Арга барилууд

Rapid and Participatory Rural Appraisal Study (MARP) [Мадагаскар]

Шинийг нээх: 01/19/2016 шөнө дунд
Шинэчлэх: 04/04/2018 2:50 p.m.
Эмхэтгэгч: Nadine Fritz-Vietta
Хянан тохиолдуулагч: –
Хянагчид: Fabian Ottiger, Deborah Niggli

Etude de Méthode Accélérée de Recherche Participative (MARP) (French)

approaches_2608 - Мадагаскар

Бүлгүүдийг үзэх

Бүгдийг дэлгэх

Бүрэн байдал: 89%

1. Ерөнхий мэдээлэл

1.2 Арга барилыг баримтжуулах болон үнэлгээ хийхэд оролцсон хүн эсвэл байгууллагын холбоо барих хаяг

Мэдээлэл өгсөн хүн(с)

ГТМ мэргэжилтэн:

Nadine Fritz-Vietta

Арга барилыг баримтжуулах/үнэлэх ажилд дэмжлэг үзүүлсэн төслийн нэр (шаардлагатай бол)

Sustainable Landmanagement in south-western Madagascar (SuLaMa / GLUES)

Арга барилыг баримтжуулах/үнэлэх ажилд дэмжлэг үзүүлсэн төслийн нэр (шаардлагатай бол)

Book project: Making sense of research for sustainable land management (GLUES)

Арга барилыг баримтжуулах/үнэлэх ажилд дэмжлэг үзүүлсэн байгууллага(ууд)-ын нэр (шаардлагатай бол)

University of Greifswald (University of Greifswald) - Герман

1.3 WOCAT-аар баримтжуулсан өгөгдлийг ашиглахтай холбоотой нөхцөл

Мэдээллийг хэзээ (газар дээр нь) цуглуулсан бэ?

01/08/2011

Эмхэтгэгч болон гол мэдээлэгч хүн(хүмүүс) WOCAT аргачлалаар баримтжуулсан мэдээллийг ашиглахтай холбоотой нөхцлийг хүлээн зөвшөөрсөн:

Тийм

2. ГТМ Арга барилын тодорхойлолт

2.1 Арга барилын товч тодорхойлолт

The MARP approach, as reported here from Madagascar, is a participatory, but rapid, interdisciplinary assessment of local perspectives on livelihoods and natural resources use.

2.2 Арга барилын дэлгэрэнгүй тодорхойлолт

Арга барилын дэлгэрэнгүй тодорхойлолт:

Aims / objectives: ‘MARP’ is a methodology for assessing local situations that is both participatory and rapid. It was used during the initial stage of a six-year research project (2011-2016) on sustainable land management (SLM) in Madagascar conducted by a consortium of German and Malagasy universities in collaboration with a NGO. The aim of the MARP study was to facilitate the local population to express their perspectives on local livelihoods and natural resource use. The approach sought to integrate local voices into project planning. Specific objectives were (a) to build a link between German and Malagasy researchers from different disciplines, (b) to train them in the MARP methodology, (c) to understand the broad outlines of subsistence strategies, and (d) to explore the diversity of social and environmental situations in the Mahafa-ly Plateau region.

Methods: The MARP methodology facilitated an exchange between the local population (in-cluding land users and village representatives) and researchers about selected themes. Participants were invited to express themselves about their lives, social and ecological conditions and their use of natural resources. Four villages were chosen for the study, two at the coast and two on the plateau. The researchers were divided into two groups. Each group was accompanied by a facilitator and translators and each collected data in one village at the coast and one village on the plateau. Differ-ent techniques were applied to gather the information including semi-structured interviews, social maps, calendars (demonstrating cropping systems and historic developments etc), venn diagrams, and transect walks. In group discussions among researchers, information was triangulated and validated. After assessing a village, researchers called its villagers for feedback and discussion about the collected data. In this meeting the researchers presented a summary of results on local livelihoods, cropping systems and socio-cultural events, to discuss how accurate they were.

