State-controlled research territory for orcharding [Тажикистан]
- Шинийг нээх:
- Шинэчлэх:
- Эмхэтгэгч: Christian Wirz
- Хянан тохиолдуулагч: –
- Хянагч: David Streiff
approaches_2566 - Тажикистан
Бүлгүүдийг үзэх
Бүгдийг дэлгэх Бүгдийг хаах1. Ерөнхий мэдээлэл
1.2 Арга барилыг баримтжуулах болон үнэлгээ хийхэд оролцсон хүн эсвэл байгууллагын холбоо барих хаяг
Арга барилыг баримтжуулах/үнэлэх ажилд дэмжлэг үзүүлсэн байгууллага(ууд)-ын нэр (шаардлагатай бол)
CDE Centre for Development and Environment (CDE Centre for Development and Environment) - Швейцар1.3 WOCAT-аар баримтжуулсан өгөгдлийг ашиглахтай холбоотой нөхцөл
Мэдээллийг хэзээ (газар дээр нь) цуглуулсан бэ?
20/08/2008
Эмхэтгэгч болон гол мэдээлэгч хүн(хүмүүс) WOCAT аргачлалаар баримтжуулсан мэдээллийг ашиглахтай холбоотой нөхцлийг хүлээн зөвшөөрсөн:
Тийм
1.4 ГТМ-ийн технологийн асуулгын(д) суурь мэдээлэл(д)
Combined cut-and-carry and fruit-production system with terraces [Тажикистан]
A combination of fruit- and nut-trees together with seminatural trees and shrubs on one side with grass-communities on the other side provide for a diversified production system.
- Эмхэтгэгч: Christian Wirz
2. ГТМ Арга барилын тодорхойлолт
2.1 Арга барилын товч тодорхойлолт
Cultivation of an orchard with research activities and research staff with food for work.
2.2 Арга барилын дэлгэрэнгүй тодорхойлолт
Арга барилын дэлгэрэнгүй тодорхойлолт:
Aims / objectives: The main objective is to dispose of varieties of fruits that are adapted to different conditions. Another objective is to prevent degradation and test methods of rehabilitation and to spread this knowledge. The orchard was also implemented as a source of labour for 50 employees. In the last years it has become more important to acquire self-sufficiency by fruit- and hay-production, because wages cannot always be paid. And because of limited state-support in terms of fertilisers, pesticides and machines, the selling of tree saplings is important.
Methods: Work is subdivided into research, whereby the analysis of soils is carried out in laboratories, into conservation methods carried out by field staff and the brigadier himself (planting fruit and other trees, grafting fruit trees, planting and maintaining tree saplings, combatting pests and forbs) and harvest (of fruits and hay) that is carried out by all the employees and their families. The fruits are partly dried and sold.
Stages of implementation: After the terraces being built and the trees being planted in the early 1960ies, the orchard needed to be maintained: e.g. annually trees are substituted and fertilisers, manure and pesticides are applied. When trees are not grown, intercropping is possible. Since 1992 soils on the terraces, between the trees, are not tilled anymore, because rees are too high.
Role of stakeholders: The workers are initially employed for a clearly defined work such as tractor driver, research coordinator or research scientist. They execute orders given by their superiors. In the years after independance the strict subdivision is broken up and the research station is more independent. During civil war, when the district government was nearly inexistant, the land needed to be distributed among the employees, who were now land rentors and had to maintain their part of the orchard by themselves: It was the only way to protect the orchard from being destroyed, says the research coordinator.
2.3 Арга барилын зурагууд
2.5 Арга барил нэвтрүүлсэн улс орон / бүс нутаг / байршил
Улс:
Тажикистан
Улс/аймаг/сум:
Region of Republican Subordination
Байршлын дэлгэрэнгүй тодорхойлолт:
Faizobod
Тайлбар:
The research area is subdivided into two parts, one in the higher hills (around 1800-1900m) and one close to the village Karsang. Only the latter is assessed, even if the applied technology and the approach are similar for both locations.
