for implementation. Recharge ponds and trenches could potentially cause soil disturbance and subsequent land degradation if such measures are not carefully considered by the users.

1.5 Référence au(x) Questionnaires sur les Approches de GDT (documentées au moyen de WOCAT)

2.1 Courte description de la Technologie

Définition de la Technologie:

Recharge ponds (Chaals or khals) and recharge trenches (khanti) are common methods to catch the surface runoff and increase the infiltration to recharge groundwater and aid in natural spring recharge in the middle mountain regions.

2.2 Description détaillée de la Technologie

Description:

1. The recharge ponds and trenches have been applied in mountainous community forests. There have been about 60 trenches, 1 large and 4 small recharge ponds constructed in the specific sites in the community forest of Naikina. These are ideal areas to implement these technologies, as they encompass the microwatershed/springsheds of 3 springs.

a. Recharge ponds are circular or rectangular dugout structures which were constructed a natural depression area on sloping land. The standard size is usually as follows: Length =3 m, Width =3 m and Depth = 0.7 m, with site specific modifications. Water feeder channels which flow to the ponds helps to harvest additional surface flow. The walls are not vertical but have a 45 degree slope to prevent cave in.

b.Recharge trenches are small rectangular structures of typical dimensions: Length=1.5 m, Width= 1m , Depth= 0.7 m, constructed on sloping land in a staggered manner. The slope of the walls should be not more than 45 degrees, and the size of the trenches and their spacing depends on the slope of the land. In higher slope areas, one should construct smaller staggered trenches with closer spacing. These are generally made in high rainfall areas, as there is an increased danger of overflow. In staggered trenching, the trenches are located directly below one another in alternate rows and in a staggered fashion. These may be 2 m to 3 m long and the spacing between the rows may vary from 3 m to 5 m.

2. Aims/Objectives: The central focus of the technology is water conservation and harvesting of surplus monsoon runoff to recharge groundwater reservoirs, which is otherwise going un-utilized. Additionally, land degradation by water erosion is decreased due to slowing of runoff and increased soil infiltration. Water erosion after intense rainfall affects both onsite and offsite sites, causing soil displacement, increased frequency of landslides, damage to vegetation, agriculture land, and village settlements.

3. Methods: Due to decreased spring discharge in the dry season and high dependency on the springs for drinking water (humans and livestock), the community has implemented these technologies within in catchment areas of 3 essential springs (Bhind, Vaishnavi, and Bagawoti) in the last 3 years.

4. Stages of Implementation: Awareness building, community mobilization, and central planning was done by the head of the Forest Council (Gram Panchayat), Mr. Jagdamba Joshi. Recharge pond and trench construction was done over the course of a month by different villagers that were available to participate. They were incentivized to work with a small compensation of 5.30 USD (400 INR)/day. Activities and inputs included time and manual labor (about 3 days for the large recharge pond, 0.5-1 day for each of the small recharge ponds, and 4 days for 60 recharge trenches) and appropriate land-use planning and management. Primarily, the strategic construction of these technologies and selection in appropriate springshed recharge/catchment areas has led their success. The structures have been placed below the pine forest, (which generates high runoff) and reside in a restored broadleaf forest, which acts like a sponge to retain the runoff water flowing down from the pine forest above. The ponds lies in a natural, leveled depression with gentle slopes around. Broadleaf/oak dominated forest areas have been increasingly supported as technology construction sites, as the placement further improves of groundwater recharge.

To assure long-term effectiveness, maintenance and re-digging of the recharge ponds and trenches is carried out by villagers annually, pre-monsoon.

5. Gram Panchayat, Mr. Joshi has played a key role in informing the villagers of technology design, function and importance for supporting the community forest and subsequent spring recharge. He has previous knowledge of the application of these technologies through first-hand experiences working in the army. The villagers were solely responsible for construction with Mr. Joshi's guidance. The men were mainly responsible for making recharge ponds and the women dug trenches and removed weeds.

6) Technology benefits/impacts acknowledged by the community: moisture conservation, long-term groundwater recharge, spring recharge, reduction of soil-water erosion, improved infiltration and support for vegetation cover and broadleaf/oak forest.

Like: Relatively simple and inexpensive, little external inputs required, effective in short and long-term (provided site appropriate selection and regular seasonal rainfall)

Dislike: Drudgery, time consuming, maintenance required, distance (site of implementation may also be far from village).

