1.2 ព័ត៌មានលម្អិតពីបុគ្គលសំខាន់ៗ និងស្ថាប័នដែលចូលរួមក្នុងការវាយតម្លៃ និងចងក្រងឯកសារនៃបច្ចេកទេស

ឈ្មោះគម្រោងដែលបានចងក្រងឯកសារ/ វាយតម្លៃលើបច្ចេកទេស (បើទាក់ទង)

Central Asian Countries Initiative for Land Management (CACILM I)

ឈ្មោះអង្គភាពមួយ (ច្រើន) ដែលបានចងក្រងឯកសារ/ វាយតម្លៃបច្ចេកទេស (បើទាក់ទង)

Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ) GmbH (GIZ) - ប្រទេសអាល្លឺម៉ង់

1.3 លក្ខខណ្ឌទាក់ទងទៅនឹងការប្រើប្រាស់ទិន្នន័យដែលបានចងក្រងតាមរយៈ វ៉ូខេត

តើពេលណាដែលទិន្នន័យបានចងក្រង (នៅទីវាល)?

03/05/2011

អ្នកចងក្រង និង(បុគ្គលសំខាន់ៗ)យល់ព្រមទទួលយកនូវលក្ខខណ្ឌនានាទាក់ទងទៅនឹងការប្រើប្រាស់ទិន្នន័យដែលបានចងក្រងតាមរយៈវ៉ូខេត:

បាទ/ចា៎

1.5 ការយោងទៅលើកម្រងបញ្ជីសំណួរនៃវិធីសាស្ត្រផ្សព្វផ្សាយ SLM

2.1 ការពណ៌នាដោយសង្ខេបពីបច្ចេកទេស

និយមន័យបច្ចេកទេស:

Protection of reforestation sites (willow, poplar and fruit trees) through living seabuckthorn perimeter fencing on Joint Forestry Management plots.

2.2 ការពណ៌នាលម្អិតពីបច្ចេកទេស

ការពណ៌នា:

In the heavily degraded flood plain forests of the Pamirs in eastern Tajikistan, living fences made out of seabuckthorn are protecting reforestation and Joint Forestry Management (JFM) sites. A living seabuckthorn fence consists of two layers. The outer layer is an instant fence made of thorny seabuсkthorn branches. The purpose of the outer layer is to immediately restrict animal and human access to the reafforestation site. The outer layer also buffers the inner layer of seabuckthorn, which is planted from seabuckthorn seedlings. The inner layer will establish itself over a number of seasons, eventually growing to a height of 1.5-2m. Once established, the seabuckthorn bush provides a low cost sustainable perimeter fence to protect reforestation activities. The bush also produces fruits for processing (in the frame of CACILM)

Purpose of the Technology: The purpose of this technology is to improve heavily degraded forest areas and establish new areas by restricting open access to the human population and preventing uncontrolled livestock grazing. As part of the Joint Forestry Management approach, these reforested areas are leased to the land user providing long-term legal control, as well as income opportunities for the tenants and the State Forestry Agency.

Establishment / maintenance activities and inputs: As part of the Joint Forestry Management approach (TAJ015), land is allocated by the State Forestry Agency to a designated land user. Once the size of the plot is established, a solid fence constructed of off-cuts of seabuckthorn and supported by willow poles is established around the perimeter of the JFM reforestation area. The seabuckthorn branches are fixed together with willow twigs, willow branches or wire and are attached to wooden poles. Once completed, seabuckthorn seedlings are planted at 0.5m intervals along a small irrigation channel on the inner side of the perimeter fence. After a few seasons these seedlings will grow into a natural living fence, which will take over the protection role from the perimeter fence constructed from off-cuts. The reforestion area is planted with branches of willow and poplar and interspersed with fruit trees. Reforestation planting materials are readily available in most parts of GBAO, and the Forestry Agency facilitates free access to seabuckthorn branches, willow branches and wooden poles. If required, wire and tools are provided by the JFM project.