Stages of implementation: The MARP study was developed and carried out by researchers from various disci-plines including agriculture, livestock farming, silviculture, economics and human geography. It was divided into four phases, (1) an introductory workshop and tech-nical training, (2) data collection, (3) data analysis, and (4) a final workshop. In phase (1) two external experts in the MARP techniques introduced these to the par-ticipating Malagasy and German researchers in a four-day workshop. Phase (2) and (3) were implemented in the study region over a four-week period. In phase (4) the MARP study closed with a final workshop in the regional capital Tuléar, where re-sults were discussed with regional stakeholders.

Role of stakeholders: The local population played a particularly important role in the MARP study through providing key information about livelihoods and natural resource use etc. People from different clans and lineages, social status and both men and women were stra-tegically included. The MARP study group comprised 27 people who participated in the assessment: they included researchers, facilitators, socio-organizers, and trans-lators. Researchers had to develop contact with the local population, to learn from their insights, to collect and analyse data and to discuss the results with them. The facilitators’ role was to give directions to the teams during the study process. Social organizers dealt with equipment and accommodation, and translators accompanied non-native researchers during the information-gathering process.

2.3 Арга барилын зурагууд

Медиа галерей

2.5 Арга барил нэвтрүүлсэн улс орон / бүс нутаг / байршил

Улс:

Мадагаскар

Улс/аймаг/сум:

Mahafaly Plateau, south-western Madagascar

Байршлын дэлгэрэнгүй тодорхойлолт:

Beheloke-Atsimo

2.6 Арга барилыг эхлэх, дуусах огноо

Эхлэх жилийг тэмдэглэ:

2011

Хугацаа дуусах жил (Хэрэв арга барил удаанаар ашиглаагүй бол):

2016

2.7 Арга барилын төрөл

төсөл / хөтөлбөр дээр үндэслэсэн

2.8 Арга барилын үндсэн зорилго, зорилтууд

The Approach focused mainly on other activities than SLM (stakeholder participation, inter- and transdisciplinary research, community involvement)

The aim of the MARP study was to start dialogue between the local population and researchers about: subsistence strategies in agriculture and livestock keeping, natural resources use, the socio-cultural context and the local economy. Another aim was to provide information on community perspectives for the research project planning process and to start interdisciplinary exchange.

The SLM Approach addressed the following problems: Lack of dialogue between researchers and local population, researchers’ lack of knowledge of specific insights into community life, researchers’ lack of knowledge about stakeholder participation

2.9 Арга барилын хүрээнд хэрэгжсэн Технологи/Технологиудад дэмжсэн эсвэл саад учруулсан нөхцлүүд

нийгэм / соёл / шашны хэм хэмжээ, үнэт зүйлс

Хазаарлалт

The cultural differences between international/ na-tional researchers and local population proved to be a challenge for the implementation of the MARP study (Malagasy researchers participating in the process mainly originated from a different region in Madagascar).

Treatment through the SLM Approach: Awareness-raising among the researchers to adapt to local cultural norms and engagement of personnel from the region to support the
communication process.

Бүтэц зохион байгуулалт

Хазаарлалт

Researchers were not familiar with the MARP methodology and the regional context.

Treatment through the SLM Approach: Offering an introductory workshop at the begin-ning of the MARP study and supporting the learning-by-doing process by facilitators.

ГТМ-ийн талаарх мэдлэг, техникийн дэмжлэг авах боломж

Хазаарлалт

Lack of water and electricity in the field.

Treatment through the SLM Approach: Organization of enough water, organization of generators, adaptation to conditions by not using computers, but reporting through handwritten notes.

ажлын багтаамж, хүн хүчний нөөц бололцоо

Хазаарлалт

Need of researchers to adapt to local/regional con-ditions, to learn a new methodology and to collect viable information all at once; demand on the local population to spend time and effort on communica-tion and knowledge exchange.

Treatment through the SLM Approach: Scheduling enough time for the study and offer also leisure time for all participants.

