1.2 Технологийг үнэлэх, баримтжуулах ажилд хамаарах мэдээлэл өгсөн хүмүүс, байгууллагуудын холбоо барих мэдээлэл

Технологи баримтжуулах/үнэлэх ажилд дэмжлэг үзүүлсэн төслийн нэр (шаардлагатай бол)

Interactive Soil Quality assessment in Europe and China for Agricultural productivity and Environmental Resilience (EU-iSQAPER)

Технологи баримтжуулах/үнэлэх ажилд дэмжлэг үзүүлсэн байгууллага(ууд)-ын нэр (шаардлагатай бол)

Department for Agronomy, University of Ljubljana - Словен

1.3 WOCAT-аар баримтжуулсан өгөгдлийг ашиглахтай холбоотой нөхцөл

Эмхэтгэгч болон гол мэдээлэгч хүн(хүмүүс) WOCAT аргачлалаар баримтжуулсан мэдээллийг ашиглахтай холбоотой нөхцлийг хүлээн зөвшөөрсөн.

Тийм

1.4 Технологи тогтвортой гэдгийг баталгаажуулах

Энэ технологи азрын доройтлыг бууруулахад нөлөө үзүүлэхгүй тул газрын тогтвортой менежментийн технологи болж чадахгүй юу?

Үгүй

2.1 Технологийн товч тодорхойлолт

Технологийн тодорхойлолт:

Conservation tillage with incorporated mulched plant residues (mulch-till) of harvested crop or a green manure that are part of the rotation). Crop residues are partially incorporated/mixed in topsoil layer (down to 10 cm) using a disc harrow, chisel plough, sweeps, field cultivators, that leave more than 30% of the soil surface covered with crop residue. Technology contributes to less soil disturbance, increase of soil organic matter, better soil structure and better water holding capacity of soils.

2.2 Технологийн дэлгэрэнгүй тайлбар

Тодорхойлолт:

1. The technology of conservational tillage with incorporated mulched plant residues (mulch-till) is applied in flatlands around the Municipality of Vrhnika with an average altitude of 290 m.a.s.l. Average annual precipitation is 1400 mm. The area is characterized with often stormy precipitation events and occasional summer droughts. A farmer applies this technology on various soil types from silty loam to silty clay Gleysol to organic Histosol soils (peat). Soils in the area are generally moderately deep to deep with medium soil organic matter (Gleysol) of 3-7% or with a high share of organic matter (Histosol) of >20% (Ljubljana moors). The area has good availability of surface water and groundwater of good drinking quality. Gleysol areas are drained (drainage systems) to prevent floods to enable cultivation. Histosol areas are drained (open-channel drainage systems) to enable arable crop production. However, due to high groundwater and many surface water sources, certain areas are regularly flooded during flood events mostly in late autumn, winter and spring. Salinity is not a problem due to high precipitation and leaching. Farmer practices rotational agriculture. Less than 5% of income coming from off-farm activities. The examined farm household has an average wealth and is fully mechanized/motorized. the farm has good access to services and infrastructure. The examined farm is medium in scale with land partly owned by the land user and partly leased from other private owners.The general biodiversity of the area is medium on Gleysols to high on Histosol where nature protection Landscape Park of Ljubljansko Barje (The Ljubljana Moors Landscape Park) is located.

Part of the farmers land parcels is located inside boundaries of Krajinski park Ljubljansko barje /Ljubljana Moor Landscape park. Park takes a lot of actions to secure peat soils. This almost 16,000 hectares large lowland marshy plain is marked by an interminable mosaic of grasslands, broadleaf woodlands, fields, ditches and hedges.

The farmer decided to abandon conventional ploughing technology and to start with conservational tillage technology when he noticed that the organic layer of peat soils in these areas started to become thinner. Farmer introduced this technology to preserve peat soils of Ljubljana Moors on his parcels in 2015. With ploughing, peat was mixed and decomposing - mineralise. In 18th-century peat layers of up to 2m depth were exploited for the same use as firewood. Only shallow layers of peat soil (up to 1 m) are still covering agricultural areas. As peat is a source of fertility farmers are seeking ways of preserving it. Farmer Anton Mrzlikar took a lead and started with conservational tillage with incorporated mulched plant residues (mulch-till).

