ទម្រង់នេះគឺហួសសម័យ ជាទម្រង់ដែលអសកម្ម។ ទៅកាន់ទម្រង់បច្ចុប្បន្ន
បច្ចេកទេស
អសកម្ម

Keyhole Garden [ប្រទេសបង់ក្លាដែស]

  • ការបង្កើត៖
  • បច្ចុប្បន្នភាព
  • អ្នកចងក្រង៖
  • អ្នកកែសម្រួល៖
  • អ្នកត្រួតពិនិត្យច្រើនទៀត៖ , ,

PUSTI BAGAN ("Garden for nutrition")

technologies_779 - ប្រទេសបង់ក្លាដែស

ពិនិត្យមើលគ្រប់ផ្នែក

ពង្រីកមើលទាំងអស់ បង្រួមទាំងអស់
ភាពពេញលេញ៖ 96%

1. ព័ត៌មានទូទៅ

1.2 ព័ត៌មានលម្អិតពីបុគ្គលសំខាន់ៗ និងស្ថាប័នដែលចូលរួមក្នុងការវាយតម្លៃ និងចងក្រងឯកសារនៃបច្ចេកទេស

បុគ្គលសំខាន់ម្នាក់ (ច្រើននាក់)

WASH/DRR Advisor:
អ្នកជំនាញឯកទេស SLM:

Varadi Daniel

daniel.varadi@greendots.ch

Greendots

www.greendots.ch

ប្រទេសស្វ៊ីស

អ្នកជំនាញឯកទេស SLM:

Taylor Sheila

sheila.taylor@greendots.ch

Send a Cow UK & Greendots

WASH Advisor:
ឈ្មោះគម្រោងដែលបានចងក្រងឯកសារ/ វាយតម្លៃលើបច្ចេកទេស (បើទាក់ទង)
Book project: where people and their land are safer - A Compendium of Good Practices in Disaster Risk Reduction (DRR) (where people and their land are safer)
ឈ្មោះអង្គភាពមួយ (ច្រើន) ដែលបានចងក្រងឯកសារ/ វាយតម្លៃបច្ចេកទេស (បើទាក់ទង)
Terre des Hommes (Terre des Hommes) - ប្រទេសស្វ៊ីស

1.3 លក្ខខណ្ឌទាក់ទងទៅនឹងការប្រើប្រាស់ទិន្នន័យដែលបានចងក្រងតាមរយៈ វ៉ូខេត

តើពេលណាដែលទិន្នន័យបានចងក្រង (នៅទីវាល)?

02/08/2012

អ្នកចងក្រង និង(បុគ្គលសំខាន់ៗ)យល់ព្រមទទួលយកនូវលក្ខខណ្ឌនានាទាក់ទងទៅនឹងការប្រើប្រាស់ទិន្នន័យដែលបានចងក្រងតាមរយៈវ៉ូខេត:

បាទ/ចា៎

1.4 សេចក្តីប្រកាសស្តីពីចីរភាពនៃការពណ៌នាពីបច្ចេកទេស

តើបច្ចេកទេសដែលបានពណ៌នានេះមានបញ្ហាដែលផ្តោតលើការធ្លាក់ចុះគុណភាពដី, បើដូច្នេះវាមិនអាចត្រូវបានប្រកាសថាជាបច្ចេកទេសនៃការគ្រប់គ្រងប្រកបដោយចីរភាពទេ?

ទេ

1.5 ការយោងទៅលើកម្រងបញ្ជីសំណួរនៃវិធីសាស្ត្រផ្សព្វផ្សាយ SLM

Peer to Peer Pass-on Approach with Women
approaches

Peer to Peer Pass-on Approach with Women [ប្រទេសបង់ក្លាដែស]

Terre des hommes and Greendots introduced the Peer to Peer pass-on system to enable women's groups in Bangladesh to spread the Keyhole Garden technique within their communities with the aim of enabling year-round homestead vegetable production despite the risk of flooding and tidal surge.

  • អ្នកចងក្រង៖ John Brogan

2. ការពណ៌នាពីបច្ចេកទេស SLM

2.1 ការពណ៌នាដោយសង្ខេបពីបច្ចេកទេស

និយមន័យបច្ចេកទេស:

The Keyhole Garden model of homestead vegetable cultivation enhances the resilience of families living in areas with climate-related hazards, such as flooding and drought. Keyhole gardens have been shown to increase vegetable production in all seasons, thereby improving household food autonomy and dietary diversity.

2.2 ការពណ៌នាលម្អិតពីបច្ចេកទេស

ការពណ៌នា:

First initiated in Ugandan communities by Send a Cow UK, the keyhole garden technique is widespread in Africa. In 2011, Terre des hommes (Tdh) and Greendots piloted Keyhole Gardens for the first time in Asia, effectively adapting the design and methodology in Africa to the conditions of flood prone areas of Bangladesh, and eventually India. The garden is a good way to enhance dietary diversity, especially for poor/landless families.

Keyhole gardens consist of a raised circular garden made of clay, shaped like a horseshoe or keyhole, with a maximum diameter of approximately three meters. For flood prone areas in Bangladesh and India, the plinth height depends on the location and is typically the same as the house plinth to resist flooding. A compost basket is built at the center of the garden. Organic matter (kitchen cuttings) and residual water are added on a regular basis through the compost pit. In some countries, bricks or stones are used to make the plinth.

The keyhole garden is a typical Low External Input Sustainable Agriculture (LEISA) approach that includes integrated composting, water retention, use of local materials, natural pest and disease control techniques, natural soil fertility measures, and proximity to the kitchen for both harvesting and care of the garden. In regions with mild conditions of flooding, tidal surge and drought, the garden increases the duration of gardening period during the year thus reducing the risk of disaster. In the aftermath of cyclone Mahasen, keyhole gardens demonstrated DRR utility: although many were partially damaged, none had to be rebuilt entirely. Where plants did not survive the storm, users were able to sow seeds immediately. On the other hand, the traditional ground-level plots used for pit and heap gardening were completely flooded / waterlogged and unusable.