Natural / human environment: The natural forest cover and biological diversity in many areas of GBAO has been significantly degraded. While population density in GBAO is low, natural resources are scarce due to the high altitude mountain environment and the pressure on these resources is great. In Soviet times, the Pamir region was highly dependent on subsidized coal from other parts of the Soviet Union. After independence, coal was no longer available and other fuel had to be sourced. Population pressure, poverty, and the lack of established local level institutions to manage forest lands have rendered forest areas an open access resource where the local population harvests forest products and grazes livestock without regulation. The local Forestry Agencies do not have the capacity to control overuse or to implement sustainable forestry management. As a part of the Joint Forestry Management approach (TAJ015) this SLM technology is a reintroduction of a traditional method for the protection of reforestation sites against livestock and, additionally, it clearly demarcates forest plot ownership and boundaries.

2.3 ​រូបភាពនៃបច្ចេកទេស

2.5 ប្រទេស/តំបន់/ទីតាំងកន្លែង ដែលបច្ចេកទេសត្រូវបានអនុវត្ត និងបានគ្រប់ដណ្តប់ដោយការវាយតម្លៃនេះ

2.6 កាលបរិច្ឆេទនៃការអនុវត្ត

ប្រសិនបើមិនច្បាស់ឆ្នាំ សូមបញ្ជាក់កាលបរិច្ឆេទដែលប្រហាក់ប្រហែល:

• តិចជាង 10ឆ្នាំមុន (ថ្មី)

2.7 ការណែនាំពីបច្ចេកទេស

សូមបញ្ជាក់តើបច្ចេកទេសត្រូវបានណែនាំឱ្យអនុវត្តដោយរបៀបណា:

• តាមរយៈគម្រោង / អន្តរាគមន៍ពីខាងក្រៅ

មតិយោបល់ (ប្រភេទនៃគម្រោង ។ល។):

Living seabuckthorn fencing is a traditional/indigenous method used for many years in the Pamirs. This technology has more recently been promoted by the project for the protection of forest plots under JFM. Similarly, the tree planting techniques used also follow traditionally applied methods in the Pamirs.

3.2 ប្រភេទដីប្រើប្រាស់មួយប្រភេទ (ច្រើនប្រភេទ) ដែលបានអនុវត្តបច្ចេកទេស

មតិយោបល់:

Major land use problems (compiler’s opinion): Open access to forests leads to illegal use and destruction of forests; grazing of livestock within forest areas hinder regeneration of forests.

Major land use problems (land users’ perception): Shortage of fuel wood for cooking and heating; lack of pastures and fodder for maintaining or increasing livestock herds; land degradation and increasing vulnerability to natural hazard periods

Selective felling of (semi-) natural forests: Yes

Plantation forestry: Yes

Problems / comments regarding forest use: For now most of the forest plots are strongly degraded natural and formerly forested areas. So far felling is strongly restricted and permitted only where afforestation is conducted.

Forest products and services: timber, fuelwood, fruits and nuts, other forest products / uses (honey, medical, etc.), nature conservation / protection, protection against natural hazards

Future (final) land use (after implementation of SLM Technology): Forests / woodlands: Fp: Plantations, afforestations

ប្រសិនបើដីមានការប្រែប្រួលបន្ទាប់ពីការអនុវត្តបច្ចេកទេស សូមបញ្ជាក់ពីការប្រើប្រាស់ដីមុនពេលអនុវត្តន៍បច្ចេកទេស:

Mixed: Ms: Silvo-pastoralism

3.3 ព័ត៌មានបន្ថែមអំពីអ្នកប្រើប្រាស់ដី

ចំនួនសារដែលដាំដំណាំក្នុងមួយឆ្នាំ:

• 1

សូមបញ្ជាក់:

Longest growing period in days: 100Longest growing period from month to month: May to July

3.5 ការសាយភាយនៃបច្ចេកទេស

មតិយោបល់:

Total area covered by the SLM Technology is 20 m2.

