1.2 Технологийг үнэлэх, баримтжуулах ажилд хамаарах мэдээлэл өгсөн хүмүүс, байгууллагуудын холбоо барих мэдээлэл

Технологи баримтжуулах/үнэлэх ажилд дэмжлэг үзүүлсэн төслийн нэр (шаардлагатай бол)

Book project: Water Harvesting – Guidelines to Good Practice (Water Harvesting)

Технологи баримтжуулах/үнэлэх ажилд дэмжлэг үзүүлсэн байгууллага(ууд)-ын нэр (шаардлагатай бол)

ICIMOD International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development (ICIMOD) - Непал

1.3 ВОКАТ-аар баримтжуулсан өгөгдлийг ашиглахтай холбоотой нөхцөл

Эмхэтгэгч болон гол мэдээлэгч хүн(хүмүүс) WOCAT аргачлалаар баримтжуулсан мэдээллийг ашиглахтай холбоотой нөхцлийг хүлээн зөвшөөрсөн:

Тийм

2.1 Технологийн товч тодорхойлолт

Технологийн тодорхойлолт:

A water harvesting system in which rain falling on a roof is led through connecting pipes into a ferro-cement water collecting jar.

2.2 Технологийн дэлгэрэнгүй тодорхойлолт

Тодорхойлолт:

Many households in Nepal’s midhills suffer from water shortages during the pronounced dry season. The technology described here - harvesting roofwater during times of heavy rainfall for later use - is a promising way of improving people’s access to water for household use, especially for households with no or only limited access to spring or stream water. The technology has yet to be extensively adopted in Nepal’s midhills.

Purpose of the Technology: The technology was introduced in the Jhikhu Khola watershed to demonstrate an alternative source of water for domestic use (mainly drinking water). This technology is appropriate for scattered rural households in mountaineous areas. The harvesting system consists of a catchment roof, conveyance pipes, and a storage jar. The pipes include a gutter system made from longitudinally split polythene pipe which has a flushing system that allows the system to be periodically flushed clean.
The collected water enters a 500 or 2000 litre capacity ferro-cement jar made using a mould (see photo). A preconstructed mould made from iron rods and polythene pipes is installed on a concrete base plate. Metal wires are extended from the base plate over the main mould to the top. Chicken mesh is then wrapped over the mould and tied securely with thin wire. A cement coating is applied over the metal structure. The jar is finished with three coatings of cement and the opening is covered with a fine nylon mesh to filter out undesired coarse matter. A tin lid is placed over the top.

Establishment / maintenance activities and inputs: A tap is fixed about 20 cm above the ground. This height allows for water to be collected in the typical 15 litre local water vessels (gagri) and avoids collection of too much water in bigger vessels as well as minimising the dead storage of water (Nakarmi et al. 2003). Trained masons can easily install the entire system. Provided all the materials and the mould are available, the entire system can be put together in about a week. The main maintenance task is to keep the roof clean, especially after long dry periods. This is done using the gutter pipe flushing system in which the first dirty water from the roof is diverted away from the jar.

2.3 Технологийн гэрэл зураг

2.5 Энэ үнэлгээнд хамрагдсан технологийг хэрэгжүүлсэн улс орон/ бүс нутаг/ байршил

2.6 Хэрэгжсэн хугацаа

Байгуулсан тодорхой оныг мэдэхгүй бол баримжаа хугацааг тодорхойл:

• <10 жилийн өмнө (саяхны)

2.7 Технологийн танилцуулга

Технологийг хэрхэн нэвтрүүлснийг тодорхойл:

• Гадны төсөл/хөтөлбөрийн дэмжлэгтэйгээр

Тайлбар (төслийн төрөл г.м.):

Water harvesting is an ancient practice, the system used in the Jhikhu Khola watershed came from Thailand, so the technology is often called 'Thai jar". In Nepal, the Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Support Programme (RWSSSP), which is jointly funded by the Government of Finland and His Majesties Government of Nepal, introduced it in the water deficit districts of western Nepal (Arghakhanchi, Gulmi, Kapilvastu, Nawalparasi, Palpa, Parbat, and Rupandehi).