Benefits of the technology include: compact size, proximity to the household for convenient maintenance and harvesting, composting of kitchen cuttings in the basket; and an ergonomic structure (raised, accessible). The small size is also ideal to facilitate training on vegetable growing, soil fertility and pest & disease management to first-time gardeners and students in schools. Keyhole gardens are highly productive—in Lesotho a typical garden can satisfy vegetable needs for a family of eight persons (FAO, 2008). Combined, these factors are scalable as an appropriate technology for landless and marginal farmers. In Bangladesh, the gardens enabled families to produce vegetables even during the monsoon period. As the keyhole garden normally does not need to be rebuilt every year it is a more efficient technique in the long-term than traditional methods such as pit and heap.

Users say that their garden produce tends to be larger and tastier than conventional gardens or market produce; and many indicated that they were able to meet their own vegetable consumption needs and to sell surplus or gift vegetables. For some women it was difficult to access sufficient amounts of soil, which meant that they needed to walk long distances to build the plinth. (Fortunately many received support from other villagers.) Secondly, during the monsoon, while most of the land is flooded, the keyhole garden remains dry. Consequently, it may provide shelter to certain animals (e.g. rats) and attract higher number of pests. Regardless of these two limitations users agree that the benefits greatly
outweigh any observed limitations.

2.3 ​រូបភាពនៃបច្ចេកទេស

2.4 វីដេអូនៃបច្ចេកទេស

ការពណ៌នាសង្ខេប:

https://vimeo.com/44042261
The Keyhole garden was originally developed by African farmers to preserve their crops from the wind and the sand. Locally adapted in Bangladesh in Afzal’s vegetables garden with the help of Terre des hommes staff, the Keyhole garden can also protect the crops from the heavy monsoon rain and the salt water brought by flooding and storms. These literally destroy the crops. Widely adopted, it could help in preventing malnutrition by preserving the farmer's crops.

“Two days ago, my vegetable garden was wrecked by salt water and the monsoon rains”, says Afzal, who was the first person to test the new design proposed by Tdh and its technical partner Greendots. “The storm destroyed everything – except the keyhole garden, which is intact.”

កាលបរិច្ឆេទ:

14/06/2012

ទីតាំង:

Patharghata, Barguna District, Barisal Division, Bangladesh

ឈ្មោះអ្នកថតវីឌីអូ:

Julien Lambert, Image of Dignity

2.5 ប្រទេស/តំបន់/ទីតាំងកន្លែង ដែលបច្ចេកទេសត្រូវបានអនុវត្ត និងបានគ្រប់ដណ្តប់ដោយការវាយតម្លៃនេះ

ប្រទេស:

ប្រទេសបង់ក្លាដែស

តំបន់/រដ្ឋ/ខេត្ត:

Kurigram District / Rajshahi and Barguna District / Barisal

បញ្ជាក់បន្ថែមពីលក្ខណៈនៃទីតាំង:

Kurigram municipality (Kurigram), Patharghata Union (Barguna)

មតិយោបល់:

Kurigram and Pataharghata, Bangladesh

2.6 កាលបរិច្ឆេទនៃការអនុវត្ត

បង្ហាញឆ្នាំនៃការចុះអនុវត្ត:

2012

2.7 ការណែនាំពីបច្ចេកទេស

សូមបញ្ជាក់តើបច្ចេកទេសត្រូវបានណែនាំឱ្យអនុវត្តដោយរបៀបណា:
  • តាមរយៈការបង្កើតថ្មីរបស់អ្នកប្រើប្រាស់ដី
  • ពេលកំពុងពិសោធន៍
  • តាមរយៈគម្រោង / អន្តរាគមន៍ពីខាងក្រៅ

3. ចំណាត់ថ្នាក់នៃបច្ចេកទេស SLM

3.1 គោលបំណងចម្បង (១​ ឬច្រើន)​ នៃបច្ចេកទេសនេះ

  • ធ្វើឱ្យប្រសើរឡើងនូវផលិតកម្ម
  • កាត់បន្ថយហានិភ័យនៃគ្រោះមហន្តរាយ
  • បន្ស៊ាំទៅនឹងការប្រែប្រួលអាកាសធាតុ/គ្រោះមហន្តរាយ និងផលប៉ះពាល់របស់វា
  • កាត់បន្ថយការប្រែប្រួលអាកាសធាតុ និងផលប៉ះពាល់របស់វា

3.2 ប្រភេទដីប្រើប្រាស់មួយប្រភេទ (ច្រើនប្រភេទ) ដែលបានអនុវត្តបច្ចេកទេស

ដីដាំដំណាំ

ដីដាំដំណាំ

  • Homestead Gardening
ដំណាំចម្បង (ដំណាំកសិ-ឧស្សាហកម្ម និងដំណាំស្បៀង) :

Winter Season: red amaranth, spinach, green chilli, tomato, eggplant, carrot, radish, onion, garlic, country bean, pumpkin, cabbage, cauliflower, broccoli.

Summer & Rainy Seasons: red amaranth, green amaranth, Indian spinach, Chinese watercress, green chili, okra, eggplant, yard long bean, bitter gourd, ash gourd, cucumber, pumpkin

3.3 ព័ត៌មានបន្ថែមអំពីអ្នកប្រើប្រាស់ដី

ការផ្គត់ផ្គង់ទឹកនៅកន្លែងអនុវត្តបច្ចេកទេស:
  • ទឹកភ្លៀង និងប្រព័ន្ធស្រោចស្រព
ចំនួនសារដែលដាំដំណាំក្នុងមួយឆ្នាំ:
  • 3
សូមបញ្ជាក់:

In Bangladesh the gardens produced in all seasons, with most challenges coming in the dry season due to soil salinity in some areas.

3.4 ក្រុម SLM ដែលបច្ចេកទេសស្ថិតនៅក្នុង

  • ការគ្រប់គ្រងជីជាតិដីតាមបែបចម្រុះ
  • បញ្ចូលការគ្រប់គ្រងសត្វល្អិត និងជំងឺតាមបែបចម្រុះ (រួមទាំង កសិកម្មសរីរាង្គ)
  • គេហសួន

3.5 ការសាយភាយនៃបច្ចេកទេស

បញ្ជាក់ពីការសាយភាយនៃបច្ចេកទេស:
  • អនុវត្តនៅកន្លែងជាក់លាក់មួយ/ ប្រមូលផ្តុំនៅតំបន់តូចៗ
មតិយោបល់:

Applied in homesteads.