3.6 វិធានការ SLM ដែលបញ្ចូលនូវបច្ចេកទេស

មតិយោបល់:

Main measures: vegetative measures

Secondary measures: management measures

Type of vegetative measures: aligned: -along boundary

3.7 កំណត់ប្រភេទនៃការធ្លាក់ចុះគុណភាពដីសំខាន់ៗដែលបច្ចេកទេសនេះបានដោះស្រាយ

មតិយោបល់:

Main causes of degradation: deforestation / removal of natural vegetation (incl. forest fires), over-exploitation of vegetation for domestic use, land tenure, governance / institutional (Lack of human and material resources of Forest Agency)

Secondary causes of degradation: overgrazing, population pressure, poverty / wealth, war and conflicts (Lack of energy resources during civil war)

3.8 ការពារ កាត់បន្ថយ ឬស្តារឡើងវិញនៃការធ្លាក់ចុះគុណភាពដី

មតិយោបល់:

Main goals: rehabilitation / reclamation of denuded land

Secondary goals: prevention of land degradation, mitigation / reduction of land degradation

4.1 គំនូសបច្ចេកទេសនៃបច្ចេកទេសនេះ

4.2 លក្ខណៈពិសេសនៃបច្ចេកទេស/ ពណ៌នាពីគំនូរបច្ចេកទេស

Living seabuckthorn fence: The dead part of the fence prevents livestock from entering the forest plot, while in the long run the planted seedlings take over this role by forming a dense living seabuckthorn barrier.

Location: -. Gorno Badakhshan, Tajikistan

Date: February 2011

Technical knowledge required for field staff / advisors: low

Technical knowledge required for land users: moderate (It is not a difficult technology to implement.)

Main technical functions: improvement of ground cover, stabilisation of soil (eg by tree roots against land slides), increase of biomass (quantity)

Secondary technical functions: increase / maintain water stored in soil, water harvesting / increase water supply, water spreading, reduction in wind speed, promotion of vegetation species and varieties (quality, eg palatable fodder)

Aligned: -along boundary
Vegetative material: T : trees / shrubs
Number of plants per (ha): 400-800
Vertical interval within rows / strips / blocks (m): 0.5

Trees/ shrubs species: seabuckthorn (Hippophae rhamnoides)

Change of land use type: Enclosure of the plot, change from grazing to forest

Change of land use practices / intensity level: Change from open access to controlled access (fence)

Control / change of species composition

4.3 ព័ត៌មានទូទៅដែលពាក់ព័ន្ធនឹងការគណនាធាតុចូល និងថ្លៃដើម

ផ្សេងៗ/ រូបិយប័ណ្ណជាតិ (បញ្ជាក់):

Tajik Somoni

កំណត់អត្រាប្តូរប្រាក់ពីដុល្លាទៅរូបិយប័ណ្ណតំបន់ (បើទាក់ទង)៖ 1 ដុល្លារ =:

4,5

4.4 សកម្មភាពបង្កើត

	សកម្មភាព	ប្រភេទវិធានការ	ពេលវេលា
1.	Establishment of living seabuckthorn fence	សារពើរុក្ខជាតិ	Any time
2.	Planting of poplar and willows	សារពើរុក្ខជាតិ	early spring
3.	Planting of fruit trees	សារពើរុក្ខជាតិ	early spring