3.1 Технологийн үндсэн зорилго (ууд)

• Access to water

3.2 Технологи нэвтрүүлсэн газрын одоогийн газар ашиглалтын хэлбэр(үүд)

Тайлбар:

Major land use problems (compiler’s opinion): Inadequate water supply during the late winter and pre-monsoon months and sediment contamination during the wet season. The discharge from traditional water sources like dug-out ponds, springs, seepage ‘holes’, shallow wells and streamlets becomes limited soon after the end of the monsoon.

Major land use problems (land users’ perception): Many settlements are located on ridge tops and most water sources are located below making it difficult to provide water to households through networks of pipes. Women and girls often face hardship in carrying the water uphill, especially during the monsoon when trails are slippery.

Constraints of settlement / urban

Number of growing seasons per year: 3
Longest growing period in days: 150; Longest growing period from month to month: Jun - Oct; Second longest growing period in days: 120; Second longest growing period from month to month: Nov - Feb

3.5 Технологи ГТМ-ийн аль бүлэгт хамаарах вэ

• Ус хуримтлуулах

3.6 Технологийг бүрдүүлэх ГТМ арга хэмжээ

3.7 Технологид харгалзах газрын доройтлын төрөл

Тайлбар:

Main causes of degradation: change of seasonal rainfall

3.8 Газрын доройтлоос урьдчилан сэргийлэх, сааруулах ба нөхөн сэргээх

Газрын доройтолтой холбоотойгоор Технологи ямар зорилго тавьсан болохыг тодорхойл:

• Газрын доройтлыг бууруулах

4.1 Технологийн техник зураг

4.2 Материал болон зардалд хамаарах ерөнхий мэдээлэл

Үнэ өртөг, оруулсан хувь нэмрийг хэрхэн тооцсоныг тодорхойл:

• Технологийн нэгж тус бүр

Үнэ өртөгийг тооцоход ашигласан мөнгөн нэгж:

• Ам.доллар

4.3 Бий болгох үйл ажиллагаа

	Үйл ажиллагаа	Хугацаа (улирал)
1.	Construct the concrete base plate with the help of base moluld	1st day of a week
2.	Curing work	2nd to 7th days of a week
3.	Final checking and metal cap putting over the top of the jar	7th day of a week
4.	First coat of cement	2nd day of a week
5.	Gutter and pipe fitting; including flush pipe	4th day of a week
6.	Inner coat of cement	6th day of a week
7.	Main mould installation with the help of metal wires, wrapping of chicken mesh	2nd day of a week
8.	Removal of mould	6th day of a week
9.	Second coat of cement	3rd day of a week

4.4 Бий болгоход шаардагдсан зардал, хөрөнгийн өртөг

	Зардлын нэр, төрөл	Хэмжих нэгж	Тоо хэмжээ	Нэгжийн үнэ	Зардал бүрийн нийт өртөг	Нийт дүнгээс газар ашиглагчийн төлсөн %
Хөдөлмөр эрхлэлт	Construction of rooftop rainwater harvesting system	Persons/unit	19.5	2.1	40.95	25.0
Барилгын материал	Cement	unit	1.0	23.6	23.6
Барилгын материал	Sand and aggregate	unit	1.0	1.4	1.4	100.0
Барилгын материал	Chicken wire mesh	unit	1.0	20.9	20.9
Барилгын материал	Metal jar cover	unit	1.0	5.5	5.5
Барилгын материал	Plastic sheet/mosquito screen	unit	1.0	1.5	1.5
Барилгын материал	Polyethylene, pipes, reducer	unit	1.0	23.7	23.7
Барилгын материал	Nail, clamps, pipe elbow etc.	unit	1.0	3.6	3.6
Барилгын материал	Brass tap. socket, seal tap	unit	1.0	3.5	3.5
Бусад	Paint	unit	1.0	2.1	2.1
Технологи бий болгох нийт үнэ өртөг					126.75
Технологи бий болгох нийт үнэ өртөг, ам.доллар					126.75

Тайлбар:

Duration of establishment phase: 0.25 month(s)