2.3 Photos de la Technologie

2.5 Pays/ région/ lieux où la Technologie a été appliquée et qui sont couverts par cette évaluation

2.6 Date de mise en œuvre de la Technologie

Indiquez l'année de mise en œuvre:

2016

2.7 Introduction de la Technologie

Spécifiez comment la Technologie a été introduite: :

• grâce à l'innovation d'exploitants des terres
• par le biais de projets/ d'interventions extérieures

Commentaires (type de projet, etc.) :

Mr. Jagdamba Joshi's self-started initiative in his community can be attributed to his personal work experience. While serving in the army, he was trained to build ponds and trenches. Through his own observations and perception of these technologies, he was certain they would help support the depleting groundwater.

3.1 Principal(aux) objectif(s) de la Technologie

• réduire, prévenir, restaurer les terres dégradées
• préserver l'écosystème
• protéger un bassin versant/ des zones situées en aval - en combinaison avec d'autres technologies
• réduire les risques de catastrophes
• s'adapter au changement et aux extrêmes climatiques et à leurs impacts
• créer un impact social positif

3.2 Type(s) actuel(s) d'utilisation des terres, là où la Technologie est appliquée

Les divers types d'utilisation des terres au sein du même unité de terrain: :

Oui

3.3 Est-ce que l’utilisation des terres a changé en raison de la mise en œuvre de la Technologie ?

Est-ce que l’utilisation des terres a changé en raison de la mise en œuvre de la Technologie ?

• Non (Passez à la question 3.4)

3.4 Approvisionnement en eau

Approvisionnement en eau des terres sur lesquelles est appliquée la Technologie:

• pluvial

3.5 Groupe de GDT auquel appartient la Technologie

• récupération/ collecte de l'eau

3.6 Mesures de GDT constituant la Technologie

3.7 Principaux types de dégradation des terres traités par la Technologie

3.8 Prévention, réduction de la dégradation ou réhabilitation des terres dégradées

Spécifiez l'objectif de la Technologie au regard de la dégradation des terres:

• réduire la dégradation des terres
• restaurer/ réhabiliter des terres sévèrement dégradées

4.1 Dessin technique de la Technologie

4.2 Informations générales sur le calcul des intrants et des coûts

Spécifiez la manière dont les coûts et les intrants ont été calculés:

• par entité de la Technologie

autre/ monnaie nationale (précisez):

INR

Indiquez le taux de change des USD en devise locale, le cas échéant (p.ex. 1 USD = 79.9 réal brésilien): 1 USD = :

70,0

4.3 Activités de mise en place/ d'établissement

	Activité	Calendrier des activités (saisonnier)
1.	Plan designed by administrative committee of Van Panchayat	Winter 2016
2.	For technology construction, groups of men and women (8 total per group) were established with their planned working days	Pre-monsoon 2016
3.	Trenches and recharge ponds were dug on a rotation system by the groups on different days	Pre-monsoon 2016
4.	Compensation was given to participants upon completion of the project after 20 days work.	Pre-monsoon 2016

4.4 Coûts et intrants nécessaires à la mise en place

	Spécifiez les intrants	Unité	Quantité	Coûts par unité	Coût total par intrant	% des coût supporté par les exploitants des terres
Main d'œuvre	Community manual labor	person-days	120,0	400,0	48000,0	100,0
Equipements	pick	pieces	5,0	300,0	1500,0	100,0
Equipements	shovel	pieces	5,0	500,0	2500,0	100,0
Equipements	pharuwa (hoe)	pieces	4,0	300,0	1200,0	100,0
Equipements	khanti (digging bar)	pieces	3,0	1500,0	4500,0	100,0
Equipements	hammer	pieces	3,0	2000,0	6000,0	100,0
Equipements	small hammer	pieces	3,0	300,0	900,0	100,0
Equipements	chino (chisel)	pieces	4,0	500,0	2000,0	100,0
Matériaux de construction	Rocks excavated on site
Coût total de mise en place de la Technologie					66600,0
Coût total de mise en place de la Technologie en dollars américains (USD)					951,43

Commentaires:

On average 4 people worked on establishing the technology/day = 400 x 4 = 1600 (labor cost/day)
1600 x 30 days = 48,000 Total Cost

4.5 Activités d'entretien/ récurrentes

	Activité	Calendrier/ fréquence
1.	Monitoring of the area for any damages or maintenance required	Weekly
2.	Clearing of debris or filled sediment in pond/trenches/channel	Pre monsoon

4.6 Coûts et intrants nécessaires aux activités d'entretien/ récurrentes (par an)

	Spécifiez les intrants	Unité	Quantité	Coûts par unité	Coût total par intrant	% des coût supporté par les exploitants des terres
Main d'œuvre	Maintenance Labor	person-days	4,0	1600,0	6400,0	100,0
Equipements	Communal equipment (see above for costs)
Coût total d'entretien de la Technologie					6400,0
Coût total d'entretien de la Technologie en dollars américains (USD)					91,43