3.6 វិធានការ SLM ដែលបញ្ចូលនូវបច្ចេកទេស

វិធានការក្សេត្រសាស្ត្រ

វិធានការក្សេត្រសាស្ត្រ

  • A1: ដំណាំ/គម្របដី
  • A2: សារធាតុសរីរាង្គ/ជីជាតិដី
វិធានការរចនាស័ម្ពន្ធ

វិធានការរចនាស័ម្ពន្ធ

  • S11: ផ្សេងៗ

3.7 កំណត់ប្រភេទនៃការធ្លាក់ចុះគុណភាពដីសំខាន់ៗដែលបច្ចេកទេសនេះបានដោះស្រាយ

ការហូរច្រោះដីដោយសារទឹក

ការហូរច្រោះដីដោយសារទឹក

  • Wt: ការបាត់ដីស្រទាប់លើដោយការហូរច្រោះ

3.8 ការពារ កាត់បន្ថយ ឬស្តារឡើងវិញនៃការធ្លាក់ចុះគុណភាពដី

បញ្ជាក់ពីគោលដៅរបស់បច្ចេកទេស ដែលផ្តោតទៅការធ្លាក់ចុះគុណភាពដី:
  • ការការពារការធ្លាក់ចុះគុណភាពដី
  • ការកាត់បន្ថយការធ្លាក់ចុះគុណភាពដី
មតិយោបល់:

See details in section 2.2

4. បច្ចេកទេសជាក់លាក់ សកម្មភាពអនុវត្ត ធាតុចូល និងថ្លៃដើម

4.1 គំនូសបច្ចេកទេសនៃបច្ចេកទេសនេះ

ឈ្មោះអ្នកនិពន្ធ:

Sam Rich: www.fourthway.co.uk

កាលបរិច្ឆេទ:

13/05/2012

ឈ្មោះអ្នកនិពន្ធ:

Sam Rich: www.fourthway.co.uk

កាលបរិច្ឆេទ:

13/05/2012

ឈ្មោះអ្នកនិពន្ធ:

BBC Media Action Bangladesh

កាលបរិច្ឆេទ:

09/06/2014

4.2 លក្ខណៈពិសេសនៃបច្ចេកទេស/ ពណ៌នាពីគំនូរបច្ចេកទេស

Gardens should be built in close vicinity to the beneficiary’s house, because gardens that are easily accessible and clearly visible are visited more regularly and maintained better.

The design is highly adaptable to local conditions and availability of free construction materials. The radius of the garden is 150CM and the delineated radius of the circular compost basket (in the center of the garden) is 45cm. The diagrams show (1) the location is near to house as an entry point for maintaining the garden; (2) the plinth is built to the same level of the house and a step is included where the plinth is high; (3) mulching to conserve the moisture; (4) interplanting a diversity of vegetables for both good vegetable health and good family nutrition; (5) using interplanted natural repellent plants as pest control for vegetables; (6) covering the basket during times of high sun intensity or heavy rain; (7) using liquid manures and plant teas as top dressing fertilisers.

Establishing what is the best height for your plinth very much depends on the local climatological conditions. In Bangladesh, the plinth is built from subsurface clayey soil, typically 2-3 feet in height - dependent on the location and level of seasonal flooding. The house plinth is a good gauge for how high to build the garden plinth. If the plinth is built too high, the roots of the plant will not be able to access sufficient water; and if built too low the next flood during the monsoon season may destroy the garden. Depending on dryness or soil/groundwater salinity, daily maintenance usually includes irrigating the soil. The outer rim of the plinth is protected with mud (and plastic or cloth) or stones. On top of the plinth is a mixture of soil and compost/manure (ratio 2:1) sloped up to the basket at a 30 - 40 degree angle. The central compost basket is filled with layers of fresh and dried vegetable matter, manure and ash to ensure that the soil fertility of the garden.

Women devised a number of different solutions to protecting the wall of the plinth and garden: Plastic bags, a combination of rice sacks (around the plinth edge) and plastic entrance way because of wear and tear (rice sacks erode faster), palm matting and old cloth. Some women put extra manure in the plinth walls to protect against flooding.

Sam Rich (www.fourthway.co.uk) has produced other technical drawings in addition to "How to Make Liquid Manure" such as: "How to make a Natural Pesticide" and "How to Make Plant Tea". There is also a version of the "How to Make a Keyhole Garden" in English from the experience in Africa.



4.3 ព័ត៌មានទូទៅដែលពាក់ព័ន្ធនឹងការគណនាធាតុចូល និងថ្លៃដើម

កំណត់របៀបនៃការគណនាថ្លៃដើម និងធាតុចូល:
  • ក្នុងឯកតាបច្ចេកទេស
បញ្ជាក់ឯកតា:

Keyhole Garden

កំណត់រូបិយប័ណ្ណសម្រាប់ថ្លៃដើម:
  • ដុល្លារអាមេរិក
កំណត់ថ្លៃឈ្នួលជាមធ្យមនៃការជួលកម្លាំងពលកម្មក្នុងមួយថ្ងៃ:

U.S.$2.50

4.4 សកម្មភាពបង្កើត

សកម្មភាព ប្រភេទវិធានការ ពេលវេលា
1. Clear land; mark out basket and external boundary using rope and stick pivoted from the centre) រចនាសម្ព័ន្ធ Anytime
2. Build plinth (highest monsoon flood level+30cm); រចនាសម្ព័ន្ធ Anytime
3. Construct basket at the centre from local materials. Fill basket with composting materials; រចនាសម្ព័ន្ធ Anytime
4. Bring soil and heap it around the central basket. Any available animal dung can also be added into the soil mix for greater initial productivity. រចនាសម្ព័ន្ធ Anytime
5. Plant vegetable seeds around the garden - a mix for good family nutrition and to stop the spread of pests and diseases; ក្សេត្រសាស្ត្រ According to the seasonal varieties
6. Mulch between plants to protect the soil. ក្សេត្រសាស្ត្រ Anytime
7. Protect the walls with rice sacks or other waterproof protection if neccessary. រចនាសម្ព័ន្ធ Anytime