Video https://vimeo.com/97415985 presents the effects of conservational tillage with incorporated mulched plant residues (mulch-till) on soil stability. This is a simulation of abundant summer rain and its impact on the tilled soils in terms of water infiltration capacity and erodibility. The result of this simulation is presented very clearly. It shows the difference between long-term conventional versus conservation tillage (mulch-till). Conventional tillage ploughs the top 25-28 cm of the soil at least once or twice a year. The soil is inverted, its structure breaks down and the surface is left bare. The first raindrops break the structural aggregates causing soil surface siltation and blockage of the soil pores. Thus vertical water flow is blocked and redirected as surface runoff, causing distinct erosion. If fertilizers and pesticides are used, the water flow will transport them, along with the soil particles, to surface waters where they cause pollution or surface ponding on the fields. This leads to an uneven distribution of substances across the field surface.
In conservation tillage (mulch-till), a shallow, 10 cm layer of topsoil is mixed with organic residues which are thus retained near and on the surface. In this way, soil structure is reinforced with good soil water infiltration and absorption. Despite heavy rainfall, the soils do not show any signs of erosion. There is no surface flow. Water drains into the soil vertical flow where it is available to the plants.

2. The farmer usees of 4-row-disk harrow tillage machinery (vario-disc) on arable fields for all crop types. When cultivating fields he crosses fields 1 - 2 times (depends on soil moisture). Every few years he uses chisels to break and shatters (aerate) the soils (depends on crop type - cereals and drought years). After main/first crop he seeds various cover crops (if fodder is needed they harvested it otherwise is used for green manure). He uses manure 30-40 t/ha. He applies typical dairy cow farm rotation (cereals/maize/soya/grass-clover mix). Cover crops are classified as rapes, cereals, oats, grass-clover, grass.

3. The main function is an increase of organic matter, retain water, increase soil biodiversity, stabilise soil structure in the soils and reduce water erosion, as well as reduce energy consumption and costs. This leads to better (1) productivity due to nutrients slow-release, (2) better water holding capacity and (3) decreased soil compaction threat. The technology was introduced to prevent decomposition of organic matter on Ljubljana moor peat soils.

4. Major inputs needed to establish is to change machinery and to gain new knowledge and experiences. They had to buy 4-row disc harrows, chisels plough and new seeders (maize). Seeding machines for cereals and oilseed rape are hired from other farmers. It is important that soils are covered all year round. Soils must be dry when cultivated.

5. The benefits are (1) increase in soil organic matter, (2) increase soil water holding capacity, (3) to maintain soil productivity, (4) increase in yields quantity and quality, (5) reduce energy consumption, (6) reduce workload - 3-4 times less time used for cultivation, (7) reduce costs.

6. Land users like (1) reduced workload and energy consumption, (2) positive impact on soil fertility and stability, (3) preserves organic matter - decrease peat soils decomposition, (4) as soils need to be covered all the time they produce more feed for cows, (5) smooths surface fields, (6) with disc harrow is easy to till soils even when residues are present on fields, (7) less soil compaction
Land users dislike: (1) investment cost for new machinery are high, (2) time to change in doing things and practice, (3) on clay soils (Gleysol) surface ponding is occurring, (4) soils need to be drier for tilling in comparison to ploughing.

2.3 Технологийн гэрэл зураг

2.4 Технологийн дүрс бичлэг

2.5 Энэ үнэлгээнд хамрагдсан технологийг хэрэгжүүлсэн улс орон / бүс нутаг / байршил

2.6 Хэрэгжих огноо

Хэрэгжүүлсэн он:

2015

Байгуулсан тодорхой оныг мэдэхгүй бол баримжаа хугацааг тодорхойл:

• <10 жилийн өмнө (саяхны)

2.7 Технологийн танилцуулга

Технологийг хэрхэн нэвтрүүлснийг тодорхойл:

• Газар ашиглагчдын санаачилгаар

Тайлбар (төслийн төрөл г.м.):

Farmer introduced this technology to preserve peat soils of Ljubljana Moors on his parcels in 2015. With ploughing, peat was mixed and decomposing - mineralise. In 18th-century peat layers of up to 2m depth were exploited for the same use as firewood. Only shallow layers of peat soil (up to 1 m) are still covering agricultural areas. As peat is a source of fertility farmers are seeking ways of preserving it. Farmer Anton Mrzlikar took a lead and started with mulch-till.