Materials: cement (kg) 23.6 materials sand,aggregate (m3) 1.4 100 materials chicken wire mesh (m) 17.5 materials Iron wire (kg) 3.3 materials metal jar cover (no) 5.5 materials mosquito screen (m) 0.5 materials plastic sheet (m) 1 materials binding wire (kg) 0.1 materials snowcem paint (kg) 1.4 materials enamail paint (litre) 0.7 materials 90 mm HDP pipe (m) 10.3 materials 63 mm HDP pipe (m) 6.2 materials 40 mm HDP pipe (m) 6.8 materials reducer (no) 0.4 materials plain and roofing nails (kg) 0.2 materials metal clamp (no) 1.4 materials elbow, tee,end cap (no) 2.1 materials brass tap with latches (no) 2.1 materials 0 .5*10 inch GI nipple(no) 0.2 materials 1*10 inch GI nipple(no) 0.2 materials 1inch end cap (no) 0.7 materials GI socket (no) 0.2 materials thread seal tap (no) 0.1 Additional info Q 3.1.1.4: - less chance of disputes over turns to fetch water - medium General comments: Water harvesting is an ancient practice. The system used in the Jhikhu Khola watershed comes from Thailand, so the technology is often called ‘Thai jar’. In Nepal, the Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Support Programme (RWSSSP) introduced it in the water deficit districts of western Nepal.

4.5 Арчилгаа/ урсгал үйл ажиллагаа

	Үйл ажиллагаа	Хугацаа/ давтамж
1.	Cleaning the jar	dry months/one or twice in a year
2.	Flushing contaminated water	After a long dry spell/whenever required

4.6 Арчилгаа/урсгал ажилд шаардагдсан зардал, хөрөнгийн өртөг (нэг жилд)

	Зардлын нэр, төрөл	Хэмжих нэгж	Тоо хэмжээ	Нэгжийн үнэ	Зардал бүрийн нийт өртөг	Нийт дүнгээс газар ашиглагчийн төлсөн %
Хөдөлмөр эрхлэлт	Cleaning the system	Persons/unit	7.0	2.1	14.7	100.0
Технологийн арчилгаа/урсгал үйл ажиллагаанд шаардагдах нийт үнэ өртөг					14.7
Технологи арчилах ба урсгал ажлын нийт үнэ өртөг, ам.доллар					14.7

Тайлбар:

Machinery/ tools: hacksaw, steel scissors, hammer, pliers, wrench, trowel, steel pan bucket, and jug

Per unit cost of structure. The above mentioned cost is for unit water harvesting system. It can not be converted into hectare basis. It was estimated in 2006.

4.7 Зардалд нөлөөлж байгаа хамгийн чухал хүчин зүйл

Өртөг, зардалд нөлөөлөх гол хүчин зүйл:

The mould and tools were provided by the project and can be used to install many water harvesting systems. Therefore, the cost of tools are not included here. Material costs fluctuate from time to time. The transport costs will vary according to the remoteness of the site. During 1999/2000, the cost of a system varied from US$80 to US$120, of which land users contributed about US$40 by providing the unskilled labour and locally available materials like sand and fine aggregates (calculated at an exchange rate of US$1 = NRs 73).

5.1 Уур амьсгал

5.2 Гадаргын хэлбэр

Гадаргын талаархи тодорхойлолт ба бусад тайлбар:

Landforms: Also valley floors

5.4 Усны хүртээмж ба чанар

Усны чанар, нөөцийн талаархи тайлбар ба бусад тодорхойлолт:

Water quality (untreated): More in rainy season (June- September), less in April/May

5.6 Технологи нэвтрүүлсэн газар ашиглагчдын тухай мэдээлэл

Газар ашиглагчдын бусад шинж чанарыг тодорхойл:

Land users applying the Technology are mainly common / average land users

Population density: 200-500 persons/km2

Annual population growth: 2% - 3%

15% of the land users are rich and own 35% of the land.
35% of the land users are average wealthy and own 40% of the land.
50% of the land users are poor and own 25% of the land (as ranked by the land users).

