Partnership with beneficiary communities in project implementation [Кени]
- Шинийг нээх:
- Шинэчлэх:
- Эмхэтгэгч: Fredrick Ochieng
- Хянан тохиолдуулагчид: Nicole Stolz, Boris Orlowsky
- Хянагчид: Alexandra Gavilano, Boris Orlowsky, Renate Fleiner
N/A
approaches_597 - Кени
Бүлгүүдийг үзэх
Бүгдийг дэлгэх Бүгдийг хаах1. Ерөнхий мэдээлэл
1.2 Арга барилыг баримтжуулах болон үнэлгээ хийхэд оролцсон хүн эсвэл байгууллагын холбоо барих хаяг
Мэдээлэл өгсөн хүн(с)
Fredrick Ochieng:
Кени
Арга барилыг баримтжуулах/үнэлэх ажилд дэмжлэг үзүүлсэн төслийн нэр (шаардлагатай бол)
Book project: where people and their land are safer - A Compendium of Good Practices in Disaster Risk Reduction (DRR) (where people and their land are safer)Арга барилыг баримтжуулах/үнэлэх ажилд дэмжлэг үзүүлсэн байгууллага(ууд)-ын нэр (шаардлагатай бол)
CARITAS (Switzerland) - Швейцар1.3 WOCAT-аар баримтжуулсан өгөгдлийг ашиглахтай холбоотой нөхцөл
Мэдээллийг хэзээ (газар дээр нь) цуглуулсан бэ?
14/10/2016
Эмхэтгэгч болон гол мэдээлэгч хүн(хүмүүс) WOCAT аргачлалаар баримтжуулсан мэдээллийг ашиглахтай холбоотой нөхцлийг хүлээн зөвшөөрсөн:
Тийм
1.4 ГТМ-ийн технологийн асуулгын(д) суурь мэдээлэл(д)
Rock catchment [Кени]
A rock catchment system is a water harvesting structure comprising a bare sloping rock surface (impounded area), a constructed concrete wall at a strategic point (weir), pipeline from the weir to the storage tank(s), storage tanks and water kiosk(s) connected to the water tanks by pipelines.
- Эмхэтгэгч: Fredrick Ochieng
2. ГТМ Арга барилын тодорхойлолт
2.1 Арга барилын товч тодорхойлолт
The approach focuses on community engagement on a partnership basis. The model is a departure from the traditional approaches where the community mostly is reduced to being a beneficiary of project services without substantive responsibility.
2.2 Арга барилын дэлгэрэнгүй тодорхойлолт
Арга барилын дэлгэрэнгүй тодорхойлолт:
The Approach is hinged on community empowerment and partnership. The model is a departure from the traditional approaches where the community is reduced to a mere beneficiary of project services without substantive responsibility.
The main purpose of the approach is to enhance ownership, while fostering needed capacity for management of project outcomes. Ultimately, it is estimated that sustainability of project results is achievable with good community empowerment and meaningful participation. The approach also aims at cost effectiveness as the community is required to substantially contribute locally available materials, labour and sometimes cash.
Community mobilisation and capacity building is central to ensure that the community is prepared to undertake their roles and responsibilities. Mobilisation happens through discussions, sometimes aided by applying participatory tools and methods. Capacity building is done through workshop-type and/or on-the-job training. It is noteworthy that the communities do have indigenous knowledge and skills which are useful in processes of development at the community level. These skills and knowledge inform the project design, planning and implementation of activities. To enhance local skills, selected community members are trained as they work alongside the hired skilled artisans during the construction of the rock catchment system. The aim is to prepare and equip the locals with basic skills for operations and maintenance of the rock catchment system. Others are trained to get equipped with skills on hygiene and sanitation promotion.
The project was designed based on pre-project assessment. The assessment, besides identifying water and hygiene needs, also identified three areas/communities which had rock catchment potential - Ndikir, Manyatta Lengima and Mpagas. Initial meetings were done with support from community leaders and the local government administrators (chiefs). During the meetings the project was explained and discussed in view of the community needs and the roles for all stakeholders - Caritas Switzerland (CACH), the community, government and leaders. Agreed roles and responsibilities were drafted and formed the main part of the memorandum of understanding (MOU) between CACH and the community. The MOU was signed before the entire community for collective ownership and formalise the relationship between CACH and the project.