4.7 Facteurs les plus importants affectant les coûts

Décrivez les facteurs les plus importants affectant les coûts :

-Amount of siltation accumulated in the recharge structures (more debris/soil accumulation requires more maintenance and labor days)
-Labor availability

5.1 Climat

5.2 Topographie

Indiquez si la Technologie est spécifiquement appliquée dans des:

• situations concaves

Commentaires et précisions supplémentaires sur la topographie:

Average Altitude of evaluated sites: 1850m
Average Slope: 25%

5.3 Sols

Si disponible, joignez une description complète du sol ou précisez les informations disponibles, par ex., type de sol, pH/ acidité du sol, capacité d'échange cationique, azote, salinité, etc.

Mountain/hill soils are a collective name given to various types of soils found under the following conditions :
-under sub-tropical, temperate and sub-alpine conditions
-under various forest types

Characteristics: very thin, fertile, and may be less than a centimeter deep on steep slopes; they are mixed with pebbles, shingles (a mass of small rounded pebbles), and gravels; they have a low-medium water holding capacity. Angular and subangular fragments of parent rock may be found mixed with the lower layers of the mountain and hill soils.

Texture: varies from loamy to sandy loam.
Soil Reaction: ranges from acidic to neutral (pH 4.6 to 6.5)
Organic Matter content: 1-5%

Ferrugenous red roils are found in this district and are well developed over Himalayan rocks (quartzite, biotite schist, amphibolite schist). They are free of carbonates and deficient in nitrogen, humus and phosphorus, light textured, porous, and friable (brittle/crumbly). The soil depth ranges from about 10cm-75 cm. These soils may be grouped into two on basis of morphology

1. Red earths- loose, friable topsoil rich in secondary concretions (hard, compact mass of matter formed by the precipitation of mineral cement within the spaces between particles, and is found in sedimentary rock or soil)
2. Red loam- argillaceous soils having a blocky structure (argillaceous minerals may appear silvery upon optical reflection and are minerals containing substantial amounts of clay-like components, e.g. argillaceous limestones are limestones consisting predominantly of calcium carbonate, but including 10-40% of clay minerals)

Brown soil: is found particularly under dense broadleaved temperate and sub-alpine forests. There occurs a thick layer of humus on the forest floor (made of decomposed leaves, branches, twigs) and the topsoil is extremely rich in humus

Podsolic Soil: soil that has developed in humid/temperate conditions usually under coniferous forests (e.g. deodar, blue pine, fir, spruce) over quartzite, granites, schists and gneiss.

(Citation: Kumaun: The Land and the People, Sharad Singh Negi (1993)

5.4 Disponibilité et qualité de l'eau

La salinité de l'eau est-elle un problème? :

Non

La zone est-elle inondée?

Non

Commentaires et précisions supplémentaires sur la qualité et la quantité d'eau:

Quantity: Water crisis has been a perennial problem in both the rural and urban areas of the Pithoragarh district
There is scarcity of safe drinking water of the villages in the study area. Hand pumps are often not functioning, pipe-water schemes are unreliable and the spring discharges have reduced during the dry season. Hand-pumped water often has a high iron content and bitter taste. Poor quality of groundwater in some of the naulas is mainly due to misuse and/or disuse of the structures.

A block-district groundwater resource estimation could not be carried out as the area is hilly (with slope >20%) and in major part aquifers are small, isolated bodies, and groundwater abstraction is done mainly through hand pumps and springs with small discharges.

However, we collected some physicochemical parameters that indicate the water (sourced from springs) is of good quality:

Water Quality Parameters of Springs:
pH: 6.29-8.18
Temp: 19.0-23.5 ºC
Electrical Conductivity: 109-504 µmsiemens
Total Dissolved Solids: 75-385 ppm

Other Parameters (from springs of nearby district, Champawat)
Electrical Conductivity: 127-222 µmsiemens
pH: 7.69-8.24
Calcium: 16-36 mg/l
Magnesium: 4.9-7.3 mg/l
Bicarbonate: 61-134 mg/l
Chloride: 5.3- 8.9 mg/l
Total Hardness as CaCO3: 70-110 mg/l

Source: Government of India Ministry of Water Resources, Central Ground Water Board, 2009 Groundwater Brochure of Champawat District (2009

5.5 Biodiversité

Commentaires et précisions supplémentaires sur la biodiversité:

Uttarakhand has more than 7000 species of medicinal plants and 500 species of fauna. Floral diversity contributes 31% of total floral density of India. Fauna contributes just 1.58% of the total faunal density of the country. There are 119 endemic species of flowering plants in the state that exhibited 2.35% endemism and 35 faunal endemic species. Because it lies at the juncture of India, Nepal and the Tibeten Autononmous region, there often cases of poaching and smuggling of wildlife contrabands, including bear bile, musk pods and leopard skins through the borders. Yarsa Gumba Ophiocordyceps sinensis, commonly known as Caterpillar Fungus, is also illegally traded transboundary in the region, together with various plant species. Due to anthropogenic impacts, changes is soil quality, and climatic elements, the biodiversity of our study site is not as high as in other areas of the Pithoragarh district.