Off-farm income specification: In most farm households off-farm income plays at least a minor and increasingly a major role. Occasional opportunities for off-farm income present themselves in the form of daily

5.7 Газар ашиглагчийн технологи нэвтрүүлсэн газрын дундаж талбайн хэмжээ

5.8 Газар эзэмшил, газар ашиглах эрх, ус ашиглах эрх

Газар өмчлөл:

• хувь хүн, өмчийн гэрчилгээтэй

Газар ашиглах эрх:

• хувь хүн

Ус ашиглах эрх:

• нэгдлийн хэлбэрээр (зохион байгуулалттай)

6.1 Технологийн талбайд үзүүлсэн нөлөө

Нийгэм-эдийн засгийн үр нөлөө

Үйлдвэрлэл

Усны хүртээмж ба чанар

Орлого, зарлага

Нийгэм-эдийн засгийн бусад үр нөлөө

Нийгэм-соёлын үр нөлөө

6.2 Технологийн талбайн гадна үзүүлсэн үр нөлөө

6.3 Технологийн уур амьсгалын өөрчлөлт, цаг агаарын гамшигт үзэгдэлд өртөх байдал ба эмзэг байдал (газар ашиглагчийн бодлоор)

Уур амьсгалын аажим өөрчлөлт

Уур амьсгалын аажим өөрчлөлт

	Улирал	Өсөх эсвэл буурах	Технологи түүний нөлөөг хэрхэн бууруулж байна?
жилийн дундаж температур		Өсөлт	сайн

Уур амьсгалаас хамаарах аюул (гамшиг)

Цаг уурын гамшигт үзэгдэл

	Технологи түүний нөлөөг хэрхэн бууруулж байна?
орон нутгийн аадар бороо	сайн
орон нутгийн салхин шуурга	сайн

Уур амьсгалын гамшиг

	Технологи түүний нөлөөг хэрхэн бууруулж байна?
ган гачиг	муу

Усзүйн гамшиг

	Технологи түүний нөлөөг хэрхэн бууруулж байна?
усны үер (гол)	сайн

Уур амьсгалд хамаарах бусад үр дагавар

Уур амьсгалд хамаарах бусад үр дагавар

	Технологи түүний нөлөөг хэрхэн бууруулж байна?
цргалтын хугацаа багасах	сайн

6.4 Өртөг ба ашгийн шинжилгээ

Бий болгох зардалтай харьцуулахад ямар ашиг өгсөн бэ (газар ашиглагчийн бодлоор)?

Арчилгаа/урсгал зардалтай харьцуулахад ямар ашиг өгсөн бэ (газар ашиглагчийн бодлоор)?

Тайлбар:

Although the initial investment is high, the users immediately get more water. The high cost of installing the system means that the short term benefits are slightly negative.

6.5 Технологи нэвтрүүлэлт

• жишээ/ туршилт

Боломжтой бол, тоогоор илэрхийл (өрхийн тоо эсвэл бүрхэх талбай):

46 households in an area of 1 - 10 sq km (200 - 500 persons/sq km)

Технологи нэвтрүүлсэн хүмүүсээс хэд нь өөрийн хүчээр технологийг хэрэгжүүлсэн бэ, өөрөөр хэлбэл гадны тусламж дэмжлэг авалгүйгээр?

• 11-50%

Тайлбар:

74% of land user families have adopted the Technology with external material support

34 land user families have adopted the Technology with external material support

Comments on acceptance with external material support: survey results

26% of land user families have adopted the Technology without any external material support

12 land user families have adopted the Technology without any external material support

Comments on spontaneous adoption: survey results

There is a little trend towards spontaneous adoption of the Technology

Comments on adoption trend: The number of households applying the technology is increasing without further incentives being provided.

6.7 Технологийн давуу тал/боломжууд

Газар ашиглагчдын тодорхойлсон давуу тал/боломжууд
The stored water can be kept for use in emergencies such as to prepare food for guests during busy times like rice planting and harvesting, and during festivals. How can they be sustained / enhanced? Share experiences to extend adoption of the technology
Harvested water is tastier due to being cooler compared to the water collected in the polythene tank. How can they be sustained / enhanced? Laboratory analysis of the harvested rainwater in different time period, i.e. from 1st month of harvest to 12th month could help to know the quality status.