At the county and sub-county level, the stakeholders are provided with progress updates, engaging with government and other leaders. The local leaders were useful in helping in community mobilisation and addressing areas of concern wherever issues arose.
The approach left the community more motivated with a desire to manage the project benefits for posterity. The community has appreciated that the project ended with a number of community members having acquired basic skills for operations and maintenance. Above all, they were proud that they significantly contributed to the successful implementation of the project. Initially the community were opposed to the idea that they had to contribute so much, since before they had mostly received assistance without any requirement on their side to contribute.
2.3 Арга барилын зурагууд
Медиа галерей
2.4 Арга барилын бичлэгүүд
Тайлбар, товч тодорхойлолт:
The video is taken on an early morning shower and shows how water is collected, dammed and channelled downstream to the masonry tanks.
Огноо:
08/12/2014
Байршил:
Ndikir village, Marsabit County, Kenya
Зураглаачийн нэр:
Fredrick Ochieng
2.5 Арга барил нэвтрүүлсэн улс орон / бүс нутаг / байршил
Улс:
Кени
Улс/аймаг/сум:
Laisamis sub county, Marsabit County, Kenya
Байршлын дэлгэрэнгүй тодорхойлолт:
Implemented with three different communities in three locations, Ndikir, Manyatta Lengima and Mpagas
Map
×2.6 Арга барилыг эхлэх, дуусах огноо
Эхлэх жилийг тэмдэглэ:
2013
Хугацаа дуусах жил (Хэрэв арга барил удаанаар ашиглаагүй бол):
2015
Тайлбар:
The Rock catchment project was implemented from 2013 to 2015
2.7 Арга барилын төрөл
- төсөл / хөтөлбөр дээр үндэслэсэн
2.8 Арга барилын үндсэн зорилго, зорилтууд
1. Community mobilisation
2. Active community participation and ownership of the project and outcomes
3. Sustainability of the project outcomes
4. Enhanced skills and capacity to manage the Technology
2.9 Арга барилын хүрээнд хэрэгжсэн Технологи/Технологиудад дэмжсэн эсвэл саад учруулсан нөхцлүүд
нийгэм / соёл / шашны хэм хэмжээ, үнэт зүйлс
- Хазаарлалт
The community was accustomed to receiving food and non-food handouts. This culture was a major huddle in working with community where they were expected to make substantial contribution towards the project activities.
Бүтэц зохион байгуулалт
- Идэвхижүүлэх
The institutional setting, especially the traditional authority of elders, was supportive during implementation. Once the elders were convinced and persuaded to make certain decisions beneficial to the project, it was always easier for the rest of the community members to rally behind.
талуудыг хамтын ажиллагаа/зохицуулалт
- Идэвхижүүлэх
The Approach requires that stakeholders (other non-state actors and government) coordinate well so that approaches employed by all are complementary and all build into sustainable results. It is common however that there have been approaches that dis-empower communities. Good coordination and collaboration would enhance sharing and learning across the actors and minimise such programming pitfalls.
Хууль, эрхзүйн хүрээ (газар эзэмшил, газар, ус ашиглах эрх)
- Идэвхижүүлэх
Land tenure in the northern Kenya is mostly communal. This was an enabling factor so that there were no complex and usual elaborate and expensive legal requirements to construct a rock catchment water system. Had land been adjudicated and subdivided for individual ownership, there would have been a need for negotiations and legal procedures to be done with those who own the land where the public asset is to be located.
3. Оролцогч талуудын оролцоо ба үүргүүд
3.1 Арга барилд оролцогч талууд болон тэдгээрийн үүргүүд
- Орон нутгийн газар ашиглагч / орон нутгийн иргэд
The project was implemented with participation of the communities who are the local land users
Community's role was to ensure that locally available materials were delivered on the site of construction, hygiene and sanitation promotion, unskilled labour, record keeping of all construction materials, security of workers and construction materials on site
- ГТМ-ийн мэргэжилтэн/ хөдөө аж ахуйн зөвлөх
Caritas had a technical team of three staff who were based within the project location in the field. This team was supported through experts in the office in the capital city Nairobi.
The technical team implemented all project activities such as community organisation/mobilisation, construction of infrastructure as well as hygiene and sanitation promotion.