3. Оролцогч талуудын оролцоо ба үүргүүд

3.1 Арга барилд оролцогч талууд болон тэдгээрийн үүргүүд

Орон нутгийн газар ашиглагч / орон нутгийн иргэд

More men participated in group meetings, according to local customs men dominate village meetings, women do not have the right to speak, however, it was sought to also involve women in the study through approaching groups of women in the villages. People from different lineages, status and age were deliberately involved

ТББ

WWF, Madagascar National Parks

Орон нутгийн захиргаа

village representatives

Засгийн газар (шийдвэр гаргагч, төлөвлөгч)

Олон улсын байгууллага

international research consortium

Хэрэв хэд хэдэн оролцогч талууд оролцсон бол голлох төлөөлөгчийг зааж өгнө үү:

National specialists provided relevant information for the on site implementation of the study; international specialists designed the approach; land users provided relevant information for the on site implementation of the study.

3.2 Арга барилын янз бүрийн үе шатанд орон нутгийн газар ашиглагчид / бүлэглэлүүдийг татан оролцуулах

	Орон нутгийн газар ашиглагч / орон нутгийн иргэдийн оролцоо	Хэн оролцсоныг тодорхойлж, үйл ажиллагааг тайлбарлана уу
санаачлага/идэвхжүүлэлт	идэвхигүй
Төлөвлөгөө	интерактив	local decision-makers were involved in the planning process; they took decisions about the study procedure and payment.
Хэрэгжилт	интерактив	various persons from the local communities; information exchange and provision of local insights.
Мониторинг/ үнэлгээ	Гадаад дэмжлэг	Various persons from the local communities were involved in monitoring of the results; feedback and discussion.
Research	идэвхигүй

3.3 Диаграм (хэрэв боломжтой бол)

Тодорхойлолт:

Flow chart shows the MARP study procedure exemplified by the first village.
Right after the introductory workshop and technical training the MARP team went off into the field. It spent six days in the first village starting with an introduction followed by a structured guidance through the MARP exercis-es and reflection on gathered information. The MARP study process in the first village closed with a final meeting of villagers and the MARP team in order to discuss the outcome. Subse-quently the MARP team moved to another place for data analysis and reporting before prepar-ing the stay in the second village.

Зохиогч:

Nadine Fritz-Vietta

3.4 ГТМ-ийн технологи/технологиуд сонгох шийдвэр

Хэрэгжүүлэх Технологи/Технологиудын сонголтыг хийж шийдвэр гаргасан хүнийг тодорхойлно уу:

ГТМ-ийн мэргэжилтэн дангаараа

Тайлбар:

An international research consortium decided to contuct the MARP study.

Decisions on the method of implementing the SLM Technology were made by mainly by SLM specialists with consultation of land users. The MARP team introduced the study to the local population and developed together with them the study procedure in the field.

4. Техникийн дэмжлэг, чадавхи бүрдүүлэх, мэдлэгийн менежмент

4.1 Чадавхи бэхжүүлэх/сургалт

Газар эзэмшигчид / бусад оролцогч талуудад сургалт явуулсан уу?

Тийм

Хэн сургалтанд хамрагдсан бэ:

Газар ашиглагчид

researchers

Хамрагдсан сэвдүүд:

Rapid and Participatory Rural Appraisal Methodology in the field of local livelihoods and natural resource use for researchers; local population was provided with awareness raising about the research project and the way how to participate in the research process

4.2 Зөвлөх үйлчилгээ

Газар ашиглагчдад зөвлөх үйлчилгээ авах боломжтой байдаг уу?

Тийм

Зөвлөх үйлчилгээ үзүүлсэн эсэхийг тогтоо:

Газар ашиглагчийн талбай дээр

Тодорхойлолт / тайлбар:

Name of method used for advisory service: Rapid and participatory rural appraisal (MARP); Key elements: Applying a multitude of visual and verbal appraisal techniques, Triangulation of information to guarantee validity, Starting dialogue, communication and discussion concerning local livelihoods

Land conservation activities were not part of the MARP study

4.3 Институцийг бэхжүүлэх (байгууллагын хөгжил)

Арга барилаар дамжуулан институц байгуулагдаж эсвэл бэхжсэн үү?