Map
×2.6 Арга барилыг эхлэх, дуусах огноо
Эхлэх жилийг тэмдэглэ:
1965
2.7 Арга барилын төрөл
- төсөл / хөтөлбөр дээр үндэслэсэн
2.8 Арга барилын үндсэн зорилго, зорилтууд
The Approach focused mainly on SLM with other activities (In the last years production (of fruits and young trees) for market and self-sufficiency has increased.)
The field station should elaborate knowledge on fruit-production in steep areas. The knowledge gained on terraces would also be useful in the 1970ies, when forest administration was implemented and started to adopt and adapt the terrace technology. Research was in cooperation with other regions of Tajikistan and the URSS, e.g. good walnut varieties from Ukraine were imported and bred to make them adapted to local climate. From the very beginning it was important integrate and to create a surplus value for local population, be it jobs or knowledge on erosion prevention and fruit-production. In the last years it has become more important to spread conservation and production knowledge in favour of local population: Workshops are regularly organised, together with NGOs and with the own specialists, to make population share the gained knowlegde and apply it in their own orchards.
The SLM Approach addressed the following problems: The main focus was research on the productivity and stress-resistance (e.g. droughts) of different varieties of fruit-trees and vines under different climatic conditions. Another important objective is the elaboration of efficient terrace technology against erosion.There were also particular interests of political leaders such as vineyards for wine-production, a factor that is not important anymore in a country where the Islamic religion seems to be more important today than in Soviet times.
2.9 Арга барилын хүрээнд хэрэгжсэн Технологи/Технологиудад дэмжсэн эсвэл саад учруулсан нөхцлүүд
Хууль, эрхзүйн хүрээ (газар эзэмшил, газар, ус ашиглах эрх)
- Идэвхижүүлэх
The existing land ownership, land use rights / water rights greatly helped the approach implementation: Land belonged to the state in former USSR and the state initiated the project.
ГТМ-ийн талаарх мэдлэг, техникийн дэмжлэг авах боломж
- Хазаарлалт
Topography (very steep slopes) difficult for mechanical use and dangerous for tractor drivers.
Treatment through the SLM Approach: Terraces reduce slope and besides being a better wind-protection planting the trees diagonally to the main slope direction is a
3. Оролцогч талуудын оролцоо ба үүргүүд
3.1 Арга барилд оролцогч талууд болон тэдгээрийн үүргүүд
- Орон нутгийн газар ашиглагч / орон нутгийн иргэд
Women are considered to be responsible for work in the household, even if they are sometimes the main field-workers today
- ГТМ-ийн мэргэжилтэн/ хөдөө аж ахуйн зөвлөх
by SLM specialists alone (top-down): Implementation and control of implementation. They are also encharged of research.
- Засгийн газар (шийдвэр гаргагч, төлөвлөгч)
According to national and Soviet agricultural policies, the orchard was designed and organised.
Decision to implement research station (Academy of Science)
No women are found in a leading position of this research station.
3.2 Арга барилын янз бүрийн үе шатанд орон нутгийн газар ашиглагчид / бүлэглэлүүдийг татан оролцуулах
Орон нутгийн газар ашиглагч / орон нутгийн иргэдийн оролцоо | Хэн оролцсоныг тодорхойлж, үйл ажиллагааг тайлбарлана уу | |
---|---|---|
санаачлага/идэвхжүүлэлт | үгүй | |
Төлөвлөгөө | үгүй | |
Хэрэгжилт | идэвхигүй | Tractor-driver for terraces and field staff for tree-planting, land users' families for harvesting. |
Мониторинг/ үнэлгээ | үгүй | |
Research | үгүй |
3.4 ГТМ-ийн технологи/технологиуд сонгох шийдвэр
Хэрэгжүүлэх Технологи/Технологиудын сонголтыг хийж шийдвэр гаргасан хүнийг тодорхойлно уу:
- ГТМ-ийн мэргэжилтэн дангаараа
Тайлбар:
Different experts are the decision-makers, depending on the problem (e.g. type of fruits). This has stayed till today.