- Орон нутгийн захиргаа
Chiefs, Members of County Assembly, Ward administrators
Opinion leaders were critical in the process of community mobilisation and following-up the commitments made by the community under the signed MoU.
- Засгийн газар (шийдвэр гаргагч, төлөвлөгч)
County Steering Group (CSG), sub-County Steering Group (SCSG)
Coordination with other development agencies and government departments at the County level
- Олон улсын байгууллага
Caritas Switzerland
Overall leadership in project planning, implementation and supervision
3.2 Арга барилын янз бүрийн үе шатанд орон нутгийн газар ашиглагчид / бүлэглэлүүдийг татан оролцуулах
| Орон нутгийн газар ашиглагч / орон нутгийн иргэдийн оролцоо | Хэн оролцсоныг тодорхойлж, үйл ажиллагааг тайлбарлана уу | |
|---|---|---|
| санаачлага/идэвхжүүлэлт | интерактив | Planning for project activities was jointly planned between the community and the project staff specialists |
| Төлөвлөгөө | интерактив | More technical planning was done as advised by the technical project team. Planning for day to day field activities during implementation was jointly done with the community |
| Хэрэгжилт | интерактив | Community participation was more interactive in planning for specific project activities. However, there were specific tasks which required hired labour and by common agreement the community provided such labour for payment. |
| Мониторинг/ үнэлгээ | интерактив | Monitoring with community was mainly done during project reflection/review meetings. Monitoring in this respect was more limited to evaluation of project activities progress and timeliness with which the activities were being achieved. |
3.3 Диаграм (хэрэв боломжтой бол)
Тодорхойлолт:
The flow chart summarises the Approach's key components, activities and steps for community mobilisation, capacity building and stakeholders engagement. The stakeholders include the relevant government departments - Water, Health, Environment, Drought Management - and non-state actors in the County. There is a monthly forum known as the County Steering Group (CSG) which brings together all the heads of government departments and NGO representatives at the county level. Similar forums also take place at the sub-county level.
Зохиогч:
Fredrick Ochieng
3.4 ГТМ-ийн технологи/технологиуд сонгох шийдвэр
Хэрэгжүүлэх Технологи/Технологиудын сонголтыг хийж шийдвэр гаргасан хүнийг тодорхойлно уу:
- оролцооны зарчмын хэсэг болох бүх холбогдох талууд
Тайлбар:
The project was designed initially without direct community involvement other than the pre-project information collected.
Шийдвэрийг юунд үндэслэн гаргасан:
- ГТМ-ийн мэдлэгийг баримтжуулалтын үнэлгээ (нотолгоонд суурилсан шийдвэр гаргах)
- Судалгааны үр дүн, ололтууд
- Хувь хүний туршлага ба санал бодол (баримтжуулаагүй)
- Government policies
4. Техникийн дэмжлэг, чадавхи бүрдүүлэх, мэдлэгийн менежмент
4.1 Чадавхи бэхжүүлэх/сургалт
Газар эзэмшигчид / бусад оролцогч талуудад сургалт явуулсан уу?
Тийм
Хэн сургалтанд хамрагдсан бэ:
- Газар ашиглагчид
- хээрийн ажилтан / зөвлөх
Сургалтын хэлбэр:
- Ажил дээр
- үзүүлэнгийн талбай
Хамрагдсан сэвдүүд:
Basic construction skills, management of water system (rock catchment), hygiene and sanitation promotion
4.2 Зөвлөх үйлчилгээ
Газар ашиглагчдад зөвлөх үйлчилгээ авах боломжтой байдаг уу?
Тийм
Зөвлөх үйлчилгээ үзүүлсэн эсэхийг тогтоо:
- Газар ашиглагчийн талбай дээр
Тодорхойлолт / тайлбар:
The community has (in theory) access to government advisory services. However, the nearest government offices are about 20-50 kilometres away without reliable means of transport. The technical staff of the county government is often unable to offer quality and effective extension work, mostly due to transport limitations but also due to low motivation. However, this gap is being bridged through the work of various NGOs operating in the region who provide advisory services in addition to other interventions such as in water, health, livelihoods, and education.
4.3 Институцийг бэхжүүлэх (байгууллагын хөгжил)
Арга барилаар дамжуулан институц байгуулагдаж эсвэл бэхжсэн үү?