Citation: Sundriyal, M. & Sharma, B. (2016). Status of Biodiversity in Central Himalaya, Applied Ecology and Environmental Sciences, 4( 2), 37-43.

5.6 Caractéristiques des exploitants des terres appliquant la Technologie

5.7 Superficie moyenne des terres utilisées par les exploitants des terres appliquant la Technologie

5.8 Propriété foncière, droits d’utilisation des terres et de l'eau

Propriété foncière:

• communauté/ village

Droits d’utilisation des terres:

• communautaire (organisé)

Droits d’utilisation de l’eau:

• accès libre (non organisé)
• communautaire (organisé)

Est-ce que les droits d'utilisation des terres sont fondés sur un système juridique traditionnel?

Oui

Précisez:

Under the Kumaun Panchayat forest rules of 1931 (amended in 1976): the Van Panchayat (community forest council) is formed out of non-private land within the settlement boundaries of a village. Accordingly, all villagers are members of the VP upon their approval by a Sub-Divisional Magistrate under the state Revenue Department. The members are collectively referred to as the general body, which selects the management committee members through a democratic process.

Commentaires:

5-9 elected members assume control of the forest and the extent of villager use. They additionally raise funds and mobilize the village to protect and support sustainable land use. Presently 12,089 Van Panchayats are entrusted with the management of over 5,449.64 km2 of forests.

5.9 Accès aux services et aux infrastructures

Commentaires:

The situation of infrastructure is difficult and inconsistent in the hill regions because of the terrain. The major infrastructural issues are drinking water and irrigation facilities, electricity, transportation and communication facilities and social infrastructure (housing and education). As for financial services, only the State Bank of India (SBI) is active in the hill regions where it is trying to achieve the objective of 100% financial inclusion. Some villages mentioned buying into into agricultural insurance in the past, however this was a temporary enterprise and they were never compensated after extreme climatic events that occurred and damaged over 70% of their crop.

Though infrastructure and education has generally improved over the years, institutional and marketing networks in the region aimed at supporting hill-farmers are lacking.

6.1 Impacts sur site que la Technologie a montrés

Impacts socio-économiques

Production

Revenus et coûts

Impacts socioculturels

Impacts écologiques

Cycle de l'eau/ ruissellement

Sols

Biodiversité: végétale, animale

Réduction des risques de catastrophe et des risques climatiques

6.2 Impacts hors site que la Technologie a montrés

6.3 Exposition et sensibilité de la Technologie aux changements progressifs et aux évènements extrêmes/catastrophes liés au climat (telles que perçues par les exploitants des terres)

Changements climatiques progressifs

Changements climatiques progressifs

	Saison	Augmentation ou diminution	Comment la Technologie fait-elle face à cela?
températures annuelles		augmente	bien
précipitations annuelles		décroît	modérément
autre changement climatique progressif	Intensity of rainfall in wet season	augmente	bien

Extrêmes climatiques (catastrophes)

Catastrophes météorologiques

	Comment la Technologie fait-elle face à cela?
pluie torrentielle locale	très bien
orage local	bien
averse de grêle locale	bien
tempête de neige locale	pas connu
tempête de vent locale	bien

Catastrophes climatiques

	Comment la Technologie fait-elle face à cela?
canicule	bien
sécheresse	bien
feu de forêt	bien

Catastrophes hydrologiques

	Comment la Technologie fait-elle face à cela?
crue éclair	modérément
glissement de terrain	modérément

Commentaires:

The functionality of the technology depends on its maintenance. For example, after an extreme hydrological event such as a rainstorm, the trenches and ponds can fill up with sediment and debris. If the structures are not maintained and reconstructed after such damaging events, they lose their purpose.

Similarly, if there is no rain and extreme drought, the structure may be intact with no maintenance. However with no water to collect, the technology has little use.

6.4 Analyse coûts-bénéfices

Quels sont les bénéfices comparativement aux coûts de mise en place (du point de vue des exploitants des terres)?

Quels sont les bénéfices comparativement aux coûts d'entretien récurrents (du point de vue des exploitants des terres)?