4.5 ថ្លៃដើម និងធាតុចូលដែលត្រូវការសម្រាប់ការបង្កើតបច្ចេកទេស

	បញ្ជាក់ពីធាតុចូល	ឯកតា	បរិមាណ	ថ្លៃដើមក្នុងមួយឯកតា	ថ្លៃធាតុចូលសរុប	% នៃថ្លៃដើមដែលចំណាយដោយអ្នកប្រើប្រាស់ដី
កម្លាំងពលកម្ម	Establishment of living seabuckthorn fence	Mandays	160,0	6,6625	1066,0	100,0
កម្លាំងពលកម្ម	Planting of poplar and willows	Mandays	40,0	6,65	266,0	100,0
កម្លាំងពលកម្ម	Planting of fruit trees	Mandays	3,0	6,666	20,0	100,0
សម្ភារៈ	Tools	piece	4,0	5,5	22,0
សម្ភារៈដាំដុះ	Seedlings Seabuckthorn	piece	2000,0	0,2225	445,0
សម្ភារៈដាំដុះ	Seedlings of poplar and willows	piece	1200,0	0,22166	265,99
សម្ភារៈដាំដុះ	Seedlings fruit trees	piece	50,0	1,11	55,5	100,0
សម្ភារៈសាងសង់	Wood	360 cub per m	1000,0	0,8	800,0
សម្ភារៈសាងសង់	Wire	m	1000,0	0,111	111,0
ថ្លៃដើមសរុបក្នុងការបង្កើតបច្ចេកទេស					3051,49

មតិយោបល់:

Duration of establishment phase: 1 month(s)

4.6 សកម្មភាពថែទាំ

	សកម្មភាព	ប្រភេទវិធានការ	ពេលវេលា/ ភាពញឹកញាប់
1.	Fence repair	សារពើរុក្ខជាតិ	spring, annually
2.	Plant tending	សារពើរុក្ខជាតិ	spring, annually

4.7 កំណត់ថ្លៃដើមសម្រាប់ការថែទាំ/ សកម្មភាពរបស់បច្ចេកទេស (ក្នុងរយៈពេលមួយឆ្នាំ)

	បញ្ជាក់ពីធាតុចូល	ឯកតា	បរិមាណ	ថ្លៃដើមក្នុងមួយឯកតា	ថ្លៃធាតុចូលសរុប	% នៃថ្លៃដើមដែលចំណាយដោយអ្នកប្រើប្រាស់ដី
កម្លាំងពលកម្ម	Fence repair	Mandays	3,0	6,666	20,0	100,0
កម្លាំងពលកម្ម	Plant tending	Mandays	4,0	6,75	27,0	100,0
សម្ភារៈ	Tools	piece	2,0	13,5	27,0
សម្ភារៈដាំដុះ						8,0
សម្ភារៈសាងសង់	Wood	2 cub per m	1000,0	0,0089	8,9	100,0
សម្ភារៈសាងសង់	Wire	meter	10,0	0,1	1,0	100,0
ថ្លៃដើមសរុបសម្រាប់ការថែទាំដំណាំតាមបច្ចេកទេស					83,9

មតិយោបល់:

Machinery/ tools: Spades, scissors, picks, gloves, planting bars.

The costs were calculated for 1000m of live seabuckthorn fence and approximately 1ha of tree planting, including 50 fruit trees and 1200 poplars and willows. Costs were calculated in April 2011. It is assumed that seabuckthorn and wood for poles are readily available on the forest plot or can be provided by the State Forestry Agency from nearby plots. Seedlings needed for the live part of the fence are very small parts of seabuckthorn plants, which are available as well wherever seabuckthorn grows. Tools are provided through the Joint Forestry Management project for the period they are needed for construction and maintenance. The mentioned enrichment plantings do not apply to every plot to the same extent. These also highly depend on the motivation and interest of the tenant.

4.8 កត្តាសំខាន់បំផុតដែលមានឥទ្ធិពលដល់ការចំណាយ

ពណ៌នាពីកត្តាប៉ះពាល់ចម្បងៗទៅលើថ្លៃដើម:

The seabuckthorn seedlings are readily available in the area of implementation and incur no financial cost to the forest tenant. The labour is provided by the forest tenant. Labour is potentially a major expense if the land user must pay for it. Factors that contribute to the amount of labour required include the distance the seabuckthorn wood and seedlings have to be transported and the soil texture for the digging of a trench for the erection of the fence.
So far, the material needed for fencing and tree planting has been provided free of charge by the Forestry Agency. The only financial cost to the land user is the cost of the fruit trees, approximately 5 som per sapling. The land is provided by the Forestry Agency free of charge, however percentages of harvested forest products have to be paid to the Forestry Agency as the land owner's share.