- Тийм, дунд зэрэг
Байгууллагууд бэхжиж, үүсэн бий болсон түвшин(үүд)-г тодорхойлно уу:
- Орон нутгийн
Байгууллага, үүрэг, хариуцлага, гишүүд гэх мэтийг тайлбарлах:
The Approach led to establishment of Water Management Committees. The committees have been trained and equipped to manage the systems.
Дэмжлэгийн төрлийг ялга:
- Санхүүгийн
- чадавхи бэхжүүлэх / сургалт
- Тоног төхөөрөмж
Дэлгэрэнгүй мэдээллийг өгнө үү:
One key lesson from this and other projects is that one-off trainings are rarely effective even if properly done. A continuous support/follow-up is necessary to maintain the skills and knowledge acquired.
4.4 Мониторинг ба үнэлгээ
Мониторинг болон үнэлгээ нь арга барилын хэсэг үү?
Үгүй
4.5 Судалгаа
Судалгаа арга барилын хэсэг нь байсан уу?
Үгүй
5. Санхүүгийн болон гадаад материаллаг дэмжлэг
5.1 ГТМ-ийн Арга барилын бүрэлдэхүүн хэсгийн жилийн төсөв
Хэрэв жилийн төсөв тодорхойгүй бол хягаарыг тодруулна уу:
- 2,000-10,000
Тайлбар (жнь: санхүүжилтийн гол эх үүсвэр / гол хандивлагчид):
Internal organisational funding and external donors
5.2 Газар ашиглагчдад санхүүгийн / материаллаг дэмжлэг үзүүлсэн
Технологи / технологийг хэрэгжүүлэхэд газар ашиглагчид санхүүгийн / материаллаг дэмжлэг авсан уу?
Тийм
Хэрэв тийм бол дэмжлэгийн төрөл(үүд), нөхцөл, болон нийлүүлэгч(чид) бичнэ үү:
Caritas procured the bulk of construction materials whereas the community contributed locally available materials - sand and hardcore stones
5.3 Тодорхой зардлыг даахад чиглэсэн дэмжлэгт (хөдөлмөрийн хүчийг оролцуулаад)
Хэрэв газар ашиглагчийн хөдөлмөрийн хүч чухал байсан бол энэ нь аль хэлбэр байсан:
- сайн дурын
Тайлбар:
The labour contribution was split between the organisation and the community. Caritas paid 3 USD per day whereas the standard amount per day is 5 USD. This was discussed and agreed at the inception of the project. The consideration was that those who work on site will not have any other time for other work for their household daily needs.
5.4 Кредит
Арга барилын хүрээнд ГТМ-ийн үйл ажиллагаанд зориулж зээлд хамрагдсан уу?
Үгүй
5.5 Бусад урамшуулал, хэрэгсэл
ГТМ-ийн технологийг хэрэгжилтийг дэмжихэд ашигласан бусад урамшуулал, хэрэгсэл байсан уу?
Үгүй
6. Нөлөөллийн дүн шинжилгээ ба дүгнэлт
6.1 Арга барилын нөлөөллүүд
Арга барил нь орон нутгийн газар ашиглагчдыг чадваржуулах, оролцогч талуудын оролцоог сайжруулсан уу?
- Үгүй
- Тийм, бага зэрэг
- Тийм, зарим
- Тийм, их
Community's participation was initially a new concept for the communities in this region. Through various meetings, persistency and flexibility the community participation improved and was achieved during the project period.
Арга барил нь нотолгоонд суурилсан шийдвэр гаргах боломж олгосон уу?
- Үгүй
- Тийм, бага зэрэг
- Тийм, зарим
- Тийм, их
Due to the nature of working with the community, it was always possible to review certain elements of project activities based on learning
Арга барил нь ГТМ-ийн технологийг хэрэгжүүлж, хадгалахад газар ашиглагчдад тусласан уу?
- Үгүй
- Тийм, бага зэрэг
- Тийм, зарим
- Тийм, их
The Approach's aim was to build the required capacity of the community members to better manage the Technology well after the project ends.
Арга барил нь ГТМ-ийн зардал хэмнэсэн хэрэгжилт, зохицуулалтыг сайжруулсан уу?
- Үгүй
- Тийм, бага зэрэг
- Тийм, зарим
- Тийм, их
Community's contribution in labour and locally available materials (hardcore stones and sand) significantly reduced the cost of construction. These are materials that otherwise would have been procured from far off sources at a much higher cost.