4.5 ថ្លៃដើម និងធាតុចូលដែលត្រូវការសម្រាប់ការបង្កើតបច្ចេកទេស

បញ្ជាក់ពីធាតុចូល ឯកតា បរិមាណ ថ្លៃដើមក្នុងមួយឯកតា ថ្លៃធាតុចូលសរុប % នៃថ្លៃដើមដែលចំណាយដោយអ្នកប្រើប្រាស់ដី
កម្លាំងពលកម្ម Building the garden person-days 3,0 2,5 7,5 100,0
សម្ភារៈសាងសង់ clay 20,0
ថ្លៃដើមសរុបក្នុងការបង្កើតបច្ចេកទេស 7,5
មតិយោបល់:

Firstly, building the garden requires an initial investment in terms of labour and (locally available) inputs, such as soil and wood and clayey soil for the plinth (stones and bricks are frequently used for the plinth in Africa). These inputs are available on the homestead or in the community and generally free of cost. In rare cases families paid to have soil carted to their homestead, thus increasing the initial structural costs.

4.6 សកម្មភាពថែទាំ

សកម្មភាព ប្រភេទវិធានការ ពេលវេលា/ ភាពញឹកញាប់
1. Weeding, harvesting, watering ការគ្រប់គ្រង Daily
2. Structural maintenance on the garden រចនាសម្ព័ន្ធ Annual

4.7 កំណត់ថ្លៃដើមសម្រាប់ការថែទាំ/ សកម្មភាពរបស់បច្ចេកទេស (ក្នុងរយៈពេលមួយឆ្នាំ)

បញ្ជាក់ពីធាតុចូល ឯកតា បរិមាណ ថ្លៃដើមក្នុងមួយឯកតា ថ្លៃធាតុចូលសរុប % នៃថ្លៃដើមដែលចំណាយដោយអ្នកប្រើប្រាស់ដី
កម្លាំងពលកម្ម Maintenance person-days 11,0 2,5 27,5 100,0
កម្លាំងពលកម្ម Structural maintenance on the garden person-days 1,0 2,5 2,5 100,0
សម្ភារៈសាងសង់ Earth Clay -depends on height: ex .4m plinth) cubic meter 11,0
សម្ភារៈសាងសង់ Manure (quantity depends on design) cubic meter 2,0
សម្ភារៈសាងសង់ Basket (sticks/bamboo with thin sticks to weave the basket Sticks 15,0
សម្ភារៈសាងសង់ Protective material, rice bags/stones/plastic Square meter 18,0
ថ្លៃដើមសរុបសម្រាប់ការថែទាំដំណាំតាមបច្ចេកទេស 30,0
មតិយោបល់:

In Bangladesh, women referred to the time spent working on the keyhole garden as “leisure time” and that they do this work after they have completed their domestic chores. Women estimated 45 minutes daily of such activity to maintain the garden. Calling it "leisure time" is misleading, but it suggests that most women generally enjoy working in the garden and do not regard it as heavy labour. The daily wage of an agricultural labourer differs per region. In Tdh's project area, wages are relatively low, especially for women. While male labourers may earn 200 BDT ($2.50) per day, women usually earn only 90 to 150 BDT. For the calculation, we applied the principle of equal pay for equal work, taking 200BDT per day.

4.8 កត្តាសំខាន់បំផុតដែលមានឥទ្ធិពលដល់ការចំណាយ

ពណ៌នាពីកត្តាប៉ះពាល់ចម្បងៗទៅលើថ្លៃដើម:

Over the last few years, people in disaster-affecteed areas of Bangladesh have become familiar to receiving during humanitarian distributions; and expect “hand-outs” if they were to participate in a development project. The Keyhole garden project, however, follows the LEISA approach and does not rely on giving free inputs to the participants. (In a few cases where the local population was lacking seeds and experience in seed production, women's groups were given seeds and training.) A lack of reliance on external inputs or subsidies contributes to the sustainability of the project. The inputs (clay, manure, sticks, rocks, etc.) are locally available and usually do not require additional expenses. This may not be the case in all contexts.

5. លក្ខណៈបរិស្ថានធម្មជាតិ និងមនុស្ស

5.1 អាកាសធាតុ

បរិមាណទឹកភ្លៀងប្រចាំឆ្នាំ
  • < 250 មម
  • 251-500 មម
  • 501-750 មម
  • 751-1,000 មម
  • 1,001-1,500 មម
  • 1,501-2,000 មម
  • 2,001-3,000 មម
  • 3,001-4,000 មម
  • > 4,000 មម
កំណត់បរិមាណទឹកភ្លៀង (បើដឹង) ជា មីលីម៉ែត្រ:

2666,00

លក្ខណៈពិសេស/ មតិយោបល់លើរដូវភ្លៀង:

Applied in areas with monsoon and drought like conditions in the project areas in Bangladesh.

បញ្ជាក់ឈ្មោះឯកសារយោងនៃស្ថានីយឧតុនិយម:

http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/AG.LND.PRCP.MM

តំបន់កសិអាកាសធាតុ
  • សើម
  • មានភ្លៀងមធ្យម
  • មានភ្លៀងតិចតួច

The technology is adapted to semi-arid areas/countries in Africa like Uganda and Tanzania.

5.2 សណ្ឋានដី

ជម្រាលជាមធ្យម:
  • រាបស្មើ (0-2%)
  • ជម្រាលតិចតួច (3-5%)
  • មធ្យម (6-10%)
  • ជម្រាលខ្ពស់បន្តិច (11-15%)
  • ទីទួល (16-30%)
  • ទីទួលចោត (31-60%)
  • ទីទួលចោតខ្លាំង (>60%)
ទម្រង់ដី:
  • ខ្ពង់រាប
  • កំពូលភ្នំ
  • ជម្រាលភ្នំ
  • ជម្រាលទួល
  • ជម្រាលជើងភ្នំ
  • បាតជ្រលងភ្នំ
តំបន់តាមរយៈកម្ពស់ :
  • 0-100 ម​
  • 101-500 ម
  • 501-1,000 ម
  • 1,001-1,500 ម
  • 1,501-2,000 ម
  • 2,001-2,500 ម
  • 2,501-3,000 ម
  • 3,001-4,000 ម
  • > 4,000 ម
បញ្ជាក់ថាតើបច្ចេកទេសនេះត្រូវបានអនុវត្តន៍នៅក្នុង:
  • មិនពាក់ព័ន្ធទាំងអស់