Commentaires:

Due to these interventions, spring discharge has improved in the dry season. As villagers are highly reliant on these springs, this has had a huge impact on the community. Establishment and maintenance costs are extremely low compared to the benefits.

6.5 Adoption de la Technologie

• 11-50%

Si disponible, quantifiez (nombre de ménages et/ou superficie couverte):

In combination with the efforts of the Uttarakhand Forrest Department, under the Tata Water Mission (an initiative of Tata Trusts) 312 villages (out of 1,724) in Pithoragarh district have successfully implemented springshed management projects. They adopted a catchment area approach by identifying sources of springs, understanding their history and reason for decreased discharge before identifying areas that need to be rejuvenated.

De tous ceux qui ont adopté la Technologie, combien d'entre eux l'ont fait spontanément, à savoir sans recevoir aucune incitation matérielle, ou aucune rémunération? :

• 0-10%

Commentaires:

Land users received an incentive of 5.30 USD (400INR), which is provided by funds that lie in the joint account between the Van Panchayat and the Uttarakhand State Forest Department. The community has limited access to these funds, and consent is needed to withdraw money for community forest related activities. Due to the time and drudgery to establish the technologies in the appropriate zone (usually far from the village, in the upper catchment area), many villagers will not willingly go out digging trenches and recharge ponds in the forest without incentives or exemplary evidence that these structures will give tangible or immediate benefits.

6.6 Adaptation

La Technologie a-t-elle été récemment modifiée pour s'adapter à l'évolution des conditions?

Oui

Si oui, indiquez à quel changement la Technologie s'est adaptée:

• changements/ extrêmes climatiques

Spécifiez l'adaptation de la Technologie (conception, matériaux/ espèces, etc.):

Water channels were made to direct runoff into the large recharge pond.

6.7 Points forts/ avantages/ possibilités de la Technologie

Points forts/ avantages/ possibilités du point de vue de l'exploitant des terres
Reduces erosion, improves catchment of runoff, increases groundwater availability and aids in spring recharge.
Supports soil quality and broadleaf forest growth through increased infiltration, improved soil moisture and water availability.
Reduces impact of landslides and further downstream damage to settlements (water erosion, siltation)

Points forts/ avantages/ possibilités du point de vue du compilateur ou d'une autre personne ressource clé
Views aligned with land user

6.8 Faiblesses/ inconvénients/ risques de la Technologie et moyens de les surmonter

Faiblesses/ inconvénients/ risques du point de vue de l’exploitant des terres	Comment peuvent-ils être surmontés?
Structural damage of technologies due to extreme hydrological events	Maintenance after such events and application of vegetative measures to complement. Combine with conservation practices like mulching to aid infiltration and deceleration of runoff speed.
Function of technologies are lost when there is no rainfall	In general, biological interventions are necessary to aid groundwater recharge in the area. However, due to increased vegetation cover, soil moisture and available organic matter can be conserved in times of drought.

Faiblesses/ inconvénients/ risques du point de vue du compilateur ou d'une autre personne ressource clé	Comment peuvent-ils être surmontés?
Function of the technologies can be compromised with inappropriate design, site selection, or quantification of the area necessary for significant groundwater recharge (e.g. amount of recharge pond and trenches).	Training and awareness about the limitations of this technology should be known and made aware by supporting agencies. Selection of catchment areas for springsheds and catchment calculations need to be assessed. Additionally, onsite experts should be provided during implementation.

7.1 Méthodes/ sources d'information

7.3 Liens vers les informations pertinentes en ligne

Titre/ description:

Dhara Vikas Handbook: A User Manual for Springshed Development to Revive Himalayan Springs

URL:

https://www.indiawaterportal.org/news/dhara-vikas-handbook-user-manual-springshed-development-revive-himalayan-springs

Titre/ description:

Protocol for Reviving Springs in the Hindu Kush Himalaya: A Practitioner’s Manual

URL:

http://lib.icimod.org/record/34040/files/SpringManual04-2018.pdf

Titre/ description:

Reviving Dying Springs: Climate Change Adaptation Experiments From the Sikkim Himalaya

URL:

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/273670290_Reviving_Dying_Springs_Climate_Change_Adaptation_Experiments_From_the_Sikkim_Himalaya

Titre/ description:

Assessing Landscape Restoration Opportunities for Uttarakhand, June 2018

URL:

https://www.iucn.org/sites/dev/files/content/documents/uttarakhand_restoration_opportunities_assessment_report_june_20181.pdf

Titre/ description:

Stories of Success- narratives from a sacred land

URL:

http://lib.icimod.org/record/32844/files/SuccessStory.pdf