Арга барил нь ГТМ-ийн хэрэгжилтийн санхүүгийн эх үүсвэрийн хүртээмжийг сайжруулах / эргэлтэнд оруулахад чиглэсэн үү?
- Үгүй
- Тийм, бага зэрэг
- Тийм, зарим
- Тийм, их
The SLM was implemented with funding support aimed for drought recovery. The country had just gone through a major drought. The Approach, however, focused more on mobilising communities towards meaningful participation by providing local available resources such as hardcore, sand, and unskilled labour.
Арга барил нь ГТМ хэрэгжүүлэхэд газар ашиглагчдын мэдлэг, чадварыг сайжруулахад хүргэсэн үү?
- Үгүй
- Тийм, бага зэрэг
- Тийм, зарим
- Тийм, их
A significant element of the Approach was capacity building which was achieved through on-the-job and workshop training for the selected community members
Энэ арга барил бусад сонирхогч талуудын мэдлэг, чадавхийг сайжруулсан уу?
- Үгүй
- Тийм, бага зэрэг
- Тийм, зарим
- Тийм, их
The project was implemented with close involvement of county government officials and other development organisations. There have been requests by other development actors in the region wanting to know more about how Caritas Switzerland succeeded in working with the communities and achieving these impressive results.
Арга барил нь оролцогч талуудын хооронд институци, хамтын ажиллагааг бий болгож, бэхжүүлсэн үү?
- Үгүй
- Тийм, бага зэрэг
- Тийм, зарим
- Тийм, их
The project's mandate was limited to community institutions capacity building. Beyond community empowerment the Approach did not target to raise capacity of other stakeholders.
Энэ арга барил зөрчилдөөнийг багасгасан уу?
- Үгүй
- Тийм, бага зэрэг
- Тийм, зарим
- Тийм, их
The region within which the project was implemented in has resource based conflicts, mostly conflicts over water and pasture land. The Approach led to successful implementation of the Technology which reduces pressure on water resources. In addition, the management of the newly constructed water points ensures that community members benefits equally
Арга барил нь эмзэг бүлгийнхнийг нийгэм, эдийн засгийн хувьд чадавхижуулсан уу?
- Үгүй
- Тийм, бага зэрэг
- Тийм, зарим
- Тийм, их
Women are the main beneficiaries of the Approach. They were more active than men in offering semi-voluntary labour. Their motivation was that they bear the greater burden than men as it is their responsibility to provide household water .
Арга барил нь газар ашиглагч залуучууд / дараагийн үеийн хүмүүсийг ГТМ-д оролцохыг хөхүүлэн дэмжсэн үү?
- Үгүй
- Тийм, бага зэрэг
- Тийм, зарим
- Тийм, их
Youth participation was minimal due cultural barriers. Young men do not participate in most of community activities. They are expected to have minimal contact with the rest, and especially women hence most of their time they are in the bush
Арга барил нь ГТМ-ийн технологийг хэрэгжүүлэхэд саад учруулсан газрын эзэмшил / ашиглах эрхийг сайжруулахад чиглэсэн үү?
- Үгүй
- Тийм, бага зэрэг
- Тийм, зарим
- Тийм, их
Land tenure system in the area where the Approach was implemented is communal.
Арга барил нь чанаржуулсан шим тэжээл/ хүнсний аюулгүй байдалд хүргэсэн үү?
- Үгүй
- Тийм, бага зэрэг
- Тийм, зарим
- Тийм, их
It is expected that nutritional status will improve with increased access to better quality water. However, no survey was carried out to confirm this assumption.
Арга барил нь зах зээлийн хүртээмжийг сайжруулсан уу?
- Үгүй
- Тийм, бага зэрэг
- Тийм, зарим
- Тийм, их
Community members who initially would spend substantial amount of time to search for water now have more time freed to engage in trade and other diversified sources of income
Арга барил нь ус, ариун цэврийн байгууламжийн хүртээмжийг сайжруулахад хүргэсэн үү?
- Үгүй
- Тийм, бага зэрэг
- Тийм, зарим
- Тийм, их
There is improved access to water. The three benefiting communities no longer need water supply emergency. However, impact on sanitation was less than satisfactory.
Арга барил нь эрчим хүчний эх үүсвэр/ илүү тогтвортой ашиглалтад хүргэх үү?