Decisions on the method of implementing the SLM Technology were made by by SLM specialists alone (top-down)
4. Техникийн дэмжлэг, чадавхи бүрдүүлэх, мэдлэгийн менежмент
4.1 Чадавхи бэхжүүлэх/сургалт
Газар эзэмшигчид / бусад оролцогч талуудад сургалт явуулсан уу?
Тийм
Хэн сургалтанд хамрагдсан бэ:
- Газар ашиглагчид
- хээрийн ажилтан / зөвлөх
Сургалтын хэлбэр:
- үзүүлэнгийн талбай
Хамрагдсан сэвдүүд:
For land users it is interesting to learn specific technologies in fruit-production, e.g. how walnut saplings are maintained. For field staff it is interesting to learn from specialists how something is explained to different participants (young, old).
4.2 Зөвлөх үйлчилгээ
Газар ашиглагчдад зөвлөх үйлчилгээ авах боломжтой байдаг уу?
Үгүй
4.3 Институцийг бэхжүүлэх (байгууллагын хөгжил)
Арга барилаар дамжуулан институц байгуулагдаж эсвэл бэхжсэн үү?
- Үгүй
4.4 Мониторинг ба үнэлгээ
Мониторинг болон үнэлгээ нь арга барилын хэсэг үү?
Тийм
Тайлбар:
bio-physical aspects were regular monitored by project staff through observations; indicators: Stress-resistance, depending on climate
economic / production aspects were regular monitored by project staff through measurements; indicators: Fruit harvest per tree.
There were few changes in the Technology as a result of monitoring and evaluation: With reduced crop harvests, partly due to lacking irrigation and partly to tall trees, cropping was stopped. Instead haymaking was focused.
5. Санхүүгийн болон гадаад материаллаг дэмжлэг
5.1 ГТМ-ийн Арга барилын бүрэлдэхүүн хэсгийн жилийн төсөв
Тайлбар (жнь: санхүүжилтийн гол эх үүсвэр / гол хандивлагчид):
Approach costs were met by the following donors: government (In the past government paid): 100.0%
5.2 Газар ашиглагчдад санхүүгийн / материаллаг дэмжлэг үзүүлсэн
Технологи / технологийг хэрэгжүүлэхэд газар ашиглагчид санхүүгийн / материаллаг дэмжлэг авсан уу?
Үгүй
5.3 Тодорхой зардлыг даахад чиглэсэн дэмжлэгт (хөдөлмөрийн хүчийг оролцуулаад)
- Тоног төхөөрөмж
Ямар хөрөнгө оруулалт татаасаар олгогдсоныг заана уу | Ямар талбайн хэмжээнд | Тэтгэмж, урамшууллыг тодорхойлно уу |
---|---|---|
машин төхөөрөмж | ||
- Хөдөө аж ахуй
Ямар хөрөнгө оруулалт татаасаар олгогдсоныг заана уу | Ямар талбайн хэмжээнд | Тэтгэмж, урамшууллыг тодорхойлно уу |
---|---|---|
Үр, үрсэлгээ | ||
Бордоо | ||
Хэрэв газар ашиглагчийн хөдөлмөрийн хүч чухал байсан бол энэ нь аль хэлбэр байсан:
- хоол хүнсээр ажилладаг
Тайлбар:
There are fix employees with monthly salaries. But often, instead of salaries, people are paid in kind (i.e. the fruits for own use are substracted from the salary).
The government paid the whole implementation of the technology.
5.5 Бусад урамшуулал, хэрэгсэл
ГТМ-ийн технологийг хэрэгжилтийг дэмжихэд ашигласан бусад урамшуулал, хэрэгсэл байсан уу?
Үгүй
6. Нөлөөллийн дүн шинжилгээ ба дүгнэлт
6.1 Арга барилын нөлөөллүүд
Арга барил нь ГТМ-ийн технологийг хэрэгжүүлж, хадгалахад газар ашиглагчдад тусласан уу?