5.3 ដី

ជម្រៅដីជាមធ្យម:
  • រាក់ខ្លាំង (0-20 សម)
  • រាក់ (21-50 សម)
  • មធ្យម (51-80 សម)
  • ជ្រៅ (81-120 សម)
  • ជ្រៅខ្លាំង (> 120 សម)
វាយនភាពដី (ស្រទាប់លើ):
  • ម៉ត់/ ធ្ងន់ (ឥដ្ឋ)
វាយនភាពដី (> 20 សម ស្រទាប់ក្នុង):
  • ម៉ត់/ ធ្ងន់ (ឥដ្ឋ)
សារធាតុសរីរាង្គនៅស្រទាប់ដីខាងលើ:
  • មធ្យម (1-3%)

5.4 ទឹកដែលអាចទាញមកប្រើប្រាស់បាន និងគុណភាពទឹក

នីវ៉ូទឹកក្រោមដី:

< 5 ម

ទឹកលើដីដែលអាចទាញយកប្រើប្រាស់បាន:

លើស

គុណភាពទឹក (មិនបានធ្វើប្រត្តិកម្ម):

ទឹកពិសារដែលគ្មានគុណភាព (តម្រូវឱ្យមានការសំអាត)

តើមានបញ្ហាភាពទឹកប្រៃហូរចូលមកដែរឬទេ?

បាទ/ចា៎

សូមបញ្ជាក់:

In project sites along the Bay of Bengal

តើទឹកជំនន់កំពុងកើតមាននៅតំបន់នេះដែររឺទេ?

បាទ/ចា៎

ភាពទៀងទាត់:

ញឹកញាប់

5.5 ជីវៈចម្រុះ

ភាពសម្បូរបែបនៃប្រភេទ:
  • ទាប
ភាពសម្បូរបែបនៃទីជម្រក:
  • កម្រិតមធ្យម

5.6 លក្ខណៈនៃអ្នកប្រើប្រាស់ដីដែលអនុវត្តបច្ចេកទេស

នៅមួយកន្លែង ឬពនេចរ :
  • នៅមួយកន្លែង
ទីផ្សារនៃប្រព័ន្ធផលិតកម្ម:
  • សម្រាប់ហូបក្នុងគ្រួសារ (ផ្គត់ផ្គង់ខ្លួនឯង)
  • ពាក់កណ្តាលពាណិជ្ជកម្ម (ផ្គត់ផ្គង់ខ្លួនឯង/ ពាណិជ្ជកម្ម
ចំណូលក្រៅកសិកម្ម:
  • តិចជាង 10% នៃចំណូល
  • 10-50% នៃចំណូល
កម្រិតជីវភាព:
  • មិនល្អខ្លាំង
  • មិនល្អ
ឯកជន ឬក្រុម:
  • ធ្វើខ្លួនឯង/ គ្រួសារ
កម្រិតប្រើប្រាស់គ្រឿងយន្ត:
  • ប្រើកម្លាំងពលកម្ម
  • ប្រើកម្លាំងសត្វ
យេនឌ័រ:
  • ស្ត្រី
  • បុរស
អាយុរបស់អ្នកប្រើប្រាស់ដី:
  • វ័យកណ្តាល
សូមបញ្ជាក់ពីលក្ខណៈពាក់ព័ន្ធផ្សេងទៀតអំពីអ្នកប្រើប្រាស់ដី:

Using a methodology called the problem tree analysis it is understood that the people living in the two working areas regularly experience health-related problems, economic challenges, and agricultural difficulties.

5.7 ទំហំផ្ទៃដីជាមធ្យមនៃដីផ្ទាល់ខ្លួន ឬជួលគេដែលបានអនុវត្ត​បច្ចេកទេស

  • < 0.5 ហិកតា
  • 0.5-1 ហិកតា
  • 1-2 ហិកតា
  • 2-5 ហិកតា
  • 5-15 ហិកតា
  • 15-50 ហិកតា
  • 50-100 ហិកតា
  • 100-500 ហិកតា
  • 500-1,000 ហិកតា
  • 1,000-10,000 ហិកតា
  • > 10,000 ហិកតា
តើផ្ទៃដីនេះចាត់ទុកជាទំហំកម្រិតណាដែរ ខ្នាតតូច មធ្យម ឬខ្នាតធំ (ធៀបនឹងបរិបទតំបន់)?
  • ខ្នាតតូច
មតិយោបល់:

The majority of the project beneficiaries are "landless" having access to small homestead areas and without cropland. Most households have access to small (< 16 decimal) or very small (< 6 decimal) homestead areas.

5.8 ភាពជាម្ចាស់ដី កម្មសិទ្ធប្រើប្រាស់ដី និងកម្មសិទ្ធប្រើប្រាស់ទឹក

ភាពជាម្ចាស់ដី:
  • ឯកជន មិនមានកម្មសិទ្ធ
កម្មសិទ្ធិប្រើប្រាស់ដី:
  • ឯកជន
កម្មសិទ្ធប្រើប្រាស់ទឹក:
  • អាស្រ័យផលសេរី (មិនមានការកំណត់)

5.9 ការប្រើប្រាស់សេវាកម្ម និងហេដ្ឋារចនាសម្ព័ន្ធ

សុខភាព:
  • មិនល្អ
  • មធ្យម
  • ល្អ
ការអប់រំ:
  • មិនល្អ
  • មធ្យម
  • ល្អ
ជំនួយបច្ចេកទេស:
  • មិនល្អ
  • មធ្យម
  • ល្អ
ការងារ (ឧ. ការងារក្រៅកសិដ្ឋាន):
  • មិនល្អ
  • មធ្យម
  • ល្អ
ទីផ្សារ:
  • មិនល្អ
  • មធ្យម
  • ល្អ
ថាមពល:
  • មិនល្អ
  • មធ្យម
  • ល្អ
ផ្លូវ និងការដឹកជញ្ជូន:
  • មិនល្អ
  • មធ្យម
  • ល្អ
ទឹកផឹក និងអនាម័យ:
  • មិនល្អ
  • មធ្យម
  • ល្អ
សេវាកម្មហិរញ្ញវត្ថុ:
  • មិនល្អ
  • មធ្យម
  • ល្អ