Үгүй

4.4 Мониторинг ба үнэлгээ

Мониторинг болон үнэлгээ нь арга барилын хэсэг үү?

Тийм

Тайлбар:

socio-cultural aspects were regular monitored by project staff through observations; indicators: data on history and socio-cultural aspects in natural resource use

socio-cultural aspects were regular monitored by project staff through measurements; indicators: data from venn-diagram

economic / production aspects were regular monitored by project staff through observations; indicators: data on local livelihoods and subsistence economy

economic / production aspects were regular monitored by project staff through measurements; indicators: data from e.g. social mapping and crop calendars

no. of land users involved aspects were ad hoc monitored by None through observations; indicators: data on stakeholder participation in conservation activities

management of Approach aspects were ad hoc monitored by None through observations; indicators: data for project evaluation

There were several changes in the Approach as a result of monitoring and evaluation: Based on the data in the first two villages studied at the coast, other villages were chosen for the second set on the plateau; this was a result of social and economic interdependencies between coastal and plateau villages; furthermore, the set of applied tech-niques and the questions posed in the semi-structured interviews were adapted.

4.5 Судалгаа

Судалгаа арга барилын хэсэг нь байсан уу?

Тийм

Сэдвийг тодруулна уу:

Социологи
Эдийн засаг/ зах зээл

natural resources use

Дэлгэрэнгүй мэдээллийг өгч, хэн судалгаа явуулсныг бичнэ үү:

The aim was to gain a collective picture about local livelihoods, subsistence economy, and natural resources use.

Research was carried out on-farm

5. Санхүүгийн болон гадаад материаллаг дэмжлэг

5.1 ГТМ-ийн Арга барилын бүрэлдэхүүн хэсгийн жилийн төсөв

Хэрэв жилийн төсөв тодорхойгүй бол хягаарыг тодруулна уу:

2,000-10,000

Тайлбар (жнь: санхүүжилтийн гол эх үүсвэр / гол хандивлагчид):

Approach costs were met by the following donors: international (German Ministry of Education and Research BMBF): 100.0%

5.2 Газар ашиглагчдад санхүүгийн / материаллаг дэмжлэг үзүүлсэн

Технологи / технологийг хэрэгжүүлэхэд газар ашиглагчид санхүүгийн / материаллаг дэмжлэг авсан уу?

Тийм

5.3 Тодорхой зардлыг даахад чиглэсэн дэмжлэгт (хөдөлмөрийн хүчийг оролцуулаад)

Тоног төхөөрөмж

Ямар хөрөнгө оруулалт татаасаар олгогдсоныг заана уу	Ямар талбайн хэмжээнд	Тэтгэмж, урамшууллыг тодорхойлно уу


paper boards, markers, generators, computer	Бүрэн санхүүждэг

Хэрэв газар ашиглагчийн хөдөлмөрийн хүч чухал байсан бол энэ нь аль хэлбэр байсан:

сайн дурын

Тайлбар:

At the final meeting as expression of gratitude for participation some money was transferred to the community heads to be shared in the village.

5.4 Кредит

Арга барилын хүрээнд ГТМ-ийн үйл ажиллагаанд зориулж зээлд хамрагдсан уу?

Үгүй

6. Нөлөөллийн дүн шинжилгээ ба дүгнэлт

6.1 Арга барилын нөлөөллүүд

Арга барил нь ГТМ-ийн технологийг хэрэгжүүлж, хадгалахад газар ашиглагчдад тусласан уу?

Үгүй
Тийм, бага зэрэг
Тийм, зарим
Тийм, их

the focus of the MARP study was to gain insights into local people's perceptions regarding livelihoods and natural resource use rather than helping local land users to improve sustainable land management – though improved SLM was the aim of the overall research project to which the study contributed.