5.1 អាកាសធាតុ

5.2 សណ្ឋានដី

បញ្ជាក់ថាតើបច្ចេកទេសនេះត្រូវបានអនុវត្តន៍នៅក្នុង:

• សណ្ឋានដីប៉ោង

មតិយោបល់ និងបញ្ចាក់បន្ថែមអំពីសណ្ឋានដី :

Footslopes only where there is sufficient water coming from the gorges. Flood plain forests in the valley floors (convex). Flood plain forests in valley floors, flat areas.

5.3 ដី

5.4 ទឹកដែលអាចទាញមកប្រើប្រាស់បាន និងគុណភាពទឹក

តើមានបញ្ហាភាពទឹកប្រៃហូរចូលមកដែរឬទេ?

ទេ

5.5 ជីវៈចម្រុះ

5.6 លក្ខណៈនៃអ្នកប្រើប្រាស់ដីដែលអនុវត្តបច្ចេកទេស

សូមបញ្ជាក់ពីលក្ខណៈពាក់ព័ន្ធផ្សេងទៀតអំពីអ្នកប្រើប្រាស់ដី:

Land users applying the Technology are mainly common / average land users

Difference in the involvement of women and men: Women are encouraged to participate, but as the work consists in rather strenuous forestry work, it is mainly applied by men.

Population density: < 10 persons/km2

Annual population growth: 1% - 2%

10% of the land users are average wealthy.
80% of the land users are poor (mostly villagers with no formal employment).
10% of the land users are poor.

Off-farm income specification: Mostly subsistence farming. Income mainly from remittances and formal employment.

5.7 ទំហំផ្ទៃដីជាមធ្យមនៃដីផ្ទាល់ខ្លួន ឬជួលគេដែលបានអនុវត្ត​បច្ចេកទេស

5.8 ភាពជាម្ចាស់ដី កម្មសិទ្ធប្រើប្រាស់ដី និងកម្មសិទ្ធប្រើប្រាស់ទឹក

ភាពជាម្ចាស់ដី:

• រដ្ឋ

កម្មសិទ្ធិប្រើប្រាស់ដី:

• កិច្ចសន្យាជួល

កម្មសិទ្ធប្រើប្រាស់ទឹក:

• ជាក្រុម (មានដែនកំណត់)

មតិយោបល់:

Forest plots of the State Forestry Agency are leased to local forest tenants according to the procedure described in the approach TAJ015 "Joint Forestry Management". Therefore the tenants hold 20-years management and user rights specified in the contract for the leased plots. The technology is applied on these forest plots leased by the State Forestry Agency. Water use rights are strictly regulated on a communal basis, whereas use rights for forest plots have to be negotiated on a communal basis as well.