6. ផលប៉ះពាល់ និងការសន្និដ្ឋាន

6.1 ផលប៉ះពាល់ក្នុងបរិវេណអនុវត្តបច្ចេកទេសដែលកើតមាន

ផលប៉ះពាល់លើសេដ្ឋកិច្ចសង្គម

ផលិតផល

ផលិតកម្មដំណាំ

ថយចុះ
កើនឡើង
គុណភាពមុន SLM:

<5% of pilot families growing vegetables in all 3 seasons

គុណភាពក្រោយ SLM:

50% of the pilot families able to grow vegetables in 3 seasons

មតិ​យោបល់/ ការបញ្ជាក់:

Before the project started, the majority of the participants were not able to produce vegetables year round. Especially during the monsoon months, people were dependent on produce available at the local market. The baseline survey indicated that in both regions more than 50% of the households would cultivate vegetables for a maximum of 3 months per year and in Kurigram 30% of the participants were not able to grow vegetables at all.
This situation has changed significantly after the introduction of the keyhole gardens. At least 50% of the households were able to produce vegetables during each season. Where in the past almost no one was able to cultivate during the monsoon period, now on average 63% of the households in Kurigram and 73% of the households in Patharghata were growing vegetables in the wet season.
The summer figures are actually lower than the monsoon figures. Seeds did not germinate well, because participants were not fully prepared to deal with the dry and saline conditions during this season. Learning from this experience, and with adequate support from Tdh, participants should be able to achieve higher cultivation rates in the future.

ភាពសម្បូរបែបនៃផលិតផល

ថយចុះ
កើនឡើង
គុណភាពមុន SLM:

Average of 2-4 types of vegetables grown.

គុណភាពក្រោយ SLM:

Average of six types of vegetables grown

មតិ​យោបល់/ ការបញ្ជាក់:

During the field visits and individual interviews in June 2013, the majority of the participants indicated that in the keyhole garden they usually grow 6 or more different types of vegetables at any given time. This is a marked difference from previous years, when the majority of people in Patharghata would only grow 2 types of vegetables. In Kurigram the baseline was somewhat higher (31% cultivated 4 types of vegetables per year on average), but still significantly lower than in 2013. By increasing the different types of vegetables grown, the families have access to a more diversified diet.

ផ្ទៃដីផលិតកម្ម

ថយចុះ
កើនឡើង
គុណភាពមុន SLM:

0

គុណភាពក្រោយ SLM:

333

មតិ​យោបល់/ ការបញ្ជាក់:

In addition to the 175 pilot keyhole gardens, an additional 158 gardens were started on homesteads either via peer to peer pass-along system or spontaneous copy/replication of the technology.

ផលប៉ះពាល់ទៅលើវប្បធម៌សង្គម

ស្ថានភាពសុខភាព

អាក្រក់ជាងមុន
ប្រសើរជាងមុន
មតិ​យោបល់/ ការបញ្ជាក់:

The Keyhole Garden supports a diversified diet by enabling year-round vegetable production; thus boosting the resilience of homesteads exposed to extreme weather patterns (drought or monsoon/flood seasons).

ស្ថានភាពក្រុមដែលមានបញ្ហាក្នុងសង្គម និងសេដ្ឋកិច្ច

អាក្រក់ជាងមុន
ប្រសើរជាងមុន
មតិ​យោបល់/ ការបញ្ជាក់:

Gardens will quickly increase household vegetable production, easing economic burden and providing for the household consumption or surplus to sell or gift. The latter can increase social bonding and benefit peer to peer linkages.

ផលប៉ះពាល់ទៅលើអេកូឡូស៊ី

ដី

ការបាត់បង់ដី

កើនឡើង
ថយចុះ
មតិ​យោបល់/ ការបញ្ជាក់:

Precious topsoil is not lost during flooding events.

ការកាត់បន្ថយហានិភ័យនៃគ្រោះមហន្តរាយ និងគ្រោះអាកាសធាតុ

ផលប៉ះពាល់នៃទឹកជំនន់

កើនឡើង
ថយចុះ
មតិ​យោបល់/ ការបញ្ជាក់:

Gardens that are not submerged by floods continue to produce in the monsoon season.

ផលប៉ះពាល់ទៅលើអេកូឡូស៊ីផ្សេងៗ

Surpluses can be used for selling or gifting; increased vegetables especially at times when they are not usually available enables families to save money on expensive purchases out of the normal vegetable season

6.2 ផលប៉ះពាល់ក្រៅបរិវេណអនុវត្តបច្ចេកទេសដែលកើតមាន

Keyhole garden building and maintenance teaches lessons of good soil, water and vegetable management that can be transferred to field crops or plain large scale vegetable growing.

6.3 ភាពប្រឈម និងភាពរួសនៃបច្ចេកទេសទៅនឹងការប្រែប្រួលអាកាសធាតុ និងគ្រោះអាកាសធាតុ/ គ្រោះមហន្តរាយ (ដែលដឹងដោយអ្នកប្រើប្រាស់ដី)

គ្រោះអាកាសធាតុ (មហន្តរាយ) ​

គ្រោះមហន្តរាយធម្មជាតិ
លក្ខណៈឆ្លើយតបនៃបច្ចេកទេសទៅនឹងការប្រែប្រួលអាកាសធាតុ
ព្យុះតំបន់ត្រូពិច មធ្យម
ព្យុះរន្ទះតាមតំបន់ ល្អ
គ្រោះមហន្តរាយទឹក
លក្ខណៈឆ្លើយតបនៃបច្ចេកទេសទៅនឹងការប្រែប្រួលអាកាសធាតុ
ទឹកជំនន់ទូទៅ (ទន្លេ) ល្អណាស់
ទឹកជំនន់/ព្យុះកើនឡើងតាមតំបន់ឆ្នេរ ល្អ