Арга барил нь эмзэг бүлгийнхнийг нийгэм, эдийн засгийн хувьд чадавхижуулсан уу?

Үгүй
Тийм, бага зэрэг
Тийм, зарим
Тийм, их

socially and economically disadvantaged people participated in the MARP study and explained their situation.

Did other land users / projects adopt the Approach?

Үгүй
Тийм, бага зэрэг
Тийм, зарим
Тийм, их

Did the Approach lead to improved livelihoods / human well-being?

Үгүй
Тийм, бага зэрэг
Тийм, зарим
Тийм, их

the aim was to start dialogue about local livelihoods (including well-being) and natural resource use between the local population and researchers rather than having a direct impact on livelihoods: the overall research project was intended to have an impact on local livelihoods.

Did the Approach help to alleviate poverty?

Үгүй
Тийм, бага зэрэг
Тийм, зарим
Тийм, их

the aim was to trigger communication processes between local people and researchers about local people's socio-economic situa-tion rather than having a direct impact on poverty.

6.2 ГТМ-ийг хэрэгжүүлэх газар ашиглагчидын гол санаачилга

Сүлжээ/ бүлэг төсөл/ хөдөлгөөнд гишүүнээр элсүүлэх

Байгаль орчны ухамсар

participation, dialogue

6.3 Арга барилын үйл ажиллагааны тогтвортой байдал

Газар ашиглагчид арга барилаар дамжуулан хэрэгжүүлсэн арга хэмжээг тогтвортой хадгалж чадах уу (гадны дэмжлэггүйгээр)?

Үгүй

Хэрэв үгүй эсвэл тодорхойгүй бол дэлгэрэнгүй тайлбар өгнө үү:

The MARP study is mainly conducted by researchers who were trained in the application of techniques. If other stakeholders are interested in continuing this Approach they need technical training.

6.4 Арга барилын тогтвортой/давуу тал/боломжууд

Газар ашиглагчдын тодорхойлсон давуу тал/боломжууд
From the land users’ point of view the MARP study offered the opportunity to start dialogue with researchers. By participating and responding to researchers’ questions they reflected about own livelihoods and their way of living. Local people took the experts role in the study by explaining their perspective on local livelihoods and natural resource use. The MARP methodology also facilitated to include everybody who was willing to participate, including illiterate and socially disadvantaged people.

Газар ашиглагчдын тодорхойлсон давуу тал/боломжууд

From the land users’ point of view the MARP study offered the opportunity to start dialogue with researchers. By participating and responding to researchers’ questions they reflected about own livelihoods and their way of living.
Local people took the experts role in the study by explaining their perspective on local livelihoods and natural resource use.
The MARP methodology also facilitated to include everybody who was willing to participate, including illiterate and socially disadvantaged people.

Эмхэтгэгч, бусад мэдээлэл өгсөн хүмүүсийн өнцгөөс тодорхойлсон давуу тал/боломжууд
A team building process was initiated by the MARP study. A team of interdisciplinary researchers from Madagascar and Germany got together to work on a common goal. Communication between disciplines was fostered and team members learned how to overcome cultural differences. The MARP team had the opportunity to gain hands-on experiences with the MARP methodology. The MARP study facilitated mutual exchange between local people and researchers. By spending time in the field together with local people researchers started dialogue with them and thus gained important insights into local livelihoods and natural resource use. With the process of joint reflection on gained insights the researchers had valuable information at hand to design the further research process including interdisciplinary approaches. Participants also benefitted from an improved intercultural understanding.

Эмхэтгэгч, бусад мэдээлэл өгсөн хүмүүсийн өнцгөөс тодорхойлсон давуу тал/боломжууд

A team building process was initiated by the MARP study. A team of interdisciplinary researchers from Madagascar and Germany got together to work on a common goal.
Communication between disciplines was fostered and team members learned how to overcome cultural differences.
The MARP team had the opportunity to gain hands-on experiences with the MARP methodology.
The MARP study facilitated mutual exchange between local people and researchers. By spending time in the field together with local people researchers started dialogue with them and thus gained important insights into local livelihoods and natural resource use.
With the process of joint reflection on gained insights the researchers had valuable information at hand to design the further research process including interdisciplinary approaches. Participants also benefitted from an improved intercultural understanding.