3.1 Технологийн үндсэн зорилго (д)

• Газрын доройтлыг бууруулах, сэргийлэх, нөхөн сэргээх
• Уур амьсгалын өөрчлөлт/ эрс тэс байдал болон түүний нөлөөлөлд дасан зохицох
• Үр ашигтай эдийн засгийн нөлөөг бий болгох

3.2 Технологи хэвтрүүлсэн газрын одоогийн газар ашиглалтын хэлбэр(д)

Нэг газр нутгийн хэмжээнд хэрэгжих холимог газар ашиглалт:

Үгүй

3.3 Технологи хэрэгжүүлснээс газар ашиглалтад өөрчлөлт гарсан уу?

Технологи хэрэгжүүлснээс газар ашиглалтад өөрчлөлт гарсан уу?

• Үгүй (3.4 хариулт руу шилжинэ үү)

3.4 Усан хангамж

Технологи хэрэгжүүлсэн газрын усан хангамж:

• Байгалийн усалгаатай

3.5 Технологи ГТМ-ийн аль бүлэгт хамаарах

• Хамгийн бага хөрсний эвдрэл

3.6 Технологийг бүрдүүлэх ГТМ арга хэмжээ

3.7 Технологийн шийдвэрлэсэн газрын доройтлын үндсэн төрлүүд

3.8 Газрын доройтлоос урьдчилан сэргийлэх, сааруулах ба нөхөн сэргээх

Газрын доройтолтой холбоотойгоор Технологи ямар зорилго тавьсан болохыг тодорхойл:

• Газрын доройтлыг багасгах сааруулах

Тайлбар:

It is impossible to prevent degradation in the form of peat soil mineralisation in agricultural soils.

4.1 Технологийн техникийн зураг

4.2 Материал болон зардалд хамаарах ерөнхий мэдээлэл

Үнэ өртөг, оруулсан хувь нэмрийг хэрхэн тооцсоныг тодорхойл:

• Технологийн нэгж тус бүр

бусад/үндэсний мөнгөн нэгж (тодорхойл):

EUR

Хэрэв боломжтой бол үндэсний валютын Америк доллартай харьцах харьцааг бичнэ үү (тухайлбал, 1 ам.дол. = 79,9 Бразил реал): 1 ам.дол. =:

0.9

4.3 Байгуулах үйл ажиллагаа

	Үйл ажиллагаа	Хугацаа (улирал)
1.	Preparation of fields: Leveling depressions, reconstruction of drainage channels, using chisels to loose, break and aerate soil in deeper layers	two year before implemenation, dry soil.
2.	Purchase of 4-row disc harrow	1st year
3.	Purchase of seeder for maize	1st year
4.	Purchase of seeder for cover crops	1st year
5.	Hire seeder for cereals (wheat, barley)	1st year
6.	Home made chisel plow for loosening the soil	2nd year
7.	Purchase of spraying machine	3rd year
8.	Purchase of GPS navigation system	3rd year

Тайлбар:

The agricultural technology activities are listed in chronological order. Rotation cycle takes 3 years

4.4 Байгуулалтад шаардагдах зардал ба материал

	Хөрөнгө оруулалтыг дурьдана уу	Хэмжих нэгж	Тоо хэмжээ	Нэгжийн өртөг	Материал бүрийн нийт өртөг	% газар ашиглачаас гарсан зардал
Тоног төхөөрөмж	chisel plow material (home made)	EUR/piece	1.0	6500.0	6500.0	100.0
Тоног төхөөрөмж	seeder fo cover crops	EUR/piece	1.0	2500.0	2500.0	50.0
Тоног төхөөрөмж	seeder for maize	EUR/piece	1.0	7500.0	7500.0	50.0
Тоног төхөөрөмж	4-row disk harrow	EUR/piece	1.0	23000.0	23000.0	50.0
Тоног төхөөрөмж	sprayer	EUR/piece	1.0	12.5	12.5	25.0
Тоног төхөөрөмж	GPS navigation	EUR/piece	1.0	2500.0	2500.0	100.0
Тоног төхөөрөмж	hire seeder for cereals	EUR/ha	15.0	50.0	750.0	100.0
Технологи бий болгох нийт үнэ өртөг					42762.5
Технологи бий болгох нийт үнэ өртөг, ам.доллар					47513.89

Хэрэв газар ашиглагчаас нийт өртөгийн 100%хүрэхгүй зардал гарсан бол хэн үлдсэн хөрөнгө оруулалтыг хийснийг тодорхойл.