5.9 ការប្រើប្រាស់សេវាកម្ម និងហេដ្ឋារចនាសម្ព័ន្ធ

6.1 ផលប៉ះពាល់ក្នុងបរិវេណអនុវត្តបច្ចេកទេសដែលកើតមាន

ផលប៉ះពាល់លើសេដ្ឋកិច្ចសង្គម

ផលិតផល

ទឹកដែលអាចទាញមកប្រើប្រាស់បាន និងគុណភាពទឹក

ចំណូល និងថ្លៃដើម

ផលប៉ះពាល់ទៅលើវប្បធម៌សង្គម

ផលប៉ះពាល់ទៅលើអេកូឡូស៊ី

វដ្តទឹក/លំហូរ

ដី

ជីវចម្រុះ៖ ដំណាំ, សត្វ

ការកាត់បន្ថយហានិភ័យនៃគ្រោះមហន្តរាយ និងគ្រោះអាកាសធាតុ

6.2 ផលប៉ះពាល់ក្រៅបរិវេណអនុវត្តបច្ចេកទេសដែលកើតមាន

6.3 ភាពប្រឈម និងភាពរួសនៃបច្ចេកទេសទៅនឹងការប្រែប្រួលអាកាសធាតុ និងគ្រោះអាកាសធាតុ/ គ្រោះមហន្តរាយ (ដែលដឹងដោយអ្នកប្រើប្រាស់ដី)

ការប្រែប្រួលអាកាសធាតុ

ការប្រែប្រួលអាកាសធាតុ

	រដូវកាល	ប្រភេទនៃការប្រែប្រួលអាកាសធាតុ/ព្រឹត្តិការណ៍	លក្ខណៈឆ្លើយតបនៃបច្ចេកទេសទៅនឹងការប្រែប្រួលអាកាសធាតុ
សីតុណ្ហភាពប្រចាំឆ្នាំ		កើនឡើង	ល្អ

គ្រោះអាកាសធាតុ (មហន្តរាយ) ​

គ្រោះមហន្តរាយធម្មជាតិ

	លក្ខណៈឆ្លើយតបនៃបច្ចេកទេសទៅនឹងការប្រែប្រួលអាកាសធាតុ
ព្យុះភ្លៀងតាមតំបន់	មិនល្អ
ព្យុះកំបុតត្បូងតាមតំបន់	ល្អ

គ្រោះមហន្តរាយអាកាសធាតុ

	លក្ខណៈឆ្លើយតបនៃបច្ចេកទេសទៅនឹងការប្រែប្រួលអាកាសធាតុ
រាំងស្ងួត	មិនល្អ

គ្រោះមហន្តរាយទឹក

	លក្ខណៈឆ្លើយតបនៃបច្ចេកទេសទៅនឹងការប្រែប្រួលអាកាសធាតុ
ទឹកជំនន់ទូទៅ (ទន្លេ)	មិនល្អ

ផលវិបាកដែលទាក់ទងនឹងបរិយាកាសផ្សេងៗទៀត

ផលវិបាកដែលទាក់ទងនឹងបរិយាកាសផ្សេងៗទៀត

	លក្ខណៈឆ្លើយតបនៃបច្ចេកទេសទៅនឹងការប្រែប្រួលអាកាសធាតុ
កាត់បន្ថយពេលដាំដុះ	មិនល្អ

6.4 ការវិភាគថ្លៃដើម និងអត្ថប្រយោជន៍

តើផលចំណេញ និងថ្លៃដើមត្រូវបានប្រៀបធៀបគ្នាយ៉ាងដូចម្តេច (ទស្សនៈរបស់អ្នកប្រើប្រាស់ដី)?

តើផលចំណេញ និងការថែទាំ/ ជួសជុលត្រូវបានប្រៀបធៀបគ្នាយ៉ាងដូចម្តេច (ទស្សនៈរបស់អ្នកប្រើប្រាស់ដី)?

6.5 ការទទួលយកបច្ចេកទេស

• ច្រើនជាង 50%

បើអាច សូមបញ្ជាក់ពីបរិមាណ (ចំនួនគ្រួសារ និង/ ឬតំបន់គ្របដណ្តប់):

80% = 333 number of land user families / 85% of the area

ក្នុងចំណោមគ្រួសារទាំងអស់ដែលអនុវត្តបច្ចេកទេស តើមានប៉ុន្មាន​គ្រួសារ​ដែល​ចង់​ធ្វើ​ដោយ​ខ្លួន​ឯង ដោយមិន​ទទួល​បាន​សម្ភារៈ​លើក​​ទឹកចិត្ត/​ប្រាក់ឧបត្ថម្ភ?​:

• 50-90%

មតិយោបល់:

20% of land user families have adopted the Technology with external material support

83 land user families have adopted the Technology with external material support

Comments on acceptance with external material support: Material support was only provided where necessary inputs were not available but fencing nonetheless was crucial for the rehabilitation of the site.