ផលវិបាកដែលទាក់ទងនឹងបរិយាកាសផ្សេងៗទៀត

ផលវិបាកដែលទាក់ទងនឹងបរិយាកាសផ្សេងៗទៀត
លក្ខណៈឆ្លើយតបនៃបច្ចេកទេសទៅនឹងការប្រែប្រួលអាកាសធាតុ
កាត់បន្ថយពេលដាំដុះ ល្អណាស់

6.4 ការវិភាគថ្លៃដើម និងអត្ថប្រយោជន៍

តើផលចំណេញ និងថ្លៃដើមត្រូវបានប្រៀបធៀបគ្នាយ៉ាងដូចម្តេច (ទស្សនៈរបស់អ្នកប្រើប្រាស់ដី)?
រយៈពេលខ្លី:

វិជ្ជមានខ្លាំង

តើផលចំណេញ និងការថែទាំ/ ជួសជុលត្រូវបានប្រៀបធៀបគ្នាយ៉ាងដូចម្តេច (ទស្សនៈរបស់អ្នកប្រើប្រាស់ដី)?
រយៈពេលខ្លី:

វិជ្ជមានខ្លាំង

មតិយោបល់:

No long term study available.
In most cases no (or very low) investment cost in materials and a low investment cost in labor was necessary. Thus the establishment and maintenance costs are relatively low compared to the benefit of increased homestead vegetable production and access to produce for increasing dietary diversity. The benefit increases when the technology supports resilience to flooding as was the case from flooding (Kurigram), and partially from a cyclone (Patharghata).

6.5 ការទទួលយកបច្ចេកទេស

  • ច្រើនជាង 50%
បើអាច សូមបញ្ជាក់ពីបរិមាណ (ចំនួនគ្រួសារ និង/ ឬតំបន់គ្របដណ្តប់):

333 from the pilot study. Subsequent projects by Tdh from 2013-2015 have seen over 3'500 keyhole gardens created in Bangladesh and India.

ក្នុងចំណោមគ្រួសារទាំងអស់ដែលអនុវត្តបច្ចេកទេស តើមានប៉ុន្មាន​គ្រួសារ​ដែល​ចង់​ធ្វើ​ដោយ​ខ្លួន​ឯង ដោយមិន​ទទួល​បាន​សម្ភារៈ​លើក​​ទឹកចិត្ត/​ប្រាក់ឧបត្ថម្ភ?​:
  • 90-100%
មតិយោបល់:

All of the adopters did so with training but without inputs. Spontaneous adoption of the Keyhole Garden without training is not easy to measure, but Tdh's experience shows a conservative average of 11% (38 of 333 gardens).

6.6 ការបន្សុំា

តើថ្មីៗនេះ បច្ចេកទេសនេះត្រូវបានកែតម្រូវ​ដើម្បី​បន្ស៊ាំ​ទៅនឹង​ស្ថាន​ភាព​ប្រែប្រួល​ដែរ​ឬទេ?

បាទ/ចា៎

បើឆ្លើយបាទ/ ចា៎ សូមកំណត់ថាតើស្ថានភាពប្រែប្រួលមួយណាត្រូវបានបន្ស៊ាំ:
  • ការប្រែប្រួលអាកាសធាតុ/គ្រោះមហន្តរាយធម្មជាតិ
បញ្ជាក់ពីការបន្ស៊ាំនៃបច្ចេកទេស (ការរៀបចំ, ឧបករណ៍/ប្រភេទ​ ។ល។):

The technology was adapted from semi-arid zones in Africa (where soil amelioration and water conservation were priorities and materials such as stones and brick are available) to areas of South Asia prone to flood and tidal surge.

6.7 ភាពខ្លាំង/ គុណសម្បត្តិ/ ឱកាសនៃបច្ចេកទេស

ភាពខ្លាំង/ គុណសម្បត្តិ/ ឱកាសនៅកន្លែងរបស់អ្នកប្រើប្រាស់ដី
Seasonal local agriculturalists reported that gardens yielded high productivity with good vegetable quality and diversity; withstood heavy monsoon rains lasting for several days; and withstood a salt water tidal intrusion that destroyed adjacent traditional gardens. During the FGDs women clearly expressed a lot of enthusiasm for the project and all the participants indicated that they would continue with their garden, even if Tdh would no longer provide any support. One volunteer reported successfully harvesting five common vegetables usually impossible to grow in monsoon conditions:
- In plain land we can cultivate once in a year but in keyhole garden we can harvest vegetables in three seasons and they don't go underwater in the rainy season
- Save money for the family: don't need to buy fertilizers or vegetables and some people earn money by selling the garden product
- We can collect vegetables for the children’s requirements directly from the garden when they need them
- In a small space you can have lots of different vegetables and the taste is much better because the garden depends on compost – no chemicals
- The cost to make is it very low, but you need labour; by our own labour we can build it
- Because of composting the garden can always get nutrients
ភាពខ្លាំង/ គុណសម្បត្តិ/ ឱកាស​ ទស្សនៈរបស់បុគ្គលសំខាន់ៗ
The keyhole garden project has been very successful and has largely achieved its core objective to improve year-round access to nutritious food from the homestead area. These benefits are summarized again as:
- Appropriate size for landless homesteads, also ideal to facilitate training on LEISA techniques to first-time gardeners and students in schools.
- Proximity to the household for convenient maintenance and harvesting, composting of kitchen cuttings in the basket;
- Ergonomic structure (raised, accessible).
- Highly adaptable to local conditions that supports resilience to flood and drought conditions.
- Highly productive—families produced vegetables even during the monsoon period.
- As the keyhole garden normally does not need to be rebuilt every year it is a more efficient technique in the long-term than traditional methods such as pit and heap.

Therefore, the reviewer did not suggest any major changes to the technique or project; rather to focus on specific issues that could help making the project more efficient and that could help broaden its impact.