- Үгүй
- Тийм, бага зэрэг
- Тийм, зарим
- Тийм, их
The project's mandate under which the Approach was implemented was limited to water and sanitation
Арга барил нь газар ашиглагчид уур амьсгалын өөрчлөлтөд дасан зохицох чадварыг дээшлүүлж, уур амьсгалын өөрчлөлттэй холбоотой гамшгийг бууруулах чадавхийг сайжруулсан уу?
- Үгүй
- Тийм, бага зэрэг
- Тийм, зарим
- Тийм, их
Increased water supply has greatly increased community's resilience to droughts. With a prudent management of water harvested, they have successfully avoided negative drought impacts.
Арга барил нь хөдөлмөр эрхлэлт, орлогын боломжид хүргэсэн үү?
- Үгүй
- Тийм, бага зэрэг
- Тийм, зарим
- Тийм, их
There is no direct employment except that the community members can now engage more in other rewarding businesses
6.2 ГТМ-ийг хэрэгжүүлэх газар ашиглагчидын гол санаачилга
- Гамшигийн эрсдэл буурсан
Increased water supply has greatly decreased community's vulnerability to droughts.
- Ажлын ачаалал бууруулсан
The community was highly motivated by the challenges of acute and perennial water shortages they have experienced for many years. They had a great desire to change and overcome this challenge.
- зөрчилдөөнийг бууруулах
Reducing water scarcity likely leads to less conflict on water. However, no survey data is available to validate this assumption.
- improved water acess
6.3 Арга барилын үйл ажиллагааны тогтвортой байдал
Газар ашиглагчид арга барилаар дамжуулан хэрэгжүүлсэн арга хэмжээг тогтвортой хадгалж чадах уу (гадны дэмжлэггүйгээр)?
- Тийм
Хэрэв тийм бол яаж гэдгийг тайлбарлана уу:
The Approach greatly focused on capacity building, community empowerment and strengthened institutions. It is expected therefore that they will sustainably manage the Technologies that have been constructed.
6.4 Арга барилын тогтвортой/давуу тал/боломжууд
| Газар ашиглагчдын тодорхойлсон давуу тал/боломжууд |
|---|
| The Approach leads to greater ownership of the technology thus leading to better equipped community groups with skills for operations and maintenance. The Approach galvanises a community towards a common goal hence promotes cohesion and better organisation. |
6.5 Арга барилын дутагдалтай/сул тал/аюул болон тэдгээрийн хэрхэн даван туулах арга замууд
| Газар ашиглагч нарын тодорхойлсон сул тал/ дутагдал/ эрсдэл | Тэдгээрийг хэрхэн даван туулах вэ? |
|---|---|
| It takes time to achieve the community´s buy-in so that they can adequately fulfil their obligations. This is particularly the case in a region where varied development approaches have been implemented, most of which create dependency and discouraged self-initiative. | This can be changed through long terms engagement processes with all stakeholders such as county government and NGOs to advocate for approaches that foster community empowerment. |
7. Суурь мэдээлэл болон холбоосууд
7.1 Мэдээллийн эх үүсвэр/аргууд
- Хээрийн уулзалт, судалгаа
Community elders, chiefs, water management committee members, and users
- Газар ашиглагчтай хийсэн ярилцлага
The water management committee
- ГТМ-ийн мэргэжилтэн/шинжээчтэй хийсэн ярилцлага
James Ndenga, staff of Caritas Switzerland
- тайлан болон бусад эх сурвалжийн бүрдэл
End of project report
7.2 Холбогдох бүтээлийн ишлэл
Гарчиг, зохиогч, он, ISBN:
A Handbook of gravity-flow water systems for small communities; Thomas D. Jordan Junior; 1980; 978 0 94668 850 0
Хаанаас авч болох вэ? Зардал?
Caritas Switzerland office, Nairobi
Холбоос ба модулууд
Бүгдийг дэлгэх Бүгдийг хаахХолбоосууд
Rock catchment [Кени]
A rock catchment system is a water harvesting structure comprising a bare sloping rock surface (impounded area), a constructed concrete wall at a strategic point (weir), pipeline from the weir to the storage tank(s), storage tanks and water kiosk(s) connected to the water tanks by pipelines.
- Эмхэтгэгч: Fredrick Ochieng
Модулууд
Модуль байхгүй байна