50% - Agency for agricultural payments (EU funds); 25% - sharred among farmers

Тайлбар:

Cost for hiring seeder is calculated for 15ha as cereals cover 15ha of arable land.

4.5 Засвар үйлчилгээ / давтагдах үйл ажиллагаа

	Үйл ажиллагаа	Хугацаа/ давтамж
1.	Maintenance of 4-disc harrow	6 time per year, before or after use of equipment
2.	Maintenance of Spayer	before use nozzels check, after use cleaning
3.	Maintenance of seeder for maize	before and after use
4.	Maintenance of seeder for cover crops	before and after use

4.6 Засвар үйлчилгээ / урсгал үйл ажиллагаанд шаардагдах зардал ба материал (жилээр)

	Хөрөнгө оруулалтыг дурьдана уу	Хэмжих нэгж	Тоо хэмжээ	Нэгжийн өртөг	Материал бүрийн нийт өртөг	% газар ашиглачаас гарсан зардал
Хөдөлмөр эрхлэлт	Maintenance of 4-disc harrow	hour	6.0	6.25	37.5	100.0
Хөдөлмөр эрхлэлт	Maintenance of Spayer	hour	6.0	6.25	37.5	100.0
Хөдөлмөр эрхлэлт	Maintenance of seeder for maize	hour	4.0	6.25	25.0	100.0
Хөдөлмөр эрхлэлт	Maintenance of seeder for cover crops	hour	1.0	6.25	6.25	100.0
Тоног төхөөрөмж	Lubricant cartridge for4-disc harrow	cartridge	18.0	5.0	90.0	100.0
Тоног төхөөрөмж	Nozzels for Spayer	nozzel	20.0	4.0	80.0	100.0
Тоног төхөөрөмж	Lubricant cartridge for seeder for maize	cartridge	4.0	5.0	20.0	100.0
Тоног төхөөрөмж	Lubricant cartridge for seeder for cover crops	cartridge	1.0	5.0	5.0	100.0
Технологийг арчилах тордоход шаардагдах нийт үнэ өртөг					301.25
Технологи сайжруулах нийт үнэ өртөг, ам.доллар					334.72

Тайлбар:

There is a big difference between conventional and conservation tillage in time spend cultivating fields.
Farmer estimates reduction in workload (no ploughing) for 3-4 times in comparison to the conventional ploughing system.
Farmer points out an increase in green mass yield (clover, grass) due to cover crops which can be used as feed for livestock or green manure. He said that the most important part of this conservational system (mulch-till) is to prevent weeds to germinate, and that's why soil needs to be covered at all times.
He also states that top and subsoil layers are loose.
He states that he still uses the same amount of plant protection products.
The use of herbicides and fertilisers is at the same range as before the shift in practice, but he expects improvements in the future when he will further enhance knowledge on crop types, rotation and cover crops.

4.7 Зардалд нөлөөлж байгаа хамгийн чухал хүчин зүйл

Өртөг зардлыг тодорхойлох гол хүчин зүйлсийг дурьдана уу:

The starting cost - The type of machinery is needed that has to be robust and heavy to much-till and seed into the soil.
The machinery must be in use to return a profit. Working hours are reduced now (no ploughing). Machine operators with more competences can reduce costs.

5.1 Уур амьсгал

5.2 Байрзүйн зураг

Технологи дараах асуудалд хандсан эсэхийг тодорхойл:

• шаардлагагүй

5.3 Хөрс

Боломжтой бол хөрсний бүрэн тодорхойлолт, боломжит мэдээллийг өгнө үү, жишээ нь хөрсний төрөл, хөрсний урвалын орчин/хүчиллэг байдал, катион солилцох чадавхи, азотын хэмжээ, давсжилт г.м.

Organic matter on Gleysol is around 6% and on Histosol (peatland) more than 30%. Bellow the peatland is clay (called "polžarica", or "snail clay")

5.4 Усны хүртээм ба чанар

Усны давсжилт асуудал болдог уу?