Эмхэтгэгч, бусад мэдээлэл өгсөн хүмүүсийн өнцгөөс тодорхойлсон давуу тал/боломжууд
Harvested rainwater has saved almost one workday per day per family due to reduced water fetching time in this case referring to the rainy season, however water will generally be used during the dry season. How can they be sustained / enhanced? Publicise the economic benefits of the technology through experience sharing programmes.
Women are responsible for fetching water and so the technology reduces their workloads. How can they be sustained / enhanced? Implement a larger scale programme to promote the technology.
The jars are more durable than plastic tanks. How can they be sustained / enhanced? Carry out regular maintenance to keep systems in good working order.

6.8 Технологийн дутагдалтай/сул тал/аюул болон тэдгээрийг хэрхэн даван туулах арга зам

Газар ашиглагч нарын тодорхойлсон сул тал/ дутагдал/ эрсдэл	Тэдгээрийг хэрхэн даван туулах вэ?
The technology is expensive for poor households.	External support is needed for poor households to afford this system.
The height of the tap is very low which makes it inconvenient to collect water in the gagree.	It was designed to use collected water efficiently, the tap height can be raised, which means that the dead storage is increased, i.e. more water is unavailable for use.
There are chances of the jar’s base plate subsiding due to lack of compactness of foundation.	The area of base plate should be made more compact.

Эмхэтгэгч, бусад мэдээлэл өгсөн хүмүүсийн өнцгөөс тодорхойлсон сул тал/ дутагдал/ эрсдэл	Тэдгээрийг хэрхэн даван туулах вэ?
2,000 litre capacity jars barely meet the dry season needs of a household.	Larger sized jars or more than one jar need to be built to meet most household’s requirements.
Microbiological contamination (total and faecal coliform bacteria) and levels of phosphate above the EC maximum were found in a number of the jars caused by bird droppings and dust particles from the roof.	Regularly clean catchment roofs and treat water before drinking by boiling or chlorinating. Rainwater has a low mineral content which can be harmful for the human body, if taken in large quantities (due to reverse osmosis process).
This technology is not suitable for temple roofs because such roofs are usually home to large numbers of pigeons, and their excreta will contaminate rainwater that falls there.	Avoid badly contaminated catchments.

7.1 Мэдээлэл цуглуулсан арга/эх үүсвэр

7.2 Ном, хэвлэлийн ишлэл

Гарчиг, зохиогч, он, ISBN:

Sharma, C. (2001) Socioeconomic IndicativeImpact Assessment and Benchmark Study on Rooftop Rainwater Harvesting, Kabhrepalanchok District, Nepal, a report submitted to ICIMOD, Kathmandu, Nepal

Хаанаас авч болох вэ? Зардал?

ICIMOD

Гарчиг, зохиогч, он, ISBN:

ICIMOD (2000) Water Harvesting Manual, unpublished manual prepared for PARDYP Project, ICIMOD

Хаанаас авч болох вэ? Зардал?

ICIMOD

Гарчиг, зохиогч, он, ISBN:

ICIMOD (2007) Good Practices in Watershed Management, Lessons Learned in the Mid Hills of Nepal. Kathmandu: ICIMOD

Хаанаас авч болох вэ? Зардал?

ICIMOD

Гарчиг, зохиогч, он, ISBN:

Lessons Learned from the People and Resource Dynamics Project , PARDYP/ICIMOD. 2006.

Хаанаас авч болох вэ? Зардал?

ICIMOD

Гарчиг, зохиогч, он, ISBN:

Nakarmi, G.; Merz, J.; Dhakal, M. (2003) ‘Harvesting Roof Water for Livelihood Improvement: A Case Studyof the Yarsha Khola Watershed, Eastern Nepal’. In News Bulletin of Nepal Geological Society, 20: 83-87

Гарчиг, зохиогч, он, ISBN:

Nakarmi, G.; Merz, J. (2001) Harvesting Rain Water for Sustainable Water Supplies to Rural Households in the Yarsha Khola Watershed, a report submitted to Kirchgemeinde Zuoz, Switzerland and ICIMOD, Kathmandu, Nepal

Хаанаас авч болох вэ? Зардал?

ICIMOD