- Үгүй
- Тийм, бага зэрэг
- Тийм, зарим
- Тийм, их
Cover recovered on a nearby ex-cropland area, where the orchard technology was applied. It is especially the grazing-stop that triggered the change.
Did other land users / projects adopt the Approach?
- Үгүй
- Тийм, бага зэрэг
- Тийм, зарим
- Тийм, их
In the 1970s the forest department began with state-organised reforesting and terracing. Nowadays land users visiting workshops in the research station adopt the orchard technology, but just for self-sufficiency.
Did the Approach lead to improved livelihoods / human well-being?
- Үгүй
- Тийм, бага зэрэг
- Тийм, зарим
- Тийм, их
Especially the employees could profit from their job, be it by payments in kind or by the wages. During civil war the decision to leave the cultivation of the orchards to local land users did not only
Did the Approach help to alleviate poverty?
- Үгүй
- Тийм, бага зэрэг
- Тийм, зарим
- Тийм, их
The salaries allowed some land users to buy private livestock.
6.2 ГТМ-ийг хэрэгжүүлэх газар ашиглагчидын гол санаачилга
- үйлдвэрлэл нэмэгдсэн
Especially in recent years workers have been relying more and more on harvests (fruits, hay).
- нэр хүнд, нийгмийн дарамт / нийгмийн холбоо
The employees made their living with this job.
- Байгаль орчны ухамсар
The brigadier was and is convinced that the ecosystem is maintained by the whole project.
6.3 Арга барилын үйл ажиллагааны тогтвортой байдал
Газар ашиглагчид арга барилаар дамжуулан хэрэгжүүлсэн арга хэмжээг тогтвортой хадгалж чадах уу (гадны дэмжлэггүйгээр)?
- Тодорхойгүй
Хэрэв үгүй эсвэл тодорхойгүй бол дэлгэрэнгүй тайлбар өгнө үү:
Already today organisations carrying out workshops or training activities are asked to pay for it: food, paper and pens for the participants have to be organised.
6.4 Арга барилын тогтвортой/давуу тал/боломжууд
Газар ашиглагчдын тодорхойлсон давуу тал/боломжууд |
---|
The strong focus on research helps improve the orchard. (How to sustain/ enhance this strength: Inputs from external experts (from Switzerland) could help improve the technology.) |
Эмхэтгэгч, бусад мэдээлэл өгсөн хүмүүсийн өнцгөөс тодорхойлсон давуу тал/боломжууд |
---|
It helps spread knowledge on an efficient conservation technology, especially on tree planting. |
It permits land users to learn conservation methods and to make their living at the same time. (How to sustain/ enhance this strength: Giving the land users more decision capacities might strengthen their will to implement conservation.) |
6.5 Арга барилын дутагдалтай/сул тал/аюул болон тэдгээрийн хэрхэн даван туулах арга замууд
Газар ашиглагч нарын тодорхойлсон сул тал/ дутагдал/ эрсдэл | Тэдгээрийг хэрхэн даван туулах вэ? |
---|---|
The chaos of war could have destroyed the orchard (people chopping trees illegally in a situation of no control). | The possibility of employees to rent land (land tenure assured) was the only possibility to save the orchard (as soon as the harvest goes to the land user, he has more interest to improve the land use). |
Эмхэтгэгч, бусад мэдээлэл өгсөн хүмүүсийн өнцгөөс тодорхойлсон сул тал/ дутагдал/ эрсдэл | Тэдгээрийг хэрхэн даван туулах вэ? |
---|---|
Research activities and the improvement of conservation technologies depend very much on the research coordinator. | Strengthening the position of land users would help make the system more sustainable on the long-term |
Холбоос ба модулууд
Бүгдийг дэлгэх Бүгдийг хаахХолбоосууд
Combined cut-and-carry and fruit-production system with terraces [Тажикистан]
A combination of fruit- and nut-trees together with seminatural trees and shrubs on one side with grass-communities on the other side provide for a diversified production system.
- Эмхэтгэгч: Christian Wirz
Модулууд
Модуль байхгүй байна