Үгүй

Энэ газар үер усанд автдаг уу?

Тийм

Тогтмол байдал:

Тохиолдлын

Усны чанар, нөөцийн талаархи тайлбар ба бусад тодорхойлолт:

On Ljubljana moor, seasonal floods are occurring regularly due to the high water table.

5.5 Биологийн төрөл зүйл

Биологийн олон янз байдлын талаархи тайлбар ба бусад тодорхойлолт:

This true especially for the Ljubljana moor.

5.6 Технологи нэвтрүүлсэн газар ашиглагчидын онцлог шинж

5.7 Технологи нэвтрүүлэхэд газар ашиглагчийн ашигласан газрын дундаж талбай

5.8 Газар эзэмшил, газар ашиглах эрх, ус ашиглах эрх

Газар өмчлөл:

• Хувь хүн, цол эргэм бүхий

Газар ашиглах эрх:

• Түрээсийн хэлбэрээр
• Хувь хүн

Ус ашиглах эрх:

• Хувь хүн

Газар ашиглалтын эрх уламжлалт эрхзүйн тогтолцоонд суурилдаг уу?

Тийм

Тайлбар:

2/3 of land is hired from The Farmland and Forest Fund of the Republic of Slovenia

5.9 Дэд бүтэц, үйлчилгээний хүртээмж

6.1 Технологийн талбай дахь үр нөлөө

Нийгэм-эдийн засгийн үр нөлөө

Үйлдвэрлэл

Орлого, зарлага

Нийгэм-соёлын үр нөлөө

Экологийн үр нөлөө

Усны эргэлт/ илүүдэл

Хөрс

Биологийн: ургамал, амьтан

Уур амьсгал болон гамшгийн эрсдлийг бууруулах

6.3 Технологийн уур амьсгалын өөрчлөлт ба Уур амьсгалаас хамаарах аюул/гамшигт үзэгдэлд өртөх байдал ба эмзэг байдал (газар ашиглагч нарын дүгнэлтээр)

Уур амьсгалын аажим өөрчлөлт

Уур амьсгалын аажим өөрчлөлт

	Улирал	Өсөх эсвэл буурах	Технологи түүний нөлөөг хэрхэн бууруулж байна?
Жилийн дундаж температур		Өсөлт	Сайн
Улирлын температур	Зун	Өсөлт	Сайн
Жилийн дундаж хур тундас			Сайн
Улирлын хур тундас	Хавар	Өсөлт	Дунд зэрэг

Уур амьсгалаас хамаарах аюулууд (гамшигууд)

Уур амьсгалын гамшигууд

	Технологи түүний нөлөөг хэрхэн бууруулж байна?
Дулааны долгион	Сайн
Ган гачиг	Сайн

6.4 Зардал ба үр ашгийн шинжилгээ

Үр ашгийг барилга байгууламжийн зардалтай (газар ашиглагчдын үзэл бодлоор) хэрхэн харьцуулах вэ?

Үр ашгийг засвар үйлчилгээ/ урсгал зардалтай (газар ашиглагчдын үзэл бодлоор) хэрхэн харьцуулах вэ?

Тайлбар:

Benefits are on short term slightly negative due to investment costs, but in the long term they are positive - they pay off.
Maintenance benefits are positive for short as well as on long-term returns as less machinery and less land management activities is needed.

6.5 Технологи нутагшуулах

• жишээ/ туршилт

Боломжтой бол, тоогоор илэрхийл (өрхийн тоо эсвэл бүрхэх талбай):

Only one farmer in the area that uses this technology. On the map you can observe his fields. In the last year many of his collegues observed advantages of this technology and hires his machinery as agriculture service of tillage. In majority of times before cover crops seeding.

6.6 Дасан зохицох

Хувьсан өөрчлөгдөж буй нөхцөл байдалд Технологид сүүлд ямар нэг шинэчлэл хийгдсэн үү?

Үгүй

6.7 Технологийн давуу тал/боломжууд

Газар ашиглагчдын тодорхойлсон давуу тал/боломжууд
Reduction of workload (no ploughing, less time spent on the field)
Change in farmers mindset is longlasting; they are forced to gain new knowledge on technology impact on soil condition With more knowledge and better handling of technology, the cost of maintenance and time spent in the field can reduce significantly.
Increase in green mass yield (clover, grass) - it can be used as feed for livestock or green manure. Soil covered all year round + residues impact increase in soil organic matter, soil water content, biological activity, soil structure, less soil compaction.