6.5 Арга барилын дутагдалтай/сул тал/аюул болон тэдгээрийн хэрхэн даван туулах арга замууд

Газар ашиглагч нарын тодорхойлсон сул тал/ дутагдал/ эрсдэл	Тэдгээрийг хэрхэн даван туулах вэ?
Local people were only involved in a late stage of the MARP study’s development process. Although village representatives were consulted before the MARP study implementation, local people only received the information about the study when the study started. Local people did not see a direct benefit in participating in the MARP study. They rather noticed that they need to spend valuable hours of work for the study. People perceived a sort of disturbance of their village life through a group of foreign people with a different cultural background.	In order to prepare local people for the study, the overall research project should be introduced in an early stage. Inform about and communicate MARP study objectives, methodologies, visions etc. to target groups early enough and as detailed as possible. Local people (not only representatives) should be involved right from the beginning of the conception of the study. Compensation could be provided to participants (local people) for hours spent for the study. In order to avoid cultural disturbances in the villages and provide for compliance with local norms and rules, researchers should be provided with cultural awareness training.

Газар ашиглагч нарын тодорхойлсон сул тал/ дутагдал/ эрсдэл

Тэдгээрийг хэрхэн даван туулах вэ?

Local people were only involved in a late stage of the MARP study’s development process. Although village representatives were consulted before the MARP study implementation, local people only received the information about the study when the study started.
Local people did not see a direct benefit in participating in the MARP study. They rather noticed that they need to spend valuable hours of work for the study.
People perceived a sort of disturbance of their village life through a group of foreign people with a different cultural background.

In order to prepare local people for the study, the overall research project should be introduced in an early stage.
Inform about and communicate MARP study objectives, methodologies, visions etc. to target groups early enough and as detailed as possible.
Local people (not only representatives) should be involved right from the beginning of the conception of the study.
Compensation could be provided to participants (local people) for hours spent for the study.
In order to avoid cultural disturbances in the villages and provide for compliance with local norms and rules, researchers should be provided with cultural awareness training.

Эмхэтгэгч, бусад мэдээлэл өгсөн хүмүүсийн өнцгөөс тодорхойлсон сул тал/ дутагдал/ эрсдэл	Тэдгээрийг хэрхэн даван туулах вэ?
In some cases communication barriers (lack of language skills) hindered the process. This was true for communication between local people and researchers but also among German and national/local researchers. Consequently a great number of translators were needed, who increased the number of people participating the MARP study. Some researchers were new to the area or even to the country and had to work with a high amount of complex new information, while being required to adapt to local conditions. This led to an overwhelming workload. Concerning the MARP study process local people were not always available for enquiry, which was difficult to manage for the MARP team.	A session on cultural awareness should be integrated into the introductory workshop. The MARP study should be announced early enough to both the researchers so that they can prepare and the local people so that they can plan their availability for the study.

Эмхэтгэгч, бусад мэдээлэл өгсөн хүмүүсийн өнцгөөс тодорхойлсон сул тал/ дутагдал/ эрсдэл

Тэдгээрийг хэрхэн даван туулах вэ?

In some cases communication barriers (lack of language skills) hindered the process. This was true for communication between local people and researchers but also among German and national/local researchers. Consequently a great number of translators were needed, who increased the number of people participating the MARP study.
Some researchers were new to the area or even to the country and had to work with a high amount of complex new information, while being required to adapt to local conditions. This led to an overwhelming workload.
Concerning the MARP study process local people were not always available for enquiry, which was difficult to manage for the MARP team.

A session on cultural awareness should be integrated into the introductory workshop.
The MARP study should be announced early enough to both the researchers so that they can prepare and the local people so that they can plan their availability for the study.