6.8 ភាពខ្សោយ/ គុណវិបត្តិ/ ហានិភ័យនៃបច្ចេកទេស និងវិធីសាស្ត្រដោះស្រាយ

ភាពខ្សោយ/ គុណវិបត្តិ/ ហានិភ័យ ទស្សនៈរបស់អ្នកប្រើប្រាស់ដី តើបច្ចេកទេសទាំងនោះបានដោះស្រាយបញ្ហាដូចម្តេច?
No major weaknesses in the technology or design were expressed. However for some women it was difficult to access sufficient amounts of soil, which meant that they needed to walk long distances to bring soil to build the plinth.
In coastal areas where saline intrusion in groundwater and soils is on the rise, growing and irrigating crops is difficult in the dry season.
Some women received support from other family members or neighbours; identify a support network for families having challenges to access soil to build the plinths.
Continue to look for for alternative irrigation sources and/or groundwater recharge innovations as well as soil conservation techniques to protect against salinity. Likewise, saline resistant vegetable varieties may be available.
ភាពខ្សោយ/ គុណវិបត្តិ/ ហានិភ័យ ទស្សនៈរបស់អ្នកចងក្រងឬបុគ្គលសំខាន់ៗ តើបច្ចេកទេសទាំងនោះបានដោះស្រាយបញ្ហាដូចម្តេច?
More careful planning of the location for the keyhole garden is needed. In Patharghata 11 women decided to relocate their garden within the first year. This suggests that the women appreciate the benefits of the garden, but having to break down and move the garden is a rather laborious activity.
Not surprisingly, women who have less time to work in the homestead area, e.g. due to work or other out-of-home responsibilities, are not able to maintain their keyhole garden so well.
Spend more time to assist the participants with identifying the most suitable locations to construct the garden for a keyhole garden in the homestead area at the start of the project.
While maintaining a focus on women, involve the husband or other family members/ neighbours and ensure that they are also trained and ensure that the garden is clearly visible and can be accessed.

7. ឯកសារយោង និងវេបសាយ

7.1 វិធីសាស្ត្រ/ ប្រភពនៃព័ត៌មាន

  • តាមការចុះទីវាល​ ការស្រាវជ្រាវនៅទីវាល

50: The project evaluation took place from 4 June to 12 June 2013 with field visits in the two project areas, Kurigram and Patharghata. In total 5 Focus Group Discussions (FGD), with approximately 10 participants per FGD, were organized during this period. The core objective of the FGDs was to assess whether keyhole gardens have contributed to increases in vegetable production throughout the year and if this has lead to improved consumption practices. The additional aim of the FGDs was to learn directly from the participants about their nutritional needs and their ideas to further improve the keyhole garden project.

  • ការសម្ភាសន៍ជាមួយអ្នកប្រើប្រាស់ដី

8: In addition to the FGDs the consultant carried out eight individual interviews with project
participants from the two regions. The individual interviews provided more detailed
information about production techniques and about the impact of the project at the
household level.

  • ការចងក្រងពីរបាកការណ៍ និងឯកសារផ្សេងៗទៀតដែលមាន

Al-Amin S, 2012 and 2013, Tdh Bangladesh, Monthly Situation Reports for Garden Projects (unpublished)
Taylor S, 2013, Discussion paper for the Agrobiodiversity Conference, Dhaka, 28 January
2013, “Keyhole Gardens – great potential for improving homestead crop diversity and
mother & child nutrition”
Taylor S, 2012, Tdh Bangladesh, Project Report Homestead Garden for Greendots (unpublished)
Van Hout, 2013, Keyhole Gardens: Improved Access to Homestead Vegetables and Dietary Diversification, External Evaluation and Capitalization of the Keyhole Garden Project in Bangladesh (unpublished)
Varadi D, 2011, Tdh Bangladesh Field Visit Report for Greendots (unpublished)

7.2 ឯកសារយោងដែលបានចេញផ្សាយ

ចំណងជើង អ្នកនិពន្ធ ឆ្នាំ ISBN:

"Keyhole Gardens: Improved Access to Homestead Vegetables and Dietary Diversification- External Evaluation and Capitalization of the Keyhole Garden Project in Bangladesh", Van Hout, R., 2013

មានប្រភពមកពីណា? ថ្លៃដើមប៉ុន្មាន?

Freely available: Terre des hommes Lausanne Asia Desk: info@tdh.ch

ចំណងជើង អ្នកនិពន្ធ ឆ្នាំ ISBN:

“Keyhole Gardens – great potential for improving homestead crop diversity and mother & child nutrition”, Taylor S, 2013, Discussion paper for the Agrobiodiversity Conference, Dhaka, 28 January 2013

មានប្រភពមកពីណា? ថ្លៃដើមប៉ុន្មាន?

Freely available: Terre des hommes Lausanne Asia Desk: info@tdh.ch

ចំណងជើង អ្នកនិពន្ធ ឆ្នាំ ISBN:

"Keyhole Gardens in Lesotho", FAO Nutrition and Consumer Protection Divis"ion (AGN), 2008 (with Send a Cow UK)

មានប្រភពមកពីណា? ថ្លៃដើមប៉ុន្មាន?

http://www.fao.org/ag/agn/nutrition/docs/FSNL%20Fact%20sheet_Keyhole%20gardens.pdf

7.3 ចូលទៅទាញយកឯកសារដែលពាក់ព័ន្ធតាមបណ្តាញអ៊ិនធឺណែត

ចំណងជើង/ ពណ៌នា:

Greendots - Terre des hommes technical partner for Keyhole Gardens in South Asia

វេបសាយ:

www.greendots.ch

ចំណងជើង/ ពណ៌នា:

Send a Cow UK: How to make an African style raised bed (YouTube, ex. Uganda)

វេបសាយ:

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ykCXfjzfaco

ចំណងជើង/ ពណ៌នា:

Send a Cow UK - Keyhole Garden resources (Learning from Africa: How to make a Keyhole Garden)

វេបសាយ:

http://www.sendacow.org.uk/lessonsfromafrica/resources/keyhole-gardens

ចំណងជើង/ ពណ៌នា:

Fourthway's posters online: Smallholder organic agriculture (Uganda, including Keyhole gardens)

វេបសាយ:

http://www.fourthway.co.uk/posters/

ចំណងជើង/ ពណ៌នា:

Fourthway's posters online: Smallholder organic agriculture (Bangladesh, including Keyhole gardens)

វេបសាយ:

http://www.fourthway.co.uk/bangladesh/index.html

ចំណងជើង/ ពណ៌នា:

Terre des hommes: First Keyhole Garden in Asia (to resist storm surge/floods in Bangladesh)

វេបសាយ:

https://vimeo.com/44043929

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