Эмхэтгэгч, бусад мэдээлэл өгсөн хүмүүсийн өнцгөөс тодорхойлсон давуу тал/боломжууд
Cost and time reductions are substantial - 3-4 times less in comparsio to conventional - ploughing.
Farmers became aware of the importance of conservation soil management and its impact on soil properties and finally on the process of production-chain (soil-feed-milk). With proper shaping of knowledge (advising, education) - Conservational tillage has the potential to develop into the direction of organic farming.
Soil structure and fertility improve

6.8 Технологийн дутагдалтай/сул тал/аюул болон тэдгээрийн хэрхэн даван туулах арга замууд

Газар ашиглагч нарын тодорхойлсон сул тал/ дутагдал/ эрсдэл	Тэдгээрийг хэрхэн даван туулах вэ?
On heavy soils (Glaysoils) surface ponding can occur if the farmer is not experienced with using technology.	Observe weather regularly and follow meteorological forecasts. Try to avoid wet periods.
Weed may be a problem in the warmer part of the year, mainly after cereals are harvested.	They use herbicide and adapt or improve crop types in rotation.
Peatland on Ljubljana moor. There are small parcels and soil in springtime is wet prohibiting to cultivate at any time (high water table).	Observe weather regularly and follow meteorological forecasts. They have to observe soil water content conditions periodically at peatland parcels.

Эмхэтгэгч, бусад мэдээлэл өгсөн хүмүүсийн өнцгөөс тодорхойлсон сул тал/ дутагдал/ эрсдэл	Тэдгээрийг хэрхэн даван туулах вэ?
Farmers still need to use herbicides as weeds are a problem especially in the early stage of crop growing (narrow-leaf) and in the last stage when crops go into senescence and light gets to the ground (broad-leaf).	As this is a conventional type of farm, they use herbicides. However, with the promotion of organic agriculture, the expansion of vegetable production, and innovations in GPS and sensors technology hoeing/weeding machines/equipment is getting popular. This problem is even more problematic in light/alluvial soils.
Surface ponding on heavy soils is a problem in case of longlasting rain periods in spring, which are due to climate change more often in the described area.	It is crucial to use chisel plow in this soils to break soil layers deeper and provide drainage potential of this soils. In light alluvial soils, this problem is not observed.
When a farmer in under Slovenian agricultural conditions decides to change from conventional to conservation tillage, it has to change all machinery.	Farmers need to get as much as possible information on technology. Farmers have to make a business plan. EU funds can help with subsidy payments for investments on the farm (approx. 50-60%).

7.1 Мэдээллийн аргууд / эх сурвалжууд

7.3 Холбогдох мэдээллийн интернет холбоос

Гарчиг/ тодорхойлолт :

OHRANITVENA OBDELAVA TAL –STANJE V SLOVENIJI

URL:

http://www.digitalna-knjiznica.bf.uni-lj.si/du1_ograjsek_simon.pdf

Гарчиг/ тодорхойлолт :

Izzivi uvajanja konzervirajoče (ohranitvene) obdelave tal

URL:

http://www.kmetzav-mb.si/Lombergar_18/Lomb_5_2_18.pdf

Гарчиг/ тодорхойлолт :

NOVE TEHNOLOGIJE IN SODOBNI TRENDI OBDELOVANJA TAL

URL:

http://www.kgzs-ms.si/wp-content/uploads/2018/04/STAJNKO_NOVE-TEHNOLOGIJE.pdf

Гарчиг/ тодорхойлолт :

Ohranitvena obdelava : primerjava lastnosti mehansko obdelanih in neobdelanih prsti

URL:

https://www.dlib.si/details/URN:NBN:SI:DOC-LTCNTC4J

Гарчиг/ тодорхойлолт :

SZOORT - Slovensko združenje za ohranitveno obdelavo in rodovitnost tal

URL:

http://www.szoort.si/

Гарчиг/ тодорхойлолт :

Ohranitveni način obdelave tal

URL:

https://www.program-podezelja.si/sl/247-eup/izmenjevalnik-idej/seznam-izzivov/759-ohranitveni-obdelave-tal