80% of land user families have adopted the Technology without any external material support

333 land user families have adopted the Technology without any external material support

Comments on spontaneous adoption: For some forest areas a fence was established around the whole forest plot (not around each tenants individual plot), significantly reducing the workload as compared to the calculated costs.

There is a moderate trend towards spontaneous adoption of the Technology

6.7 ភាពខ្លាំង/ គុណសម្បត្តិ/ ឱកាសនៃបច្ចេកទេស

ភាពខ្លាំង/ គុណសម្បត្តិ/ ឱកាសនៅកន្លែងរបស់អ្នកប្រើប្រាស់ដី
Ownership for a demarcated forest plot. How can they be sustained / enhanced? Support trust in the ownership among tenants, effective collaboration with the Forestry Agency.
Increased income opportunities if regeneration of forests is improved, and legal access to fuelwood for subsistence. How can they be sustained / enhanced? Support the establishment of marketing opportunities.
Technology is easy to implement and non-available materials are provided. How can they be sustained / enhanced? Encourage building of living seabuckthorn fences and provide access to places where building materials are available.

ភាពខ្លាំង/ គុណសម្បត្តិ/ ឱកាស​ ទស្សនៈរបស់បុគ្គលសំខាន់ៗ
Use of locally available material and indigenous species, therefore low level of external input. How can they be sustained / enhanced? Support availability and spatial distribution of seabuckthorn for fencing, establish nurseries for seabuckthorn seedlings.
Implementation and promotion of traditionally used technology. How can they be sustained / enhanced? Training to show advantages and sustainability of the traditional fencing technique.
Effective protection of forest areas, protection of planted seedlings, support of natural regeneration. How can they be sustained / enhanced? Support the establishment of marketing opportunities for forest products and highlight the increased income and harvest opportunities if forests are protected and growing well.
Sustainability through the planting of seabuckthorn seedlings and the evolution towards a living seabuckthorn fence. How can they be sustained / enhanced? Highlight the lower maintenance costs once the fence is naturally growing and dense.
Potential for further processing of seabuckthorn. How can they be sustained / enhanced? Support the establishment of sustainable and market-oriented structures for seabuckthorn and other NTFP processing.

6.8 ភាពខ្សោយ/ គុណវិបត្តិ/ ហានិភ័យនៃបច្ចេកទេស និងវិធីសាស្ត្រដោះស្រាយ

ភាពខ្សោយ/ គុណវិបត្តិ/ ហានិភ័យ ទស្សនៈរបស់អ្នកប្រើប្រាស់ដី	តើបច្ចេកទេសទាំងនោះបានដោះស្រាយបញ្ហាដូចម្តេច?
Livestock cannot be grazed on forest areas.	Trainings and participatory discussions on opportunities to increase fodder and pasture availability, including "cut and carry" systems and increased production of perennial and other fodder crops within the forest plots.
High workload for fencing and planting.	Highlight the longterm income and subsistence opportunities when increased amounts of forest products can be harvested and support the creation of value chains and marketing options for forest products.

ភាពខ្សោយ/ គុណវិបត្តិ/ ហានិភ័យ ទស្សនៈរបស់អ្នកចងក្រងឬបុគ្គលសំខាន់ៗ	តើបច្ចេកទេសទាំងនោះបានដោះស្រាយបញ្ហាដូចម្តេច?
Conflicts might arise within the village between the interest of protecting and supporting regeneration of the forest and the interest of villagers to graze their livestock on the forest plots.	Facilitation of integrated land management including forestry, pasture management and irrigation; facilitation of civil society organization formation.